Pollen Grain Final

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
“STUDY OF POLLEN GRAINS OF PLANTS

FOUND IN RANAPAR”
SUBMITTED BY
PREETI YADAV 2215077750069
AVNEESH DUBEY 2215077750011
SATYOSHA VISHWAKARMA 2215077750085
B. SC. PART III SEMESTER V (BOTANY)
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Dr. IRFAN AHMAD
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
AKHILBHAGYA POST GRADUATE COLLEGE, RANAPAR,
GORAKHPUR
(AFFILIATED TO DEEN DAYAL UPDHYAY GORAKHPUR

UNIVERSITY GORAKHPUR)
DECEMBER 2023
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled “STUDY OF

POLLEN GRAINS OF PLANTS FOUND IN RANAPAR” is a faithful
record of the bonafide research work carried out at Akhilbhagya Post
Graduate College Ranapar, Gorakhpur by my students under my guidance
and supervision and that no part of it has been submitted for any other
degree or diploma.

Date: Dr Irfan Ahmad

Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Akhilbhagya Post Graduate
College Ranapar, Gorakhpur
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this minor project work entitled “STUDY OF

POLLEN GRAINS OF PLANTS FOUND IN RANAPAR” has been
prepared by us during the year 2023-2024 under the guidance of Dr Irfan
Ahmad Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Akhilbhagya Post
Graduate College Ranapar, Gorakhpur
We also declare that this project is the outcome of our own efforts, that it
has not been submitted to any other college.
TEAM MEMBERS
NAME ROLL NO. SIGNATURE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Irfan Ahmad

Assistant Professor Akhilbhagya Post Graduate College Ranapar, Gorakhpur
for his guidance, encouragement and valuable advice. It is his confidence
imbibing attitude and splendid discussions and endless endeavours through
which I have gained significant experience.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Aradhana Singh, Dean, Department of
Botany Akhilbhagya Post Graduate College Ranapar, Gorakhpur for her
immense concern throughout the project work.
I am also thankful for facility provided by Dr Raginee Rai, Principal,
Akhilbhagya Post Graduate College Ranapar, Gorakhpur in completion of
my project report.for the help rendered by the different staff of department.
I extend my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my friends for their
constant help. In fact, they had been a constant source of inspiration and
encouragement for me.
Student’s Name with Roll No.

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2-4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-12
MATERIALS AND METHODS 13-16
RESULTS 17-46
DISCUSSION 47-49
REFERENCES 50-57
ABSRTACT
In this study, cytology was used to examine the pollen morphology of several
families of angiosperm plants in the small village of Ranapar, Gorakhpur, which is
situated in central-eastern Uttar Pradesh. Here, we examined the pollen morphology of
some plants of angiosperm families, like; Cannaceae, Convolvulaceae, Costaceae,
Portulaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Oleaceae, Potenderiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae,
Apocynaceae and Solonaceae, which was found to be spherical shape, oval, round,
clavate, and echinate structure; furrow shaped structure; colpi and thin echini structure;
tricolpate uniformly dense reticulate ornamentation structure; spheroidal structure;
furrow shaped structure; Psilate, reticulum, rugulate structure; spheroidal, reticulate,
echinate, round structure; found microreticulate, scrabrate structure; sub-oblate, oblate-
spheroidal to prolate spheroidal and striate-reticulate, striate, perforate, scrabate,
psilate structure, respectively. Smooth pollen grains are linked with wind or water
pollination while sculptured pollen grains associated with biotic pollination. The
morphology of pollen grain is one of the significant tools in solving some taxonomic
problems such as identification, tracing phylogenetic relationship on the family,
generic or specific level and in plant systematic and evolution.
Keywords: - Angiosperms, pollen grain, pollen morphology, Ranapar.
1
INTRODUCTION
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the
purpose of sexual reproduction (www.WebMD.com). It consists of pollen grains
(highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells).
Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophytes
during the process of their movement from the stamens to the pistil of flowering plants,
or from the male cone to the female cone of gymnosperms. If pollen lands on a
compatible pistil or female cone, it germinates, producing a pollen tube that transfers
the sperm to the ovule containing the female gametophyte. Individual pollen grains are
small enough to require magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is
called palynology and is highly useful in paleoecology, paleontology, archaeology,
and forensics. Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material
from the anther of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. In a
case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the
stigma of the same flower. (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. 1911). Pollen is infrequently used as
food and food supplement. Because of agricultural practices, it is often contaminated
by agricultural pesticides. (Tosi et al. 2018).
Pollen grain structure

Pollen grains are mostly spherical in shape and measure about 25-50 micrometers in
diameter. It has two layered walls, the hard outer layer, called exine, is made up of
sporopollenin. It protects the gametophyte during pollination. The exine layer has a
prominent aperture called a germ pore. The thin inner layer called intine is made up of
cellulose and pectin. It consists of a cytoplasm in the center surrounded by a plasma
membrane. At the time of shedding, pollen grains may have two cells (a vegetative cell
and a generative cell) or three cells (a vegetative cell and two male gametes). The
vegetative cell has a large irregular nucleus. It is large in size as compared to generative
cells and has an abundant food reserve. The generative cell is spindle-shaped with
dense cytoplasm and a nucleus that floats in the cytoplasm of a vegetative cell
(https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pollen-grains-structure-formation-and-types-of-
pollen/).
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Function of Pollen Grains
Pollen grain may appear as insignificant yellow dust, but it contains male gametes and
forms an important link in the reproductive cycle of plants. The pollen grain is essential
for reproduction in both gymnosperms, plants that produce male cones, and also in
angiosperms, flower-producing plants. It transfers the male gametes (male
reproductive cells) to the ovule (female reproductive cells) in the embryonic sac, for
fertilization of egg that develops into seed. Helps in maintaining genetic diversity
within the plant population. Pollen grains are rich in nutrients. Pollen tablets are used
as food supplements. Studies have shown that pollen grains can increase the
performance of athletes and racehorses (https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pollen-grains-
structure-formation-and-types-of-pollen/).
Types of Pollen Grains

Pollen grains can be classified on the bases of size, shape, orientation of the furrow,
and surface texture.
On the basis of Shape
Pollen grains are mostly ovoid, spherical, triangular, or disc-shaped.
On the basis of Size
The size of the pollen grains varies from 6 micrometers to 100 micrometers in diameter.
Most pollen grains are 10- 70 micrometers.
On the basis of the orientation of furrow
Orientation of furrow about the original tetrads from the microspores distinguishes the
pollen into two types: Sulcate and colpate. In the sulcate, a furrow runs across the
center. Sulcate can be further divided into monosulcate (one sulcus), bisulcate (two
sulcus), or polysulcate (more than one sulcus). In Colpate, a furrow runs from other
than the center. Colpate can further be divided into syncopated (two or more fused
ends) and polysorbate (does not have fused ends).
On the basis of surface texture

They can be classified as:
Psilate: smooth surface texture
Reticulate: net-like surface texture
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Striated: rough parallel patterns
Rugulate: irregular pattern
Verrucate: bumps on the surface
(https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pollen-grains-structure-formation-and-types-of-
pollen)
Keeping in mind the importance of study of pollen grain we decided to accomplish
following objectives:
1. Identify the pollen gain in different type of flowering plant in Ranapar locality.
2. To establish taxonomic position of a particular plant on the basis of shape and size
of pollen grain.
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Review of Literature
Simpson in year (1987) studied the pollen of eight genera and species of the
Pontedcrixeae was investiged using SEM and light microscope in order to elucidate
interrelationships to uthei monocot families. All examined Pontederiaceae are
diaperturate with furrow-shaped apertures and have a distinctly verrucate non-apertural
exine sculpturing (except Ponrederin, which is psilate to scabrate in sculpturing).
Among investigated taxa the exine wall architecture exhibits a gradation between: (1)
a 1-layered exine composed of laterally appressed, basally fused baculate elements, (2)
a 2-layered exine, the outer layer composed of laterally appressed baculate elements
and the inner forming a thin layer or composed of discrete papillate elements, and (3)
a tectate-columellate exine, differing, however, from a typical tectate-columellate
architecture by having short, narrow columellae and generally baculate tectal elements.
Of the palynologically investigated families presumed closely related to the
Pontederiaceae, only members of the tribe Haemodoreae of the Haemodoraceae have
a venucate sculpturing similar to that of most Pontederiaceae. In addition, the exine
architecture of the nontectate-columellate genera of the Pontederiaceae is strikingly
similar (and presumably homologous) to members of the family Haemodoraceae. It is
proposed that the similarities in pollen exine sculpturing and architecture between the
Pontederiaceae and Haemodoraceae are so by homology (common evolutionary origin)
and constitute evidence for the close relationship and possible sister-group status of
these families.
HUANG Chao (2009) studied the pollen grains of 10 cultivars in Nelumbo nucifera
Gaertn were observed under SEM(Scan Electronic Microscope) and had the principal
component analysis with the data.The results showed that they were subglobose.The
length between poles varied from 37.5-50.9μm and diamerter of the equator ranged
41.6-51.3μm.They all had three germinal furrows.The cover was embellished with
cerebroid or rugulate.With the principal component analysis result, the accumulative
contribution rate of the former five principal components reach to 96.3789%. So we
choose the former five principal compoents as the new principal components.The
characters in importance one by one are the length between poles(P),volume
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index,diamerter of the equator(E),the length of germinal furrow(L),P/E, distance of
lirae, style of exine ornamentation, fossa width and shapes in polar view in the analysis
of palynology.
Chelsea D. Specht in year (2009) studied the recent cladistic analysis of multiple
molecular data from chloroplast and nuclear genomes as well as morphological data
have indicated that a reclassification of the family Costaceae is necessary in order to
appropriately reflect phylogenetic relationships. The previously described genera
Tapeinochilos, Monocostus, and Dimerocostus are all upheld in the new classification.
Monocostus and Dimerocostus are found to be sister taxa. The large pantropical genus
Costus is found to be polyphyletic and is thus divided into four genera, three of which
are new (Cheilocostus, Chamaecostus, Paracostus). Costus has now a more concise
generic concept including morphological synapomorphies previously absent due to the
polymorphic nature of the prior nonmonophyletic assemblage. Of the three new genera,
one (Paracostus) was previously recognized as a subgenus of Costus. Cheilocostus
comprises several Asian taxa and is sister to Tapeinochilos, whereas Chamaecostus
comprises entirely neotropical taxa and is sister to a neotropical Monocostus +
Dimerocostus clade. A reevaluation of the traditional taxonomy indicates that floral
characters and pollination syndromes commonly used to identify groups exhibit
homoplasy when analyzed in a cladistic framework and are thus unreliable as
taxonomic indicators.
Cristina H Rolleri (2010) studied the morphology of pollen grains of eight taxa of
Canna, C. ascendens, C. coccinea, C compacta, C. glauca, C. indica, C. paniculata, C.
variegatifolia and C. fuchsina, an unpublished new species, were studied using light
microscope. We used the Wodehouse technique on samples of 20 grains per specimen
to measure the intine with a light microscope; and the density of spines (in 400
microm2 fields) with scanning electronic microscopy. Pollen grains are spherical,
echinate, omniaperturate. The sporoderm presents a very thin exine covering a thicker
intine. Corrugate micro-perforate, sub-reticulate, rugate, rugulate, striate to folded,
micro-striate, micro-granulate, and smooth types of the external surface of the
sporoderm were found. The spines consist of exine, partially to completely covered by
tryphine. The two-layered intine is the thicker part of the wall. Echinate ornamentation
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is a generic character in Canna, but size, surface and color of pollen walls, and density
and shape of spines, are diagnostic for species. Pollen morphology supports the view
of C. indica and C. coccinea as different species. Canna fuchsina grows in wild, dense
colonies, in humid riverside forests from Buenos Aires and Santa Fe Provinces,
Argentina; its characters suggest relationships with a not well-known group of taxa,
some of them hybrids, such as C. x generalis. However, as these plants showed normal,
well-formed grains, close to those of C. coccinea, that germinate over the stigmatic
surfaces in fresh flowers, we decided to include their pollen in this study.
Dorota (2011) studied the morphology of pollen grains of 16 species from the Rosa
indica L. (i.e., R. agrestis, R. canina, R. dumalis, R. gallica, R. inodora, R. jundzillii,
R. kostrakiewiczii, R. majalis, R. micrantha, R. mollis, R. pendulina, R. rubiginosa, R.
sherardii, R. tomentosa, R. villosa, and R. zalana). The material came from 16 native
localities of those species in Poland. The measurements are based on at least 30-50
randomly selected, fully developed pollen grains per specimen. In total, 500 pollen
grains were examined. They were analysed for 13 quantitative features of pollen grains
and exine sculpturing and the following qualitative traits: outline, shape, “operculum”
structure. The diagnostic features of pollen grains of studied species were: length of
polar and equatorial axes and length of ectocolpi. The above-mentioned pollen grain
morphological features make isolation of one species possible: R. gallica. R. gallica is
distinguished for its highest values of the length of polar and equatorial axes, and the
length of ectocolpi. The obtained analytical results of operculum and exine sculpture
features, considered as diagnostic, corroborated only slightly their priority significance
for the isolation of the examined species and sections. The collected data failed to
confirm fully the current taxonomical division of the Rosa genus into sections (only
section Gallicanae from R. gallica is isolated) as well as consanguinity relationships
between the examined species from the Caninae section. On the dendrogram, both
species closely related with each other as well as those from other developmental lines
were found in the same group. These equivocal results are by no means surprising
because the Caninae section is the most polymorphic group in the Rosa genus, and
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contemporary Caninae are of the nature of a swarm of R. canina hybrids as a link
combining all taxons of the section.
InSun kim in year (2013) studied the morphological features of pollen grains
collected from the broad-leaved and cylindrical-leaved Portulaca species of the
Hawaiian Islands were investigated. The variation in size and surface pattern were
examined using scanning electron microscopy and statistical analysis. Pollens of the
Portulaca were apolar grains of monads exhibiting apertures, colpi, and relatively thin
echini. Of particular interest was the differing size of pollen grains among the species
studied. Pollens of the broad-leaved Portulaca were considerable in size with a length
of about 73~86 μm, while the cylindrical-leaved Portulaca tended to have smaller
pollen grains ranging from 50~65 in diameter. The smallest pollens were found in
cultivar 2 having an average of 43 μm. The pollen was intectate, and the exine surface
appeared granulous, having sculptured elements of spinules and puncta. Two types of
puncta were discerned; one forming an operculum, and the other, a simple
perforation. Numerous spinules and small puncta were found throughout the
cylindrical-leaved Portulaca. In the present study, morphological features of pollen
grains from ten Hawaiian Portulaca species, including endemic and unknown taxa,
revealed the aforementioned pattern of variation. This paper aim to provide
morphological information that could be of phylogenetic value within the Hawaiian
Portulaca.
Osman Beyazoğlu in year (2014) studied the pollen grains and anatomical features of
Turkish lilies were investigated under the electron (SEM) and light (LM) microscope.
LM and SEM observations showed that the pollen grains are monosulcate, heteropolar,
elliptical in polar view and oblate. Numerical results based on combined palynological
and anatomical characters were discussed and compared with traditional taxonomic
treatments. It was found that the midrib shape, mesophyll type, P/E (polar/equatorial),
sulcus length, and lumina width are the most valuable traits in separating the examined
taxa. The numerical analysis showed that Lilium candidum L. differs from the rest
Turkish Lilium and also confirmed a close relationship between L. szovitsianum Fisch.
8
& Avé-Lall. and L. armenum Miscz. ex Grossh. Also, this study is the first report
dealing with anatomical and palynological features of all Turkish lilies.
Mario L Garbin (2014) studied the pollen morphology of psidium as one of the most
difficult genera to delimit within the American Myrtaceae. Even though palynology has
improved the taxonomy of Angiosperms, information about the usefulness of pollen
morphology for taxonomic purposes in Myrtaceae remains contradictory. Here, we
investigate the significance of pollen morphology for Psidium taxonomy with specific
focus on its usefulness for determining species groups of taxonomic significance. Pollen
traits observed by light and scanning electron microscopy were quantified and examined
using cluster and ordination analyses. Average size of pollen grains was visualized by
boxplots. Pollen grains of Psidium are isopolar, oblate, peroblate or oblate-spheroidal, 3-
syncolporate or 4-syncolporate. The sexine ornamentation is iugulate, granulate or
spinulose-granulate and differs between the mesocolpium and apocolpium. Cluster
analysis revealed four distinct groups: Psidium cauliflorum (G1) and Psidium
oligospermum (G3) as single-species groups; Psidium brownianum, P. oblongatum, P.
ovale, P. sartorianum, P. guajava, Psidium sp. 1, Psidium sp. 2 (G2), and Psidium
cattleianum, P. longipetiolatum, P. guineense, P. myrtoides (G4). Supported by ordination
analysis, three traits better explained these groups: type of exine ornamentation, size of P-
EV and pollen shape. The used approach efficiently distinguished related species, as well
as explained species groups of taxonomic significance suggesting pollen morphology to be
a significant source of information for taxonomic studies in Psidium.
L U Rahmawat (2019) the study of pollen, had a big role in paleontology, archeology,
and forensics. Pollens from different plants had different morphology, such as in
Liliaceae. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the
morphology of Liliaceae pollens. This study aimed to determine the pollen grains
morphology and morphometry in Liliaceae. The descriptive qualitative research was
used five different species from three genera as the sample, namely Hemerocallis fulva,
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus, Aloe vera, Lilium longiflorum, and Lilium candidum.
Parameters measured in this study were the types of pollen sizes, pollen shape, aperture
characteristic, and ornamentation type of exine. The results showed that in Liliaceae
had various shapes of pollen grains, i.e., prolate (1.33-2 μm) and perprolate (≥ 2 μm),
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as well as the pollen grains size, from minuta (10-25 μm in diameter) to medium (25-
50 μm in diameter). Aperture characteristic of the pollen grains was monocolpate
which has one colpus, and the ornamentation type of exine was reticulate patterns.
Muhammad A. Shah (2019) studied the pollen morphology of 10 species of the family
Apocynaceae was observed and documented using light microscopy and scanning
electron microscopy. Pollen was found subspheroidal in shape in most of the species,
however peroblate shape was noted in Vinca major. Exine sculpturing patterns (psilate,
rugulate, scabrate, and microreticulate) were observed. The result indicated that exine
ornamentation of Apocynaceae taxa is systematically informative at generic and
species levels. Most of the species have tricolporate type pollen but tetraporate pollen
was also observed in Trachelospermum jasminoides and tetracolpate in V. major.
Minimum equatorial diameter was noted in Carissa edulis (27.13 μm) and maximum
in V. major (108.25 μm). Similarly, maximum exine thickness was found in Cascabela
thevetia (9.5 μm). In the present findings, the pollen morphological data are compared
with available other pollen studies to evaluate the taxonomic value of pollen traits in
Apocynaceae taxa by using multiple microscopic techniques. Furthermore, molecular
and phylogenetic studies were recommended to strengthen the systematics of
Apocynaceae taxa.
S.R. KARAD (2019) studied the pollen morphology of Clitoria ternatea L, a naturally
grown medicinal plant, endophyte free, planted in Dhanvantari Udyan, College of
Agriculture, Kolhapur was selected for present investigation. Locally it is called as
Gokarn / Asian pigeonwing, used to study the viability of pollen grains and its
longevity. Among different staining methods, tetrazolium test used to assess ponen
viability. The fully fertile, five plants randomly selected for collection of pollens from
7 to 11.30 a.m. at every half an hour interval. These pollen grains were stained by using
0.3% TIC (2,3,5-trphenyl tetrazolium chloride) prepared in 0.5% and 1% sucrose
solution to prevent bursting and swelling of pollen grains and incubated in dark at 30+2
0C for 30 and 60 min, respectively at 70 % relative humidity. At the end of incubation
period, viable pollen grains turned red and central area was observed. The more
viability is observed in 30 min incubation period in both 0.5 and 1% sucrose solution
as compared with 60 min incubation period. In 0.5%sucrose solution, the more viability
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was observed between 8-10 a.m. and the viability was less before 8 and after 10 a.m.
in 30 min incubation. Similar results were observed in 1 % sucrose solution in 30 min
incubation. In 60 min incubation period, the pollens were more viable between 8-10.30
a.m. and less viable before 8 and after 10.30 a.m. in 0.5% sucrose solution. While in
same incubation period (60 min) with 1 % sucrose solution showed more viability
between 8-10 a.m. and less viability before 8 and after 10 a.m. From these observations,
it has been concluded that the pollen viability and longevity of Clitoria ternatea L. was
maximum at 8-10 a.m. during October 2007 at Kolhapur centre. These properties of
pollen should be considered to increase efficiency of breeding programme and
selection of suitable pollinizer in Clitoria ternatea L. A important medicinal plant.
K. Rajamani in year (2020) studied the morphology of pollen grain involved nine
jasmine genotypes, four falling under the commercially cultivated types and five
belonging to underutilized species or ‘lesser-known species. the study was undertaken
to investigate and document the palynological parameters of jasmines which could
serve as a reliable reference for future jasmine breeding programmes. The
palynological investigations were carried out using by Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM), haemocytometry, acetocarmine test and in vitro pollen germination. The pollen
morphology analysis indicated wide variation among the species for shape of pollen
grain, ranging from tricolpate to prolate; the exine ornamentation was reticulate in all
the genotypes.
Saensouk S, Saensouk P. (2021) studied the pollen morphology of subfamily
Malvoideae (Malvaceae sensu lato) in Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 5633-5643. The
pollen morphology of 19 species with eight variants and ten genera of subfamily
Malvoideae (Malvaceae sensu lato) were investigated by light and scanning electron
microscopy. The pollen was monad, spheroidal shaped and 45.64-168.00 µm in size.
The pollen grains of all species were pantoporate. All pollen had radial symmetry and
were apolar. The spines pollen grain of the subfamily Malvoideae in Thailand can be
divided into six types. The arrangement of spines on pollens in this study can be divided
into two groups. The pollen had various exine sculptures (granulate, microreticulate,
and subpsilate). Spines were found to be echinate, baculate, and spinule. Pollen size,
aperture, exine sculpture and spine index can be used as characters to identify the
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subfamily Malvoideae species. Therefore, a key to the 19 species with eight variants
and ten genera of subfamily Malvoideae in this study based on pollen morphology was
provided. Eight species were studied for their pollen morphology for the first time.
Smita (2022) studied morphology of the pollen of double-petal China rose/Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The phytosynthesized AgNPs
were preliminary characterized by their optical properties by UV–vis spectroscopy and
showed their corresponding surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) at 405 nm. The
distribution pattern and morphology of the synthesized AgNPs were confirmed by
dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy whereas X-ray
diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy depicts their surface properties
and crystalline nature. The phytosynthesized AgNPs were spherical, well dispersed,
10–50 nm in size, and crystalline. It also showed moderate photocatalytic activity for
the degradation (>30%, 2.5 h) of Thioflavin T dye in direct sunlight. Thus, this work
highlights the importance of China rose pollen in green nanoscience and supports the
cleanliness of nature by naturally available materials.
Rawat (2023) studied the pollen morphology serves as a valuable tool for
identification, phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary studies. The present study aims
to investigate the pollen morphology of 12 species of the genus Ipomoea L. (a diverse
and economically important genus within the family Convolvulaceae) from Garhwal
Himalaya, India. Fresh flower buds were collected from the study area and pollen
preparation was done using the acetolysis method. The morphology of the pollen grains
was examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Pollen grains of all the studied species were apolar, spheroidal, pantoporate, subtectate
with fine reticulation and echinate but they differed from one another in their size,
number of spines and pores, spine length and spine types. The size of grains ranged
from 53.3 μm to 128.7 μm. Cluster analysis was performed based on pollen characters
to show the relationship among the species and a key was prepared and discussed. The
observed variation in pollen morphological traits gives important taxonomic
information that is useful for distinguishing Ipomoea species and establishing
taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships.
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MATERIALS AND METHOD
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen grains. Spores and pollen grains have a
number of morphological and ultrastructural features. These palynological features
have provided a wealth of characters that have been important in inferring phylogenetic
relationships of plants. In addition, the features of spores and pollen grains can often
be used to identify a particular plant taxon. For this reason, palynological studies are
used extensively to examine the fossil record, a field called paleopalynology. The
identity, density, and frequency of pollen grains at a particular stratigraphic level can
give information as to the plant species present at that time and place.
Paleopalynological studies are thus used to determine plant community structure and
to gauge, by extrapolation over time, shifts in climate.
In order to fulfil the aim mentioned in chapter 1, an experiment was performed at

Laboratory of Botany, Akhilabhagya P G College Ranapar, Gorakhpur. A trip was
organized by us to collect flowers of various plants present in the vicinity of college
campus from 10 to 20 September, 2023. Every day we collected the flowers of different
plants after collection we went back to the college and performed experiment by
making temporary slide. Then the slides were observed under compound microscope
and picture has been taken by smart phone camera. Even we have measured the size of
the pollen grains by using Micrometer. We have arranged following materials for
experiment to be conducted at laboratory:
1. Compound microscope
2. Ocular lens
3. Flowers
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4. Scissor
5. Needle
6. Safranin
7. Slide
8. Blade
9. Watch glass
10. Distilled water
11. Spirit
12. Forceps
13. Petridishes
14. Smart phone camera
Following methodology was used to make temporary slide of pollen grains and to
measure the size of it by Micrometer:
Step 1: - We transfered pollen grains in clean and dry watch glass with the help of
forceps.
Step 2: - Then 2ml of distilled water and 1 ml of safranin solution were added for giving
colour to pollen grains.
Step 3: - Cleaning of slide was done with help of spirit and dried it with the help of
cotton clothes.
Step 4: - Then pollen grains were put on the slide.
Step 5: - We observed the pollen grain in light microscope using 10x eyepiece attached
with ocular lens and 40x objective lens and measured the size of the pollen
grains.
Step 6: - Then we have taken pictures of pollen grains with the help of smart phone
camera.
Step 7: - Later we enhanced the pollen grain pictures with the help of AI.
Micrometry is the science in which we have some measurement of the dimensions of

an object being observed under the microscope. The method employs some special
types of measuring devices which are so oriented that these can well be attached to or
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put into the microscope and observed. The object, to be measured, is calibrated against
these scales. Once we are observing an object under a microscope by the 5X objective
and the 10X eyepiece we say that the image that we are able to perceive is 5 × 10 = 50
times of the object. We get the magnified view no doubt and also that it is the perfect
coordination of the dimensions, but to find out the exact size of the object will need
precision and that is achieved through the application of some small scales called
micrometers. There are usually two types of micrometers, i.e. stage micrometer and
oculometer or ocular micrometer.
Stage Micrometer
As is clear from its name that it is for the measurement on the stage of the microscope
where an object is to be kept. This micrometer is of a slide's shape and size and has
amount of very finely-graduated scale. The scale measures only 1 mm and has a least
count of 0.01 mm, i.e., 1 mm region is divided into 100 divisions. As 1 mm has 1000
u, one division of stage micrometer is equivalent to 10 μ.
Ocular Meter
This micrometer is used inside the eyepiece. The upper eye lens is unscrewed and the
ocular meter is put into the tube of eyepiece, and the eye lens is again replaced in its
original position. There are usually 50 or 100 divisions in the ocular meter which are
engraved on the glass.
In following steps, we have measured the size of pollen grain:
1. To work out the measurements per ocular divisions the stage micrometer is kept
under low power of microscope and is observed through the eyepiece having
ocular meter. Suppose, we have 10X objective and 5X eyepiece fitted in the
microscope with a tube of 170 mm length. At this magnification the number of
ocular divisions coinciding the stage micrometer are observed and hence
calculated for microns per ocular divisions
2. Number of stage micrometer divisions (1 division = 0.01 mm) = 7; Number of
ocular meter divisions = 5.
15
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰ ୭୤ ୱ୲ୟ୥ୣ ୫୧ୡ୰୭୫ୣ୲ୣ୰ ୢ୧୴୧ୱ୧୭୬ୱ
3. One division of ocular = ×100
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰ ୭୤ ୭ୡ୳୪ୟ୰ ୫ୣ୲ୣ୰ ୢ୧୴୧ୱ୧୭୬ୱ
଻ ௫ ଵ଴
= µ = 14 µ
ହ
In this way the microscope is calibrated for different combinations of eyepieces and
objective lenses and is kept for record.
In this way readings were taken, and the mean value of these readings were the actual
value of one part of ocular meter.
Measurement of the pollen grain
When the microscope is calibrated, then the pollen grains, to be measured, were kept
on the sage of the microscope and observed through the eyepiece with ocular. The
pollen was measured in the particular magnification by ocular divisions and then
changed into microns by multiplying ocular divisions with calibrated value of one
ocular division in that particular magnification.
16
RESULTS
Table No. 1 Showing shape and size of the pollen grains of plants found in Ranapar village.
SN Image Botanical Name Family Pollen shape Pollen size
1. Canna indica Cannaceae Spherical 169.4μm
2. Ipomoea trankunalis Convolvulaceae Oval, round 145.2μm
17
3. Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Clavate, echinate, 121.0μm
round
4. Ipomoea sagittata Convolvulaceae Clavate/Pilate 121.0μm
5. Cheilocostus speciosus Costaceae Furrow shaped 123.0μm
18
6. Portulaca grandiflora Portulacaceae Colpi, and relatively 72.6μm
thin echini
7. Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae Tricolpate 61.64μm

uniformly dense
(lotus) reticulate
ornamentation
8. Jasminum officinale Oleaceae Spheroidal 38.84μm
9. Pontederia crassipes Pontederiaceae Furrow shaped 121.0μm
19
10. Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Round 92.51μm
11. Trichosanthes dioica Cucurbitaceae Psilate, reticulum 72.8μm
12. Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Rugulate 72.6μm
13. Sida acuta Malvaceae Spheroidal and have 95.20μm

perpolate aperture
20
14. Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Reticulate 61.14μm
15. Urena lobata Malvaceae spherical, spiny, 145.2μm

polypantoporate,
tectate
16. Hibiscus rosa sinensis Malvaceae Echinate, round 145.0μm
21
17. Malvaviscus arboreus Malvaceae Echinate, spheroid 108.0μm
18. Althaea officinalis Malvaceae Echinate 217.3μm
19. Lilium candidum Liliaceae Microechinate 50.0μm
22
20. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Psilate 40.2μm
21. Catharanthus roseous Apocynaceae Granulate 174.5μm
22. Casbela thevetia Apocynacae Perforate, triangular 96.8μm

shape
23. Calotropis gigantea Apocynaceae Microreticulate 193.6μm
23
24. Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Scrabrate, Bi-reticulate 98.6μm
25. Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae Striate-reticulate 169.4μm
26. Cestrum nocturnum Solanaceae Psilate, reticulum 48.3μm

cristatum
24
27. Datura innoxia Solanaceae Circular, echinate 48.4μm
28. Dhatura metel Solanaceae Circular, echinate 54.6μm
29. Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Echinate, croton 145.2μm

pattern
Circular
30. Ruellia simplex Acanthaceae Microechinate, 48.4μm

circular
25
31. Rosa indica Rosaceae Echinate, circular 72.6μm
32. Clitoria ternatea Fabaceae Perforate, triangular 96.8μm

convex
26
1. Canna indica:- It’s common name Indian shot. Indian shot is a plant species of
cannaceae family. This plant species nearly located swampy area. It is native to
much of South America, Central America, the West Indies,
and Mexico. Canna indica is a perennial growing to
between 0.5 and 2.5 metres, depending on the variety. It
is hardy to zone 10 and is frost tender. It forms
branched rhizomes 60 centimetres (24 inches) long that are
divided into bulbous segments and covered in two lines by
pale green or purple flaky leaves. The very large grains
of starch stored there can supposedly be seen with the naked eye. The plants form
an upright, unbranched stem or the overlapping leaf sheaths form a pseudo trunk.
The flowers are hermaphrodite. The hermaphrodite, mostly large flowers
are zygomorphic and threefold. On pedicels, they are 0.2–1 cm long, red or yellow-
orange, except in some cultivars, 4.5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) long, with the sepals being
closely triangular, 1–1.7 cm long and the petals erect, 4–6.5 cm long. The tube is
1.5–2 cm long. The bracts are designed differently. The three free sepals are usually
green. The three petals are green or have depending on the variety shades of yellow
about orange and red to pink. The base of the petals is fused with the staminodien
to a stamen column. There are two circles, each with originally three stamens
present. The petals and staminodes are usually yellow to red. The three carpels are
at a constant under (syncarp) ovary adherent which has a soft-spiky surface and
many central angle constant ovules contains. The pollen is deposited on
the abaxial (off-axis) surface of the stylus. The pollen grain size of these plant is
169.4μm, and shape is monad, foveolate and the exine is tectate. Surface having
lumina (holes or depressions) 1μm or greater in diameter, typically the distance
between two adjacent lumina is larger than their diameter.
The pollination mechanism is very specialised and the pollination is done by
insects. The insects pick up the pollen from the flattened style.
Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now
circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera,
including Cannabis (hemp), Humulus (hops) and Celtis (hackberries).
27
2. Ipomoea trankunalis:- It’s common name is “blush morning glori”. It belongs
from Convolvulaceae family. The plant species grown in temperate region. Its
native to much of India, North America. Ipomoea is the largest genus in the plant
family Convolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a large
and diverse group, with common names
including morning glory, water convolvulus or water
spinach, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflower, etc. The
genus occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical
regions of the world, and comprises annual and perennial herbaceous
plants, lianas, shrubs, and small trees; most of the species are twining climbing
plants.
This flowering plant has heart-shaped leaves that are a rich green and 6–9 inches (15–
23 cm) long. It can be easily grown from seeds. These seeds are toxic and it can be
hazardous to cattle; the toxicity is related to the swainsonine produced by its
endophytes, and to bioaccumulation of selenium in the leaves but mostly in the seeds.
The stem of I. trankulais can be used for making paper. The plant is also of medicinal
value. It contains a component identical to marsilin, a sedative and anticonvulsant. A
glycosidic saponin has also been purified from I. carnea with anticarcinogenic and
oxytocic properties. The pollen grain size of this plant is 145.2μm. The pollen shape of
this plant is Rhomboidal Tetrad, Perforate. Surface having small holes or depressions less
than 1μm in diameter and the exine is tectate.
Convolvulaceae can be recognized by their funnel-shaped, radially symmetrical corolla;

the floral formula for the family has five sepals, five fused petals, five
epipetalous stamens (stamens fused to the petals), and a two-part syncarpous and
superior gynoecium. The stems of these plants are usually winding, hence their Latin
name (from convolvere, "to wind"). The leaves are simple and alternate, without stipules.
In parasitic Cuscuta (dodder) they are reduced to scales. The fruit can be a capsule, berry,
or nut, all containing only two seeds per one locule (one ovule/ovary).
28
3. Ipomoea carnea :- It is commonly known as Morning glory plant. It belongs from
Convolvulaceae family. This flowering plant has heart-
shaped leaves that are a rich green and 6–9 inches (15–
23 cm) long. It can be easily grown from seeds. These seeds
are toxic and it can be hazardous to cattle; the toxicity is
related to the swainsonine produced by its endophytes, and
to bioaccumulation of selenium in the leaves but mostly in
the seeds. The pollen size is 121.0μm. The pollen shape is Clavate, echinate round.
Club-shaped sculpturing elements (clavae), or rods with knob heads, appearing
“lollipop-like” (pila); height greater than 1μm; diameter of clavae or pila is smaller
than its height; thicker at apex than at base. The exine is tectate.
4. Ipomoea sagittate :- Ipomoea sagittata, commonly called the saltmarsh morning

glory, is a species of flowering plant in the morning glory family. It is native to
the Caribbean, Mexico, and the Southeastern United
States where it is found in coastal areas. It has been
introduced in the Mediterranean Basin at least since the
17th century as a result of seeds transported in ship
ballast soil, the ornamental trade or its uses in
medicine. This species can be found in the wild in
thickets on barrier islands, the edges of salt marshes, and in hammocks. A
climbing vine with smooth stems and pink or bright purple funnel-shaped
flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-3. The leaves of this southern vine resemble
those of the Arrowheads; both derive their names from the Latin
word sagitta ("arrow"). The very large, High-climbing Manroot, or Man-of-the-
earth (I. pandurata), which has white flowers with deep purple throats, is very
abundant in the Midwest. The pollen size is 121.0μm. The pollen shape is
Clavate/Pilate. Club-shaped sculpturing elements (clavae), or rods with knob
heads, appearing “lollipop-like” (pila); height greater than 1μm; diameter of clavae
or pila is smaller than its height; thicker at apex than at base. The exine is Intectate.
29
5. Cheilocostus speciosus :- It is commonly known as crepe – ginger. It belongs from
Costaceae family. It is native to southeast
Asia and surrounding regions,
from India to China to Queensland, It is
especially common on the Greater Sunda
Islands in Indonesia. It is also reportedly
naturalized in Puerto
Rico, Mauritius, Réunion, Fiji, Hawaii, Costa
Rica, Belize, Melanesia, Micronesia, and the West Indies. It is widely cultivated as
an ornamental. The habitat where this species is found is roadside ditches and low-
lying areas. The plant has many historical uses in Ayurveda, where the rhizome has
been used to treat fever, rash, asthma, bronchitis, and intestinal worms. The pollen
size of this plant is 123.0μm. The shape of pollen grain is Monad, Foveolate,
Surface having lumina (holes or depressions) 1μm or greater in diameter is
typically, the distance between two adjacent lumina is larger than their diameter.
The exine is tectate.
Cheilocostus speciosus or Crepe Ginger is a native rhizomatous herb that can grow to 3
m in height. Leaves are oblong to lance-shaped, arranged spirally along the reddish
slender stems. The flowering spike is dark red, round, each flower is white, funnel-like
with a yellow centre emerge from between the bracts. The long slender stems produced
make Crepe Ginger a suitable screening and border plant. Along with its biodiversity-
attracting flowers, this plant can be found easily in parks and gardens.
6. Portulaca grandiflora: - It is commonly known as moss

rose. It belongs from Portulacaceae family. It is an
ornamental plant. It cultivated in sandy and rocky areas.
It is a small, but fast-growing annual plant growing to
30 cm tall, though usually less. However, if it is
cultivated properly, it can easily reach this height.
The leaves are thick and fleshy, up to 2.5 cm long,
arranged alternately or in small clusters. The flowers are 2.5–3 cm diameter with
30
five petals, variably red, orange, pink, white, and yellow. Their upright, or
ascending, long shoots branch usually near the base. The spreading 20-to-25-
millimeters-long and 2-to-3-millimeters-wide leaves are almost or completely
stalk-shaped, and taper towards the tip. The pollen size of this plant is 72.6μm. The
shape of pollen grain is Colpi, and relatively thin echini. Pointed sculpturing
elements (echini) 1μm or greater in height.
7. Nelumbo nucifera :- It is commonly known as lotus. It belongs from
Nelumbonaceae family. This plant grown in dirty areas or
dirty ponds.
The lotus roots are planted in pond or river bottom soil, while
the leaves float on the water's surface or are held well above
it. The leaf stalks (petioles) can be up to 200 cm (6 ft 7 in)
long, allowing the plant to grow in water to that
depth, The peltate leaf blade or lamina can have a horizontal
spread of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The leaves may be as large as 80 cm (31 in) in diameter.
The flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimeters above the leaves.
They are showy and grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter but fourteen inches (35
centimeters) has been frequently reported.
The pollen grain size of this plant is 61.64μm. The pollen shape of this plant is tricolpate
uniformly dense and reticulate orientation. Sculpturing elements as ridges arranged in a
network which has gaps (lumina) 1μm or greater in diameter; Muri (breadth of ridges)
equal to or narrower than the width of the lumina; also described as “network-like pattern”
formed by muri. The exine is tectate or semitectate.
31
8. Jasminum officinale:- It is commonly known as
jasmine. It belongs from Oleaceae family. It cultivated
in temperate zones only. is a vigorous,
twining deciduous climber with sharply
pointed pinnate leaves and clusters of starry, pure white
flowers in summer, which are the source of its heady
scent. The leaf has 5 to 9 leaflets. The essential
oil of Jasminum officinale is used in aromatherapy. Jasmine absolute has a heavy,
sweet scent valued by perfumers. The flowers release their perfume at dusk, so
flowers are picked at night and a tiny amount of oil is obtained from each blossom
by solvent extraction. The result is an expensive oil which can be used in low
concentrations. The pollen grain size of this plant is 38.84μm. The shape is
Spheroidal. Region of the pollen wall that is morphologically and/or
morphologically different from the rest of the wall, typically thinner than the
surrounding wall. Apertures = site of germination. The pollen tube emerges through
the aperture, that particular aperture becomes a “germinal” aperture.
9. Pontederia crassipes:- It is commonly known as
jalkumbhi. It belongs from potenderiaceae family. It
cultivated in ponds lakes etc. Water hyacinth is a free -
floating aquatic plant. It found in temperate regions of
India, South Africa. Water hyacinth broad, thick, glossy,
ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of
the water as much as 1 m (3 ft) in height. The leaves are
10–20 cm (4–8 inches) across on a stem, which is floating
by means of buoyant bulb-like nodules at its base above the water surface. They
have long, spongy, bulbous stalks. The feathery, freely hanging roots are purple-
black. An erect stalk supports a single spike of 8–15 conspicuously
attractive flowers, mostly lavender to pink in colour with six petals. When not in
bloom, water hyacinth may be mistaken for frog's-bit. The pollen size of this plant
is 121.0μm. The pollen shape of this plant is furrow shaped. Appears as reticulate,
however, the lumina less than 1μm in diameter. The exine is tectate and semitectate.
32
10. Luffa acutangular :- It is commonly known as okra. It belongs from
Cucurbitaceae family. It cultivated in sandy areas and
mainly cultivated in summer season. It is an annual
herbaceous climber. Leaves pale green, simple, 5-7-angled
or shallowly lobed with rough surfaces. Stem acutely five-
angled with three or more hairy tendrils at each point where
tendrils extend. Flowers are pale yellow, 4-5 cm in
diameter and unisexual. Male flowers are borne on stalks
on unbranched elongated inflorescences, known as
racemes, while female flowers are solitary and borne in the same leaf-axils as the
male flowers. Flowers are fragrant, opening in the evening. The pollen size of this
plant is 92.51μm. The pollen shape of this plant is round. Dispersal unit consisting
of a single pollen grain. Elongated sculpturing elements greater than 1μm long;
pattern irregularly arranged; may resemble an intermediate between reticulate and
striate, but this is not necessarily the case. The exine is tectate and semi tectate.
11. Trichosanthes dioica:- It is commonly known as Parwal. It belongs from
Cucurbitaceae family.It is a tropical perennial
cucurbit plant with its origin in the Indian
subcontinent. It is also known as parwal, palwal,
potol, or parmalin in different parts of India and
Bangladesh. The plant propagated vegetatively and
grows with training on a support system (e.g., trellis)
as pencil-thick vines (creepers) with dark-green
cordate (heart-shaped) simple leaves. It is a well-
developed dioecious plants having distinct male and female flowers on staminate
and pistillate plants, respectively. The fruits are green with white or no stripes' and
have unpalatable seeds. Size can vary from small and round to thick and long — 2
to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm). It thrives well under a hot to moderately warm and humid
climate. The plant remains dormant during the winter season and prefers fertile,
well-drained sandy loam soil due to its susceptibility to water-logging. The pollen
size of this plant is 72.8μm. The plant shape is Pisilate, reticulate. Completely
33
smooth surface. Sculpturing elements as ridges arranged in a network which has
gaps (lumina) 1μm or greater in diameter; Muri (breadth of ridges) equal to or
narrower than the width of the lumina; also described as “network-like pattern”
formed by muri. The exine is tectate.
12. Coccinia grandis :- It commonly known as kundru. It belongs from Cucurbitaceae
family. It is a wild/weed plant. It grown in sandy
and rocky areas. This plant is a perennial climber
with single tendrils and glabrous leaves. The leaves
have 5 lobes and are 6.5–8.5 cm long and 7–8 cm
wide. The species is dioecious.[7] Female and male
flowers emerge at the axils on the petiole, and have
3 stamens. The pollen size is 72.6μm. The pollen shape is Rugulate. Elongated
sculpturing elements greater than 1μm long; pattern irregularly arranged; may
resemble an intermediate between reticulate and striate, but this is not necessarily
the case.
13. Sida acuta :- It is commonly known as wireweed. It belongs from Malvaceae
family. It is considered as a weed. It found in
sandy or rocky region. Undershrub, with
mucilaginous juice, aerial, erect, cylindrical,
branched, solid, green. Alternate, simple,
lanceolate to linear, rarely ovate to oblong, obtuse
at the base, acute at the apex, coarsely and
remotely serrate; petiole much shorter than the
blade; stipulate, stipules free-lateral, unequally
paired at the node, reticulate venation. Small, axillary, 2–3 in a cluster; pedicels
jointed at the middle, epicalyx absent, complete, bisexual, regular, actinomorphic,
hypogynus, pentamerous, yellow. The pollen size of this plant is 95.20μm. The
pollen shape is spheroidal and have perporate aperture. A grain with a polar axis
that is greater than the equatorial diameter in a ratio of approximately 2 : 1
(Equatorial is 50% or less of Polar).
34
14. Sida cordifolia :- It commonly known as flannel weed. is a perennial subshrub of
the mallow family Malvaceae native to India. It has
naturalized throughout the world, and is considered an
invasive weed in Africa, Australia, the southern United
States, Hawaiian Islands, New Guinea, and French
Polynesia. The specific name, cordifolia, refers to the
heart-shaped leaf.
Sida cordifolia is an erect perennial that reaches 50 to

200 cm (20 to 79 in) tall, with the entire plant covered
with soft white felt-like hair that is responsible for one of its common names, "flannel
weed". The stems are yellow-green, hairy, long, and slender. The yellow-green leaves
are oblong-ovate, covered with hairs, and 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 3.0 in) long by 2.5 to 6 cm
(0.98 to 2.36 in) wide. The flowers are dark yellow, sometimes with a darker orange
center, with a hairy 5-lobed calyx and 5-lobed corolla. The pollen size of this plant is
61.14μm. The pollen shape of this plant is reticulate, round. Sculpturing elements as
ridges arranged in a network which has gaps (lumina) 1μm or greater in diameter; Muri
(breadth of ridges) equal to or narrower than the width of the lumina; also described as
“network-like pattern” formed by muri). The exine is tectate or semitectate.
15. Urena lobata :- It is commonly known as Congo jute. It

belongs from malvaceae family. It is a road side weed plants
and grown in sandy areas their humidity is very high. is a
tender perennial, variable, erect,
ascendant shrub or subshrub measuring up to 0.5 meters
(1.6 ft) to 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) tall. The stems are covered with
minute, star-like hairs and often tinged purple. Considered
a weed, it is widely distributed in the tropics, including in Brazil and Southeast
Asia.The plant can invade areas of ecological disturbance as well as eroded places,
crop plantations, and pastures. Caesarweed is considered an invasive species in the
state of Florida, United States. There it grows as an annual in most areas except for
in the southern region, where it may live perennially. In Florida, the plant has been
35
reported to grow rapidly from 0.5 meters (1.6 ft) to 2 meters (6.6 ft) by the end of
its first year of growth. The plant is not competitive in tall grasses or under
canopies.The pollen grain size of this plant 145.2μm. The pollen shape of this plant
is spherical, spiny, polypantoporate, tectate. Elongated sculpturing elements
greater than 1μm long; pattern irregularly arranged; may resemble an intermediate
between reticulate and striate, but this is not necessarily the case the exine is tectate
and subtectate.
16. Hibiscus rosa sinensis :- It commonly known as Gudhal. It belongs from

Malvaceae family. It is an ornamental plant. It grown in
tropical region.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or

small tree growing 2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall and 1.5–3 m
(5–10 ft) wide. The plant has a branched taproot. Its stem
is aerial, erect, green, cylindrical, and branched. Its
leaves are simple and petiolate, with
alternate phyllotaxy. The leaf shape is ovate, the tip is
acute, and the margin is serrated. Venation is unicostate
reticulate, meaning the leaves' veins are branched or divergent. Their surfaces are
glossy. Free lateral stipules are present. Its flowers bloom in summer and autumn. They
are solitary (axillary) and symmetrical. They are typically red, with five petals 10 cm
(4 in) in diameter, with prominent orange-tipped red anthers. Cultivars and hybrids have
flowers in a variety of colors as well as red: white, pink, orange, peach, yellow, blue, and
purple. Some plants have double flowers. The pollen size is 145.0μm. The pollen shape
is echinate, round. Pointed sculpturing elements (echini) 1μm or greater in height. The
exine is tectate.
36
17. Malvaviscus arboreus :- It is commonly known as wax mallow. It belongs from
Malvaceae family. It cultivated in tropical regions. It is an
ornamental plant. Malvaviscus arboreus is a common
understory shrub where it occurs in Texas and is an
important food source for female and juvenile Ruby-
throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubri) and Black-
chinned Hummingbirds (A. alexandri). Each individual
flower lasts two days but contains more nectar on the first
day. The pollen size is 108.0μm. The pollen shape is echinate round. Pointed
sculpturing elements (echini) 1μm or greater in height. The exine is tectate.
18. Althaea officinalis :- It commonly known as marshmallow. It belongs from
Malvaceae family. This herbaceous perennial (i.e. with
stems which die down in the autumn) grows to 180 cm (6 ft)
tall and puts out only a few lateral branches. The whole plant
is softly stellate-hairy, especially the leaves, which are
broadly triangular to oval, often with 3-5 shallow lobes,
irregularly toothed, with cordate to cuneate bases. Leaf size
varies considerably, up to 100 mm (4 in) long, and 75 mm
(3 in) wide. The leaves are arranged alternately along the
stem, with no stipules, on petioles up to 45 mm (1.75 in). The flowers are in bloom
during August and September, and are followed, as in other species of this order,
by the flat, round fruit which are popularly called "cheeses". The whole fruit is
a schizocarp, about 1 cm in diameter, which splits into about 20 kidney-shaped
mericarps (seeds) about 2 mm long. The pollen size is 217.3μm. The pollen shape
is Echinate round. Pointed sculpturing elements (echini) 1μm or greater in height.
The exine is tectate.
37
19. Lilium candidum :- It is commonly known as Madonna lily. It belongs from
Liliaceae family. It mainly grown in rocky or sandy areas. It forms bulbs at ground
level, and, unlike other lilies, grows a basal rosette of leaves during winter, which
die the following summer. A leafy floral stem, which
generally grows 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) tall, but
exceptionally 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall, emerges in late
spring and bears several sweetly and very fragrant
flowers in summer. The flowers are pure white and
tinted yellow in their throats. The pollen size of this
plant is 50.0μm. The pollen shape is microechinate.
Pointed sculpturing elements (echini) less than 1μm in height. The exine is tectate.
A grain with a polar axis that is greater than the equatorial diameter in a ratio of
approximately 2 : 1 (Equatorial is 50% or less of Polar).
20. Psidium guajava :- It commonly known as guava. It belongs from Myrtaceae
family. It is an evergreen shrub cultivated all over the world. It grown in tropical
and subtropical regions.
When cultivated from seed, guavas are notable for their

extremely slow growth rate for several months, before a
very rapid acceleration in growth rate takes over. From
seed, common guavas may bloom and set fruit in as few
as two years or as many as eight. Cuttings, grafting, and
air layering are more commonly used as a propagation
method in commercial groves. Highly adaptable, guavas
can be easily grown as container plants in temperate regions, though their ability to bloom
and set fruit is somewhat less predictable. The pollen size is 40.2μm. The pollen shape is
pisilate. Completely smooth surface. The exine is tectate.
38
21. Catharanthus roseous: - It is commonly known as sadabhar. It belongs from
Apocynaceae family. Rose periwinkle, is a perennial species of flowering plant in
the family Apocynaceae. It is native
and endemic to Madagascar, but grown elsewhere as an
ornamental and medicinal plant. It is a source of the
drugs vincristine and vinblastine, used to treat cancer. It
was formerly included in the genus Vinca as Vinca rosea.
Catharanthus roseus is an
evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing 1m
(39 in) tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm (1.0–3.5 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.4–
1.4 in) wide, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm (0.4–
0.7 in) long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers range from white with a
yellow or red center to dark pink with a darker red center, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm
(1.0–1.2 in) long and a corolla 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) diameter with five petal-like lobes.
The fruit is a pair of follicles 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) long and 3 mm (0.1 in) wide. As an
ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient
conditions, popular in subtropical gardens where temperatures never fall below 5–7 °C
(41–45 °F), and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens. It is noted for its
long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late
autumn, in warm temperate climates. The pollen size of this plant is 174.5μm. The pollen
shape is Granulate. Any sculptural element less than 1μm in diameter (shape may vary).
The exine is intectate.
22. Casbela thevetia :- It is commonly known as kaner. It belongs from Apocynaceae
family. It is an ornamental plant. It cultivated in tropical zones only. Cascabela
thevetia is an evergreen tropical shrub or small tree. Its
leaves are willow-like, linear-lanceolate, and glossy
green in color. They are covered in waxy coating to
reduce water loss (typical of oleanders). Its stem is
green turning silver/gray as it ages. Flowers bloom
from summer to fall. The long funnel-shaped
sometimes-fragrant yellow (less commonly apricot, sometimes white) flowers are
39
in few-flowered terminal clusters. Its fruit is deep red-black in color encasing a
large seed that bears some resemblance to a 'Chinese lucky nut. The pollen size is
121.0μm. The pollen shape is Clavate, echinate. Uniplanar tetrad with the proximal
sides of two individual units in direct contact, and the remaining two units are
separated. A triangular shaped grain with protruding walls connecting two apexes.
23. Calotropis gigantea :- It commonly known as Mandar. It
belongs from Apocynaceae family. It is a
large shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has clusters of
waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in colour.
Each flower consists of five pointed petals and a small
"crown" rising from the center which holds the stamens.
The aestivation found in calotropis is valvate i.e. sepals or
petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping. The
plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem. The latex of Calotropis
gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, and calcium oxalate. The roots
also contain Calotropone. This plant plays host to a variety of insects
and butterflies. It is the host plant for Hawaii's non-migratory monarch butterflies.
Calotropis is a poisonous plant. The active principles
are uscharin, calotoxin, calactin, and calotropin. The leaves and stem when incised
yield thick milky juice. It is used as an arrow poison, cattle poison, rarely for
suicide and homicide and mostly an accidental poison. The milky latex sap
of Calotropis gigantea is a known cause of toxic keratoconjunctivitis and
reversible vision loss. Crown flower keratitis is a rare condition and is usually the
result of accidental ocular exposure to the sap. During the process of making a
Hawaiian lei flower necklace, touching the sap and then touching the ocular surface
may result in crown flower keratitis. Damage (poisoning) of the cornea
endothelium results in corneal stromal edema and decreased visual acuity. The
pollen size is 193.6μm. The pollen shape is microreticulate. Appears as reticulate,
however, the lumina less than 1μm in diameter. The exine is tectate and semitectate.
40
24. Tabernaemontana divaricate :- It commonly known as Pinwheel flower. It
belongs from Apocynaceae family. It is
an evergreen shrub or small tree native to
South Asia, Southeast Asia and China. In
zones where it is not hardy it is grown as a
house/glasshouse plant for its attractive
flowers and foliage. The stem exudes a milky latex when broken, whence comes
the name milk flower. The plant generally grows to a height of 1.5–1.8 metres (5–
6 ft) and is dichotomously branched. The large shiny leaves are deep green and
about 15 cm (6 in) in length and 5 cm (2 in) in width. The waxy blossoms are found
in small clusters on the stem tips. The (single) flowers have the characteristic
'pinwheel' shape also seen in other genera in the family Apocynaceae such
as Vinca and Nerium. Both single and double-flowered forms are cultivated, the
flowers of both forms being white. The plant blooms in spring but flowers appear
sporadically all year. The flowers have a pleasing fragrance. More than
66 alkaloids are found in the shrub. Its habitats include montane brushwoods and
sparse forests. The pollen grain size is 98.6μm. The pollen shape is Scrabate- Bi-
reticulate. Any sculptural element less than 1μm in diameter (shape may vary);
pattern may appear more irregular (compared to granulate). Large meshed
reticulate (suprareticulum) filled with smaller meshed reticulate (microreticulum);
can be categorized under heterobrochat.
25. Mirabilis jalapa :- It commonly known as Four ‘O’ Clock flower. It belongs from
Nyctaginaceae family. It is cultivated for medicinal and
ornamental purpose only. It is commonly weed herb. It found
in tropical reason only. It is a perennial, herbaceous, bushy
plant that reaches stature heights of mostly 1 meter, rarely up
to 2 meters, in height. It may also be grown as an annual,
especially in the temperate zone. The single-seeded fruits are
spherical, wrinkled and black upon maturity, having started
out greenish-yellow. The stems are thick, full, quadrangular
with many ramifications and rooting at the nodes. The posture is often prostrate.
41
The flowers are yellow, pink and white, but a different combination of flowers
growing on the same single four o’clock plant can be found. Another interesting
point is a color-changing phenomenon. The flowers are used in food colouring. The
leaves may be eaten cooked as well, but only as an emergency food. An edible
crimson dye is obtained from the flowers to color cakes and jellies. In herbal
medicine, parts of the plant may be used as a diuretic, purgative, and
for vulnerary (wound healing) purposes. The root is believed to be an aphrodisiac
as well as having diuretic and purgative properties. It is also used in the treatment
of dropsy. The leaves are used to reduce inflammation. A decoction of them (by
mashing and boiling) is used to treat abscesses. Leaf juice may be used to treat
wounds. The bulbous roots of the flower have a laxative effect. The pollen size is
169.4μm. The pollen shape is Striate-reticulate. A pattern in which parallel rows of
muri are linked to form reticulum within the grooves; the connections between the
muri may lie on a single level or different levels. The exine is semitectate.
26. Cestrum nocturnum :- It is commonly known as Night-blooming jasmine. It
belongs from Solanaceae family. Cestrum nocturnum is grown in subtropical
regions as an ornamental plant for its flowers that are
heavily perfumed at night. It grows best in average to
moist soil that is light and sandy, with a neutral pH of
6.6 to 7.5, and is hardy to hardiness zone. Cestrum
nocturnum is an evergreen woody shrub with slender
branches growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. The plant is multi-
branched and heavily foliated. The leaves are simple,
narrow lanceolate, 6–20 cm (2.4–7.9 in) long and 2–4.5 cm (0.79–1.77 in) broad,
smooth and glossy, with an entire margin. Towards the front they are pointed or
tapered, the base is rounded or blunt. The leaf stalks are 0.8 to 2 cm long. The
pollen size is 48.3μm. The pollen shape is Psilate, reticulum cristatum. Completely
smooth surface. Special type of reticulum; Muri has prominent sculpturing
elements.
42
27. Datura innoxia :- It is commonly known as Dhatur. It belongs from Solanaceae
family. It is an ornamental subshrub annual plant. It
cultivated in tropical regions. It native is India, Africa.
Datura innoxia is a tuberous-rooted subshrub that
typically reaches a height of 0.6 to 1.5
metres. Its stems and leaves are covered with short
and soft grayish hairs, giving the whole plant a grayish
appearance. It has elliptic smooth-edged leaves
with pinnate venation. All parts of the plant emit a foul
odor similar to rancid peanut butter when crushed or bruised, although most people
find the fragrance of the flowers to be quite pleasant when they bloom at night. The
flowers are white, trumpet-shaped, 12–19 cm (4.5–7.5 in) long. They first grow
upright, and later incline downward. It flowers from early summer until late fall.
The pollen size is 48.4μm. The pollen shape is Circular, echinate. Pointed
sculpturing elements (echini) 1μm or greater in height. The
length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis are
approximately equal; ratio of 1:1.
28. Dhatura metel :- It is commonly known as wild dhatura. It
belongs from Solanaceae family. Datura metel is a shrub-like
annual (zone 5–7) or short-lived, shrubby perennial (zone 8–
10). The plant is cultivated worldwide, both as an ornamental
and for its medicinal properties, the latter being due to its tropane alkaloid content.
Like its hardier and smaller-flowered relative Datura stramonium, it is now of
widespread occurrence, although showing a preference for warmer, humid climates
The plant is an annual or short-lived shrubby perennial herb. The roots are a
branched tap root, and are not fleshy like roots found in perennial species such
as Datura innoxia and Datura wrightii. The species can grow up to 6 ft (1.8 m)
high. The stems are hollow, green or purple-black, somewhat woody, and have a
strong odour. It is slightly pubescent, with green to dark violet shoots and oval to
broad oval leaves that are often dark violet as well. The leaves are simple, alternate,
petiolate, and exhibit entire or deeply lobed margins. The pollen grain size is
43
54.6μm. The pollen shape is Circular, echinate. Pointed sculpturing elements
(echini) 1μm or greater in height. The length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis
are approximately equal; ratio of 1:1.
29. Tagetes erecta :- It is commonly known as marigold. It belongs from Asteraceae
family. It is cultivated in tropical regions mainly in
winter season. It is an ornamental herbaceous plant. This
plant reaches heights of between 20 and 90 cm (7.9 and
35.4 in). The Aztecs gathered the wild plant as well as
cultivating it for medicinal, ceremonial and decorative
purposes. It is widely cultivated commercially with
many cultivars in use as ornamental plants, and for
the cut-flower trade. The root is cylindrical, pivoting,
with a fibrous and shallow branching system. The stem is striated, sometimes
ridged, smooth or slightly with villi, cylindrical, oval and herbaceous to slightly
woody, with resin channels in the bark, which are aromatic when squeezed.
Opposite leaves at the bottom alternate at the top, up to 20 cm long, pinnate,
composed of 11 to 17 leaflets, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 5 cm long and
1.5 cm wide, acute to acuminate, serrated to sub-holders, the lower ones of each
leaf frequently setiform (in the form of threads), the superiors are sometimes
completely setiform; with abundant round glands. The pollen size is 145.2μm. The
pollen shape is Echinate, Croton pattern and circular. Pointed sculpturing elements
(echini) 1μm or greater in height. Special type of reticulum cristatum with regularly
arranged elements on muri; typically comprised of five to six raised sculpturing
elements around a circular area; add this description to the “Note” section in the
database.
44
30. Ruellia simplex :- It commonly known as Mexican
petunia. It belongs from Acanthaceae family. Ruellia
simplex is an evergreen perennial growing 3 ft (0.91 m)
tall, forming colonies of stalks with lance-shaped leaves
that are 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) and .5 to .75 in (1.3 to
1.9 cm) wide. Trumpet shaped flowers are metallic blue
to purple, with five petals, and 3 in (7.6 cm) wide. There
is a dwarf variety that is only 1 ft (0.30 m) tall. It has been widely used as an
ornamental plant and has escaped from cultivation in the United States, Australia
and parts of Asia, as well as several Pacific Islands. It has become invasive in some
of these areas, forming dense, single-species stands of vegetation which threaten
native plants. It is mainly a plant of wet places such as ditches, pond verges,
lakesides and marshes, but can survive in drier conditions. The flower colour is
violet blue. The pollen size is 48.4μm. The pollen shape is Microechinate, circular.
The length of the vertical axis and horizontal axis are approximately equal; ratio of
1:1. Appears as reticulate, however, the lumina less than 1μm in diameter. The
exine is Tectate; Semitectate
31. Rosa indica :- It commonly known as Gulab or Rose. It

belongs from Rosaceae family. It is perennial plant. It is
cultivated in subtropical regions. It native is India,
America, Nepal. It is also an ornamental and fragrance
plant. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In
most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in)
long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and
basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated
margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses
are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly
so. The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa
omeiensis and Rosa sericea, which usually have only four. Each petal is divided
into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow
or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa
45
omeiensis and Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when
viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals.
There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes. Roses are insect-
pollinated in nature. The pollen size is 72.6μm. The pollen shape is Circular,
Echinate. Pointed sculpturing elements (echini) 1μm or greater in height. The exine
is tectate.
32. Clitoria ternatea :- It is commonly known as Aparajita. It belongs from Fabaceae

family. It is a holy flower. It is
a perennial herbaceous plant, with elliptic, obtuse
leaves. It grows as a vine or creeper, doing well in
moist, neutral soil. Its most striking feature is the
color of its flowers, a vivid deep blue; solitary, with
light yellow markings. They are about 4 cm
(1+1∕2 in) long by 3 cm (1+1∕4 in) wide. Some varieties yield white flowers and pink.
The fruits are 5–7 cm (2–2+3∕4 in) long, flat pods with six to ten seeds in each pod.
They are edible when tender. It is grown as an ornamental plant and as a
revegetation species (e.g., in coal mines in Australia), requiring little care when
cultivated. As a legume, its roots form a symbiotic association with soil bacteria
known as rhizobia, which transform atmospheric N2 into a plant-usable form (a
process called nitrogen fixing), therefore, this plant is also used to improve soil
quality through the decomposition of nitrogen rich plant material. The pollen grain
size is 96.8μm. The pollen shape is Perforate, Triangular convex. Surface having
small holes or depressions less than 1μm in diameter. Surface having small holes
or depressions less than 1μm in diameter.
46
Discussion
In the present study light microscope was used to observe pollen grains of all the plants
studied. Images of pollen grains were taken by smartphone camera and comparison has
been done.
Canna indica pollen grains were found to be spherical, echinate, omni-aperturate. The
sporoderm presents a very thin exine covering a thicker intine. The of pollen grain size is
169.8μm Similar results were reported by Mercedes et. al. in 2014.
Ipomoea trankunalis pollen grains of all the studied species were apolar, spheroidal,
pantoporate, subtectate with fine reticulation and echinate but they differed from one
another in their size, number of spines and pores, spine length and spine types. The of
pollen grain size is 145.2μm which is in continuation with the study of Rawat (2022).
The monad and dispersion units of Portulaca grandiflora pollen are unique in that the
hydrated pollen is big (72.6µm) in size. the equatorial view's shortest polar axis In either
polar or equatorial perspective, the longest polar axis is shorter than the diameter.largest
diameter in either polar or equatorial views Aperture type: colpus; aperture condition:
colpate; pantocolpate aperture peculiarities: pantoaperturate; pollen class: colpat form
spheroidal; contour in polar view: circular. Tectate is the exine. Same result was also
reported by Halbritter, H (1998).
Nelumbo nucifera origin of tricolpate and tricolpate‐derived pollen apertures remains a

topic of great interest. The pollen shape is Colpi, and relatively thin echini. The pollen
size is 60-65μm.
Jasminum officinale the pollen grain from the jasmine flower. The grain has a highly
sculptured outer wall (exine). These plant species belong through Oleaceae family. The
size of pollen grain is 38.84μm
Potenderia crassipies pollen of the Pontederiaceae can be characterized as having

diaperturate, furrow-shaped apertures with a finely verrucate exine sculpturing (psilate to
scabrate in Poritederia). The pollen size is 120-125μm. This similar result was published
by Erdtman in year 1996.
47
Luffa actuangula the pollen grain was round, pale yellow, 145.2µm in diameter and
trizonoporate i.e., having three pores. The grain had sticky oil but no spine. Same finding
was also published by Nepi & Pacini in year1993.
Sida acuta pollen of all the species belong to this genus are spheroidal in shape, common
in having spinal base and pollen size varies slightly. Aperture number/diameter and spine
length varies distinctly, hence taken as criteria for identification in the pollen key. The
pollen size is 95.20 which was found to be similar report published by Mahesh, 2008 and
Dinba, 2015.
Lilium candidum pollen grains were monosulcate, heteropolar, elliptical in polar view
and oblate. It was found that the midrib shape, mesophyll type, sulcus length. The pollen
size is 50.0μm. Pisidum guajava pollen was trizonocroporate, isopolar and radiosimetric.
Triangular in polar view, with apertures at the angles and elliptic in equatorial view.
Small to medium size 40.2μm. These plant species belong from Myrtaceae family. Similar
finding was also in case of Erdtman (2019).
The pollen grains of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were globose to spheroidal, apolar,
pantoporate, and have a diameter ranging from 145.0µm. Mature pollen grains have
variable-height and -width echini interspersed with persistent intine and exine. Similar
finding was published by Parveen in year 2021.
Casbela thevetia pollen grain shape had a subspheroidal shape; Vinca major, on the other
hand, had a peroblate shape. Psilate, rugulate, scabrate, and microreticulate exine
sculpturing patterns were noted. Cascabela thevetia was discovered to have the greatest
exine thickness. The pollen size is 96.8µm. Ahmad Shabeer, in year 2021 reported similar
results.
The short, robust, unevenly branching spines of Malaviscus arboreus pollen, along with
their basal cushions and shorter, blunt spinules, are readily visible in the light microscope
photos. Its spinules are spaced irregularly apart, and its main spines are grouped in a
roughly helical pattern. Apertures are primarily found in the endexine and are hidden by
the tectum. The pollen size is 108.0µm. In 1981 Cornquist reported similar results.
48
The pollen grains of Mirabilis jalapa were spheroidal, oblate-spheroidal to oblate in
shape, and range in size from 169.4µm. Aperture conditions, including pantoporate, 3-
colpate, 3-4-6-colpate, and pantocolpate. The exine was thick, either reticulate or
spinulose, and when spinulose, the spines have a distinct base and vary in size and shape.
Similar findings were also published by Mabberley D J in year 2008.
Rosa indica pollen grain is tricoplate, which range in shape from suboblate, spheroidal,
subprolate, and prolate to perprolate, are clearly visible in the light microscope photos.
Six types and three subtypes of exine ornamentation may be distinguished among the
studied pollen grains as reported by Aalders LE and Hall IV (1966) also.
The pollen of Clitoria ternatea is distinguished by three long, colporated pores with a
central constriction, which may be readily seen in the light microscope photos. Certain
morphological characteristics, such as pollen size, endoaperture type (circular, lalongate,
or lolongate), and exine SEM ornamentation patterns (rugulate with perforations or
perforate), are shared by the species. Small- to large-sized pollen types, oblate spheroidal
to prolate form, colpus or colporus apertures, circular, lalongate, or lolongate
endoapertures, and unique SEM ornamentation patterns of the exine (perforate,
microreticulate, reticulate, or rugulate with perforations) are all characteristics of these
pollen kinds. Similar findings were also published by Cynthia F P da Luz in year 2022.
49
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MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

“STUDY OF POLLEN GRAINS OF PLANTS

B. SC. PART III SEMESTER V (BOTANY)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

(AFFILIATED TO DEEN DAYAL UPDHYAY GORAKHPUR

This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled “STUDY OF

PREETI YADAV 2215077750069

Date: Dr Irfan Ahmad

We hereby declare that this minor project work entitled “STUDY OF

NAME ROLL NO. SIGNATURE

PREETI YADAV 2215077750069

It is my privilege to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Irfan Ahmad

PREETI YADAV 2215077750069

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-12

MATERIALS AND METHODS 13-16

Keywords: - Angiosperms, pollen grain, pollen morphology, Ranapar.

Pollen grain structure

Types of Pollen Grains

On the basis of surface texture

In order to fulfil the aim mentioned in chapter 1, an experiment was performed at

Micrometry is the science in which we have some measurement of the dimensions of

In following steps, we have measured the size of pollen grain:

Measurement of the pollen grain

2. Ipomoea trankunalis Convolvulaceae Oval, round 145.2μm

4. Ipomoea sagittata Convolvulaceae Clavate/Pilate 121.0μm

5. Cheilocostus speciosus Costaceae Furrow shaped 123.0μm

7. Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae Tricolpate 61.64μm

8. Jasminum officinale Oleaceae Spheroidal 38.84μm

9. Pontederia crassipes Pontederiaceae Furrow shaped 121.0μm

11. Trichosanthes dioica Cucurbitaceae Psilate, reticulum 72.8μm

12. Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Rugulate 72.6μm

13. Sida acuta Malvaceae Spheroidal and have 95.20μm

15. Urena lobata Malvaceae spherical, spiny, 145.2μm

16. Hibiscus rosa sinensis Malvaceae Echinate, round 145.0μm

18. Althaea officinalis Malvaceae Echinate 217.3μm

19. Lilium candidum Liliaceae Microechinate 50.0μm

21. Catharanthus roseous Apocynaceae Granulate 174.5μm

22. Casbela thevetia Apocynacae Perforate, triangular 96.8μm

23. Calotropis gigantea Apocynaceae Microreticulate 193.6μm

25. Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae Striate-reticulate 169.4μm

26. Cestrum nocturnum Solanaceae Psilate, reticulum 48.3μm

28. Dhatura metel Solanaceae Circular, echinate 54.6μm

29. Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Echinate, croton 145.2μm

30. Ruellia simplex Acanthaceae Microechinate, 48.4μm

32. Clitoria ternatea Fabaceae Perforate, triangular 96.8μm

Convolvulaceae can be recognized by their funnel-shaped, radially symmetrical corolla;

4. Ipomoea sagittate :- Ipomoea sagittata, commonly called the saltmarsh morning

6. Portulaca grandiflora: - It is commonly known as moss

Sida cordifolia is an erect perennial that reaches 50 to

15. Urena lobata :- It is commonly known as Congo jute. It

16. Hibiscus rosa sinensis :- It commonly known as Gudhal. It belongs from

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or

When cultivated from seed, guavas are notable for their

31. Rosa indica :- It commonly known as Gulab or Rose. It

32. Clitoria ternatea :- It is commonly known as Aparajita. It belongs from Fabaceae

Nelumbo nucifera origin of tricolpate and tricolpate‐derived pollen apertures remains a

Potenderia crassipies pollen of the Pontederiaceae can be characterized as having

Baldwin B G and Wagner W L (2010) Hawaiian angiosperm radiations of North

Chopra S K (1970) Cytopalynological studies in Portulaca grandiflora. Palynol. Bull. 6,

Singh, N (2011). Wild Edible Plant: A Potential source of nutraceutials. International

Suyama Y (2011) Procedure for single-pollen genotyping. In: Single-Pollen Genotyping,

Yun I K (1989) Biosystematics and ultrastructure of Portulaca in Hawaii. Ph. D.

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