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Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 927

Bahaaeddin Alareeni
Allam Hamdan Editors

Technology:
Toward
Business
Sustainability
Proceedings of the International
Conference on Business and Technology
(ICBT2023), Volume 4
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 927

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk , Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
Poland

Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bogazici
University, Istanbul, Türkiye
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of
Alberta, Alberta, Canada
Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, KIOS
Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus, Nicosia,
Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon,
Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest developments
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Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new
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The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and net-
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The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art
and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control,
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For proposals from Asia please contact Aninda Bose (aninda.bose@springer.com).
Bahaaeddin Alareeni · Allam Hamdan
Editors

Technology: Toward Business

Sustainability
Proceedings of the International Conference
on Business and Technology (ICBT2023),
Volume 4
Editors
Bahaaeddin Alareeni Allam Hamdan
Middle East Technical University, Northern College of Business of Finance
Cyprus Campus Ahlia University
Kalkanlı, Güzelyurt, KKTC via Mersin 10, Manama, Bahrain
Turkey

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-3-031-54008-0 ISBN 978-3-031-54009-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54009-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
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 Preface

In an age defined by rapid technological advancements and a growing awareness of envi-

ronmental and societal challenges, the convergence of technology and business sustain-
ability emerges as a pivotal theme. This book, aptly titled “Technology: Toward Business
Sustainability,” endeavors to unravel the intricate relationship between technology and
the pursuit of sustainable business practices.
The genesis of this book lies in the recognition that technology, when harnessed
judiciously, has the potential to act as a catalyst for fostering sustainability across diverse
industries. From renewable energy solutions and eco-friendly manufacturing processes
to the integration of artificial intelligence for more efficient resource management, the
possibilities are vast and transformative.
As we embark on this exploration, the contributors to this volume, a diverse assembly
of thought leaders and experts, present a collection of insights, analyses, and case studies
that illuminate the intersection of technology and business sustainability. The goal is not
only to comprehend the current landscape but also to envision the future trajectory
of businesses operating in harmony with the principles of environmental and social
responsibility.
The book welcomes a range of perspectives, from theoretical frameworks that under-
pin the conceptual foundations to practical applications that demonstrate the tangible
impact of technology on sustainable business practices. Whether you are an academic
seeking a deeper understanding, a business professional navigating the complexities of
sustainability, or a policymaker shaping the agenda for responsible business practices,
the content within these pages aims to provide valuable insights and provoke thoughtful
consideration.
The chapters within this book traverse a broad spectrum of industries and technolo-
gies, reflecting the diverse ways in which innovation can contribute to a more sustainable
future. By delving into topics such as circular economy models, green technology adop-
tion, and the role of big data in sustainability initiatives, the contributors contribute to a
holistic understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities at the intersection
of technology and business sustainability.
May this book serve as a source of inspiration for those seeking to integrate technol-
ogy seamlessly into their sustainability efforts. It is our hope that the collective wisdom
contained herein will not only enhance awareness but also catalyze action, encouraging
businesses to embark on a path of sustainable practices driven by the transformative
power of technology.

Bahaaeddin Alareeni
Allam Hamdan
 Organization

EuroMid Academy of Business & Technology (EMABT)

Vision

There is an ever-increasing need for high-quality research in most if not all aspects of
twenty-first-century society. Universities are the primary providers of quality research
education. Quality research education requires the participation of both established fac-
ulty, newly appointed staff, and research students. There is also the requirement for the
academic to reach out to the general society as comprehensively as possible. As the
university sector becomes increasingly focused on research excellence, there is a need
to provide more fora, primarily in the form of peer-reviewed conferences, for academics
to exchange ideas, questions, problems, and achievements concerning their personal
research activities. These fora provide opportunities to exchange ideas, experience cri-
tiques, and obtain some recognition for individuals’ progress toward research excellence.
The more international the fora the more effective it is. Although publishing in highly
rated indexed academic journals is still the most prized form of academic communica-
tion, the conference has become a significant outlet for research findings as well as an
important facilitator to achieving this goal.

Mission

To facilitate the creation of global academic research communities by providing all the
administrative and management functions required to deliver a comprehensive academic
conference experience. This is supported by the provision of seminars, workshops, and
the publishing of suitable books, monographs, and proceedings. It is also supported by
four academic journals some of which are Scopus and Web of Science indexed (English
and Arabic).

EMABT’s Conference Activities

EuroMid Academy of Business & Technology (EMABT) aims to support the Academic
Community in Europe, the Middle East, and other countries Worldwide. EMABT aims
to manage a range of Conferences Worldwide as well as offer an online Academic
Bookshop, Publishing, and Dissertation Service.
Our focus is entirely on business, entrepreneurship, and technology but over the
next years, we will broaden these areas to others. Global reach is one of the dimensions
that differentiates us in the marketplace. At any given conference, there are well-known
viii Organization

speakers/experts from many countries. Some of the conferences will have with them
master classes in their associated field which will be run on the day before the conference.
Details of this event are contained on our website at http://www.embta.com/.
 Conference Title

The International Conference on Business and Technology

(ICBTCAMBRIDGE’2024)

Overview

The International Conference on Business and Technology (ICBTCAMBRIDGE’2024)

is organized by the EuroMid Academy of Business and Technology. ICBTCAM-
BRIDGE’2024 will be hosted by the University of Cambridge, UK, and is scheduled
to take place on April 19–20, 2024, at Murray Edwards College, the University of
Cambridge, UK.
The main objective of the ICBTCAMBRIDGE’2024 is to gather leading academi-
cians, scholars, and researchers to share their knowledge and new ideas as well as to
discuss current developments in the fields of business, education, social, and technology.
The ICBTCAMBRIDGE’2024 aims to achieve other objectives as follows:
Highlighting business and technology problems that are faced by institutions in a
scientific way, in addition to finding the possible practical solutions for them.
Encouraging scientific research in business and technology areas may contribute to
sustainable improvements to it.
The conference also offers opportunities for academicians and industry experts to meet
and interact with local and international participants.
Enable the researchers to publish their contributions in high-ranked journals and indexed
proceedings by Scopus.

Conference Committees

Conference Chairs

Khaled Hussainey University of Portsmouth, UK

Allam Hamdan Ahlia University, Bahrain
Bahaaeddin Alareeni Middle East Technical University–(NCC), Turkey
x Conference Title

Conference Board

Roselina Ahmad Saufi Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia

Talal Al-Hayale University of Windsor, Canada
Abdul Nasser Nour An-Najah National University, Palestine
Qasim Zureigat Sulaiman AlRajhi School of Business, Saudi
Arabia
Vincenzo Corvello University of Messina, Italy
Reem Hamdan University College of Bahrain, Bahrain
Amina Mohamed Buallay Higher Education Council, Bahrain
Hasan Ghura Kuwait College of Science and Technology,
Kuwait

International Scientific Committee

Muhammad Obeidat Kennesaw State University, USA

Vincenzo Corvello Department of Engineering, University of
Messina, Italy
Pedro Sánchez-Sellero Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
Nadiia Reznik National University of Life and Environmental
Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
Tariq H. Malik Liaoning University, China
Myriam Cano-Rubio University of Jaén, Spain
Wissem Ajili ESLSCA Paris Business School, France
Mustafa Hanefah Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
Maite Cancelo University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Mohammad Al-Tahat University of Jordan, Jordan
Anand Nayyar Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Atilla Akbaba İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Turkey
Rim Jallouli University of Manouba, Tunisia
Hassan Aly Nile University, Egypt
Roheet Bhatnagar Manipal University, India
Marwan Darwish Al-Quds Open University, Palestine
Samer Yassin Alsadi Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Gamal Shehata Cairo University, Egypt
Mohammed Salem University College of Applied Sciences, Palestine
Hani El Chaarani Beirut Arab University, Tripoli Campus, Lebanon
Tareq Alhaj An-Najah National University, Palestine
Sameer Hana Khader Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron,
Palestine
Derar Eleyan Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
 Conference Title xi

Bahaa Awwad Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,

Palestine
Abdelouahid Assaidi Laurentian University, Canada
Ahmad Mohammed Ewais Arab American University Palestine, Palestine
Mohammed Maree Arab American University Palestine, Palestine
Yaser. A. H. Shaheen Palestine Ahliya University, Bethlehem, Palestine
Ismail Romi Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine
Noorshella Binti Che Nawi Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia
Bishr Mowafak Applied Sciences University, Bahrain
Islam Elgedawy Middle East Technical University, Cyprus
Sabri Mushtaha Al-Quds Open University, Palestine
Ihab Sameer Qubbaj Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Othman A. K. Sawafta Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Venkata Madhusudan Rao Datrika Osmania University, India
Ebrahim Mansour The Hashemite University, Jordan
Muiz Abu Alia An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Ahmad Areqat Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan
Kholoud Al-Kayid University of Wollongong, Australia
Abdulkader Nahhas University of Leicester, UK
Samaa Haniya Parkland College, Illinois, USA
Shadi AbuDalfa University College of Applied Sciences, Palestine
Norhaziah Nawai Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
Ali H. I. AlJadba Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
Ismail Qasem Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine
Marwan Jaloud Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron,
Palestine
Raed Jaber Arab Open University, Jordan
Yuri Shenshinov Siberian Transport University, Russia
Hosni Shareif Shanak Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Mohammad A. A. Zaid Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
R. Vettriselvan DMI-St., John the Baptist University, Malawi
Mahmoud Aleqab Yarmouk University, Jordan
Rami Hodrob Arab American University, Palestine
Faiz Ur Rehman Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan
Mohammad Kamal Abuamsha Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Qadri Kamal Alzaghal Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
xii Conference Title

Shatha Abdel-Rahman Qamhieh An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Hashem
Mohammad Tawfiq Abusharbeh Arab American University, Palestine
Ahmed Adnan Zaid Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Fadi Shihadeh Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Zuhair A. A. Barhamzaid Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Rami N. M. Yousuf Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Nancy Mohammad Alrajei Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron,
Palestine
Bahaa Subhi Ruzieh Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Ghassan Omar Shahin Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron,
Palestine
Mervat Hatem Shahin Al-Istiqlal University, Jericho, Palestine
Fadi Herzallah Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Mohammed Maali Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Raed Ibrahim Saad Arab American University, Palestine
Emad Mahmoud Jawher Aladali Arab American University, Palestine
Rana N. Zahdeh Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron,
Palestine
Issam Ayyash Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Adnan A. A. Qubbaja Palestine Ahliya University, Bethlehem, Palestine
Enkeleda Lulaj University Haxhi Zeka, Kosovo
Nael Salman Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Mohammed W. A. Saleh Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Ahmad Mohammed Issa Hasasneh Palestine Ahliya University, Bethlehem, Palestine
Hussein Mohamad Jabareen Hebron University, Palestine
Majdi Alkababji Al-Quds Open University, Palestine
Justin Nelson Micheal Kristu Jayanti College Autonomous Bengaluru,
India
Jaheer Mukthar K. P. Kristu Jayanti College Autonomous Bengaluru,
India
Abdulkader Nahhas University of Leicester, UK
 Conference Title xiii

Organizing Committee

Reem Khamis Brunel University–London, UK

Ricardo Vinícius Dias Jordão Swiss Management Center, Switzerland
Nohad Nasrallah Notre Dame University, Lebanon
Muiz Abu Alia An-Najah National University, Palestine
Mohammad Kamal Abuamsha Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie,
Palestine
Rim El Khoury Notre Dame University, Lebanon
Nadia Mansour The University of Sousse, Tunisia, and
The University of Salamanca, Spain
Ahmad Yousef Areiqat Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan
Ali H. I. AlJadba Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
Saliha Theiri University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis
 Contents

Augmented Reality Applied to Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Abdulkrim Ziani, Mohammed Fyadh, Khaled Nser, and Alaa Maki

The Challenges of New Central Banks Crypto-Currencies: CDBC . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Mohamed Bechir Chenguel

Police Professionalism Branding on Youtube Account

@86CustomProtectionNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Laskarko Patria, Virienia Puspita, Margynata Kurnia Putra,
and Adie Erar Yusuf

A Comprehensive Framework, Review for Virtual Reality to Unlock Their

Marketing Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Vandana Gupta, Abhilasha Mathur, Junaid Hushain, Sanjeev Saxena,
and Ashish Mathur

Finance in the Digital Age: The Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Wissem Ajili Ben Youssef and Nadia Mansour

Optimisation of Resources and Profitability for Gastronomic Companies:

Implementation of a Logistics Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Alejandro Marcial Guerra-Fernández, Franklin Cordova-Buiza,
and Catalina Rocío Vega

Academic Performance of Staff and Leadership Style to Assess

the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
G. Anitha Rathna, P. Pavithra, J. Sneha Jayalakshmi, A. Suhashini,
and Mary Suji

Women Leadership Challenges: Evidence from Healthcare Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Dalal Ahmad A. Alabdulazeem and Noor Ul Hadi

Revisit Intention Post Covid-19: Destination Social Responsibility,

Destination Image, and Perceived Health Risk at the Five Super Priority
Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Diaz Rizki Akbar, Lizar Alfansi, and Sularsih Anggarawati

An Empirical Investigation of Customer Satisfaction in the Relationship

Between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Abdullah Fahad A. Alhamdan and Noor Ul Hadi
xvi Contents

Quality Management Practices and Their Impact on Exploitative

and Explorative Innovations: An Exploratory Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hussain Ali Albagawi and Noor Ul Hadi

Efficiency Comparison Between Non-profit and Commercial

Microfinance: Empirical Evidence from Akhuwat Microfinance
and Grameen Bank Using Data Envelopment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Youssef Andrif

The Impact of Supply Chain Strategies on Enhancing Organizational

Performance: Mediating Role of Teamwork in Jordanian Government
Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Seham Al-Rehial and Younes Megdadi

The Impact of Institutional Governance in Performance Enhancement

of the Jordanian National Assembly Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Mohammd Al-Alagmeh and Younes Megdadi

Basel III Liquidity Regulations and Financial Intermediation in Pakistan . . . . . . 164

Rafia Ayub, Syed Musa Alhabshi, and Anwar Hasan Abdullah Othman

Factors Affecting the Determinants of Green Purchase Behavior Among

Employed Adults in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Juanjuan Zhang and Tin Fah Chung

A Methodological and Comparative Analysis of a Financial Inclusion

Index of Guangxi, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Guiyu Liao and Tinfah Chung

Informational Support for Communication of Reinvestment Recovery

of the Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Alekseyenko Lyudmyla, Tulai Oksana, Ferens Bohdan, Tsap Volodymyr,
Tsokalo Viktoriia, and Artemenko Liudmyla

Impact of Selected Corporate Social Responsibility Activities on Consumer

Interest in the Brand. CSR as a Factor Minimizing Competitive Risk . . . . . . . . . . 206
Magdalena Maciaszczyk, Agnieszka Rzepka, and Jozef Ristvej

Financial Education for University Students: A Personal Leadership Tool . . . . . . 217

Eliana del Rosario Arambulo-Dolorier,
Josefina Dayana Marilenn Gonzales-Pariona,
Franklin Cordova-Buiza, Sara Lujan-Valencia,
and Olger Gutierrez-Aguilar
 Contents xvii

The Dynamics of Human Resource Development in the UAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Mohammad Al Mazroue, Mohamed Osman, Ibrahim Tabche,
and Skandar Slim

The Effects of Public Service Motivation on Employees’ Intention to Stay . . . . . 240

Elias Shahda, Abdelsalam Adam Hamid, and Mohamed Battour

Leveraging Business Adaptability for Financial and Non-financial

Performance in the COVID-19 Era: An Analysis of Micro, Small
and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Ibrahim Abiodun Oladapo

A Literature Review on Incremental Innovations in Small

and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Bridging Knowledge Gaps and Future
Research Avenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Onan Marakali Siregar, Nicholas Marpaung,
Muhammad Dharma Tuah Putra Nasution, and Ramadhan Harahap

Indigenous Knowledge (IK) as a Paradigm Shift in Entrepreneurship

Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Recommendations . . . . 270
Olawale R. Olaopa and Saheed Ogundare

Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) Positions in Top Management Teams

(TMTs): Just Another Copycat Behavior? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Nasser Alqahtani

Do Women Consider Purchasing Eco-Friendly Beauty Products?

An Examination of Personal Motivations and Perceived Social Media
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Michael Christian, Lasmery R. M. Girsang, Henilia Yulita,
Sunarno Sunarno, Oktafalia Marisa Muzammil, and Pangestu Arifin

The Moderating Role of Self-Confidence Bias in Conservatism Among

Investors in Retirement Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Audrey Lim Li Chin

Assessment of Innovation Types and Business Performance Among

MSMEs in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Mashael Alshraim and Yusuf Akinwale

Development of Human Capital Embedded in Socially Innovative

Educational Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Malini Nair, Abdul Ghafar, and Anand Sasikumar
xviii Contents

The Relationship Between Ownership Structure (OS) and the Quality

of Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility Disclosure
(CSERD) with the Moderating Effect of the Industry Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Abdul Wahid Bin Mohd Kassim, Raman Bin Noordin, Junainah Jaidi,
and Sulaiman Bin Tahajuddin

Driver Factors of Successful Woman Entrepreneurs Go Green:

A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Eviatiwi Kusumaningtyas Sugiyanto and Ratna Wijayanti

Social Aspects of Insurance Coverage in Ukraine in Conditions of Martial

Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Lesia Matviychuk, Inna Dotsenko, Tetiana Hrynchuk,
Oleksandr Pasichnyk, and Olena Pasichnyk

Enhancing Public Satisfaction: The Impact of Interactive Marketing

in Social Institutions (the UAE Ministry of Community Development) . . . . . . . . 367
Noora Ahmad Youssef, Mokhtar Elareshi, Mahmoud Alghizzawi,
Mohamed Habes, Abdulkrim Ziani, and Samar Ben Romdhane

The Development of Low-Emission Public Urban Transport in Europe . . . . . . . . 377

Konrad Henryk Bachanek, Jakub Karnowski, Wojciech Drozdz,
and Agnieszka Rzepka

Analysis of the Dynamics of Revenues of Selected National Economies

from the Export of Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Wojciech Drożdż, Jarosław Jaworski, Radosław Miśkiewicz,
Jakub Karnowski, and Agnieszka Rzepka

The Mediating Effect of Strategic Improvisation on the Relationship

Between Strategic Awareness and Organizational Excellence in Anbar’s
General Company for Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Saba Noori Alhamdany, Mohammed Noori Alhamdany,
and Saad Noori Alhamdany

The Role of Ukraine in Ensuring Global Food Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Tetiana L. Mostenska, Alla Cherep, Milita Vienažindienė,
Ludmila Chorna, Sergey Kudlaenko, and Tetiana G. Mostenska

Impact of Happiness at Work, Work-Life Balance on Employee’s

Citizenship Behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Alaa Amin Abdalla and Yousif Abdelbagi Abdalla
 Contents xix

Ponzi Schemes in the FinTech World: Emerging Threat for the Economic
Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Andrii Cherniak, Oleksandr Dudorov, Dmitriy Kamensky, Igor Fedun,
and Yevgen Buryak

Borobudur Without Borobudur: An Alternative Tourism Development

Based on Tourist Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Fithria Khairina Damanik, Ersalora Lutfianti, and Asad Farag

Bajamba Traditional Dining Culture of Nagari Jawi-Jawi West Sumatera

as a Potential Sustainable Gastronomy Tourism Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Amelda Pramezwary, Deandra Pakasi, Juliana, Febryola Indra,
Anugerah Agung Putranto, and Frans Teguh

Halal Awareness and Lifestyle on Purchase Intention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Juliana, Arifin Djakasaputra, Amelda Pramezwary, Diena M. Lemy,
Ira Brunchilda Hubner, and Fachrurazi

A Comparative Financial Analysis Between Islamic and Conventional

Financial Institutions in Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Sauod A. A. F. AL-Dabboos, Syed Musa Bin Syed Jaafar Alhabshi,
and Nur Farhah Binti Mahadi

Toolkit for Multi-vector Adaptation and Development of Corporate

Culture of International Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Nataliya Kalyuzhna, Zinaida Smutchak, Nelia Chorna, Roman Chornyi,
Oleksandr Baldyniuk, and Roman Chuba

The Impact of Covid-19 on Refugees in the Hosting Country Case

Study – Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Dojanah (Mohammad Kadri) Bader, Basem Mohammad lozi,
and Saed M. R. Kewedar

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

 Augmented Reality Applied to Journalism

Abdulkrim Ziani1,2,3,4(B) , Mohammed Fyadh1,2,3,4 , Khaled Nser1,2,3,4 ,

and Alaa Maki1,2,3,4
1 College of Communication Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE
{abdulkrim.ziani,khaled.nser}@aau.ac.ae
2 College of Communication and Media, University of Fujairah, Fujairah, UAE
mohammed.fyadh@uof.ac.ae
3 Colle College of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE
4 College of Communication, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE

aakkof@sharjah.ac.ae

Abstract. Media organizations in the current world find themselves amid rapid
and relentless transformations, and from this is the aspiration towards applications
based on innovation and renewal. From this emerged the importance of virtual
reality and augmented reality applied to journalism for journalism. The trend
towards creating a broader and more interaction with the audience who lives in
the details of the digital environment is based on mixed reality, or what is called
extended reality. The focus is on enhancing the field of audience participation in
virtual and augmented reality through the acquisition of a Head-Mounted Device or
augmented means such as Glasses, helmets, gloves, gloves, or special suits. Thus,
the real is mixed with the virtual to the extent that experiments today are looking
towards tracking signs, data, and information and working to integrate them with
the physical human senses to create effective communication and achieve a unique
and rich experience for the public.

Keywords: Media organizations · virtual reality · journalism · applied to

journalism

1 Introduction
News games: A process based on investing in video games and employing them in
journalistic work. By focusing on organizing, preparing, and producing programs related
to documentaries and following up on events and simulations [1, 2]. It is the explanatory
means that is relied upon to provide more explanations about an issue or issue that deals
with a story from reality or to work on making a story that derives its details from fact.
It is the means to deepen the impact of discussions by integrating journalism and video
technologies, based on a focus on employing games that surround documentaries and
news [3]. News learning and machine media are an attempt to sort out the vast amount of
journalistic follow-up for a single piece of news on the Internet [4]. Moreover, work on
investing in Natural Language Processing [NLP] applications. It is related to monitoring
and collection procedures first, then comes the stage of analyzing and evaluating those

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024

B. Alareeni and A. Hamdan (Eds.): ICBT 2023, LNNS 927, pp. 1–9, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54009-7_1
2 A. Ziani et al.

articles to determine the balance of the various media outlets in covering the news
by using consensus-measuring consensus/discord. News media and computer vision,
news media and computer vision are based initially on studying and analyzing images
published on social media and monitoring comments about them [5, 6] Cultural analysis
and content analysis are essential for extracting the arithmetic average for using images.
Since this technology is circulated in the Internet medium, the matter remains dependent
on the responses of the users’ audience and the evaluation of the number of tweets issued
by the users [7]. It is not just about employment in social media. Still, this technology is
invested in the industrial and commercial areas, so the investment market in the United
States of America in this field is expected to reach about 48 billion dollars in 2022 [3].
News media, planning, scheduling, and optimization: This technology relies on the
existing possibilities to reach the target audience through the distribution of contact
frequencies and work on developing an estimated model based on the available data [8].
This technique includes several means, such as a taboo search that selects a possible
solution from similar operations and employs the simulated annealing technique, which
is based on approximating the maximum possibilities and matching them based on a
specific job. Furthermore, working on investing in genetic algorithms inspired by the
field of biology, developing solutions based on the concepts of selection and mutation,
and applying them in the field of decision trees to build a good media schedule based on
the organization of time, duration and space decision, and repeat the message [3].

2 Emotional Computer
In light of the talk about objective reality and virtual reality, the enormous and pro-
found developments that digital technology has achieved until the talk about affective
computing have become very important and influential in contemporary life [9, 10].
Especially since the interaction between humans and computers has resulted in more
profound psychological, social, and cultural transformations, the discussion here focuses
on the conditions of interaction between man and machine, mainly since the features of
the cyborg human are formed during the present time in which we live. It is no longer
possible for a person to give up carrying a smartphone in the entirety of the details of
his life. Instead, the device has become a part of his body, and it accompanies him in all
the humane actions he performs. Imagine with me that you forget the smartphone [11].
Furthermore, do you consider the possible consequences of this act? A bond of an intense
kind has already been formed between the human and the computer. All indicators point
to the conditions of the deep connection between humans and computers. This matter will
inevitably lead us to think about the high rate of emotion between the two parties [12].
We are indeed talking about a relationship that exists between a human being and a deaf
machine, but we must carefully consider that this deaf machine, as a result of continuous
feeding with programs and work on repeating actions by the user, and the interaction that
activates the algorithms, will produce more emergence conditions The relationship of
mutual understanding between the two parties [3]. Even the computer satisfies more user
requirements based on repetition. Which started as a surprise to the user, but as a result of
habituation, the response conditions issued by the computer increased remarkably. We
are talking about an attempt to reveal the extent of the possible emotional relationship
 Augmented Reality Applied to Journalism 3

between the human and the computer based on careful consideration of the speech acts
of the human being and the production of texts. Instead, providing the computer with
some sensors will significantly impact reading, measuring, and evaluating speech acts.
Emanating from the human, movements, and signals, and even reading the rate of high
blood pressure and the physical, psychological, and mood stability of the user, the main
goal on which the idea of emotional computing is based AC is based on the constant
attempt towards the establishment and establishment of a computer system that helps in
monitoring the emotional state of the user on The level of moods and emotions, and the
method of possible response, and this includes several activities related to video games,
techniques related to education, and mental health [3].

3 Emotion Functions
Affective computing is a system based on activating the relationship between humans
and computers. It starts from the focus on understanding the function of emotion and its
direct impact on achievement and work [13, 14]. The matter here does not stop observing
a feeling, as it is based on the fact that the surface takes various forms, responses, and
situations, which calls for stopping and analyzing it. The relationship between the human
and the computer is based initially on the cognitive aspect. Still, due to diversity, change,
and development, the importance of stopping at the moving part has emerged due to the
significance of the interaction between human-computer interaction [HCI] in this field,
which will produce more Among the results related to the importance of the two sides
[cognitive and emotional] in strengthening the relationship between humans and the
computer, and thus access to a computer that can respond to user requirements more
effectively [3].And if the field of interaction stopped focusing on the design of the laptop
and working on its development, the new research began to expand to include the totality
of technology attached to the design, digital programs, and add-ons and accessories,
which take into account the value of the interaction between the two parties [7]. The
developments that appeared in the field of design and production of personal computers
resulted in the emergence of software that responds with high flexibility to the user’s
needs [15]. As the user is dealing with game programs, accounts, words, and texts more
flexibly and efficiently, especially after the issue of high price has been addressed, and
access to computers has become at a reasonable price, in addition to the production of
computers of excellent and acceptable sizes that allow the user, a comfortable workspace.
And safe. To highlight the importance of the possible interaction between humans and
computers necessitated directing attention and attention to more disciplines related to
emotional intelligence and computer science [3].

4 Multidisciplinary Emotions
Several disciplines interact in the development and development of affective computing.
The fruitful and constructive cooperation between engineering, computer science, neu-
roscience, physiology, psychology, philosophy, sociology, and more theories of cultural
criticism. And this field remains open for more scientific severe contributions, seeking
to root many essential aspects in the digital age in which we live. From the reality of
4 A. Ziani et al.

the importance of this field, the significant countries began a strong trend towards devel-
opment and construction. The United States of America was the leader in this field,
followed by China, urging steps to obtain an advanced position. Indeed, it has become
today at the forefront of innovation and development. It is supported by cooperation and
exchange of experiences with countries interested in this aspect. And despite the sharp
animosity between China and the United States, the features of collaboration remain
between the two sides. The focus here is on intensifying the field of research in a lot of
smart cities and various commercial activities, in marketing and advertising, expanding
the areas of automated management, expanding the role of robots in providing personal
services, developing the work of the robotic car, expanding home assistant tests, and
Monitor mood, monitor borders, and large geographical areas. It is the field that is more
developed and more comprehensive in all the details of life, a field that is not based on
reading the reactions of the user, as much as it is looking towards creating a kind of
partnership and relationship based on emotion between humans and computers, reach-
ing the mutual responses between the two parties [3]. This field, for which Rosalind
Picard laid the theoretical foundations in 1995, stemmed from the idea of the conditions
of the intended exchanges of emotions between humans and computers, given that the
expansion in the field of artificial intelligence and the growth of encryption processes,
especially in emerging smart cities, is now giving way A broader range of activities
associated with biosensors, as well as deep learning algorithms to sense [3]. Which has
a decisive role in classifying, tracking, and sensing emotional states. Especially since
the applications for this field are bearing fruit in commercial application, marketing,
and management operations, this is what is revealed by reality until the contribution of
the dynamic computing field has become its direct contribution to the global market
[16, 17], whose actual capital in the market has reached nearly 21 billion US dollars.
Experts estimate that this number will double during the year 2024. A contribution that
can be monitored in The field of education through the Class Dojo program [3],which
provides teachers with integrated briefings on the psychological conditions of students
and works on monitoring their positive Behavior. In the field of games and entertain-
ment, the Moxie game, which directly contributes to the child’s emotional development,
was circulated. The Spotify algorithm plays a role in sensing the mood of the user. The
Emotion Engine, developed by Honda Motor Company in cooperation with Honda and
Softbank, highlights the driver’s conditions [3].

5 Feelings of Leadership and Management

Emotional computing directly impacts the work environment, as major companies are
looking towards field applications to find more accurate and objective management
based on precise information. The direct impact is now visible in increasing productiv-
ity [18]. Applications have been introduced in recruitment and work control based on
digital data, free from moods and personal situations. Other companies are turning to
using voice-analytic software to monitor the spirit of their employees, and this has been
reflected in the reports issued by the senior management of these companies, enabling
managers to write accurate essays against working employees and make successful deci-
sions. Based on the manager’s knowledge of the employee’s emotional state [3]. Other
 Augmented Reality Applied to Journalism 5

companies have invested in biosensing technology by placing a sensor in the employee’s

wrist to read and follow moods and emotional states and even help detect mental ill-
nesses that the employee may be exposed to [3]. Other companies focused their efforts
on studying and analyzing employee happiness through applying mood awareness and
measuring their ability to engage co-workers in achieving positive results [7]. A com-
pany from Microsoft, on its part, directed a project that corresponds to its capabilities
and capabilities in developing an emotion-sensing project. Emotion-sensing to track
well-being, based on awareness of the impact that COVID-19 will have on the world
[19] Senior management in companies is now reaping the fruits of emotional computing
applications clearly and, especially in terms of using algorithms in designing programs
that contribute to the monitoring of talents and outstanding abilities by calculating that
the evaluation criteria depend on firm foundations and objective criteria through which
[skills and achievements are sorted] in the scope of work. Instead, the positive signal is
crystallized in the growth of the optimistic spirit of the talented and active employee;
he lives in the middle and does not ignore the achievements that he presents. From this
reality, the employees monitored more contributions and participation, which impacted
the workflow and increased production. This is in addition to the search for new means
of tracking workers away from traditional frameworks that challenge their pride and
limit their passion for work, which contribute effectively to the development of the spirit
of loyalty and belonging to the institution in which they work [20]. Talking about the
positive energy and the crucial achievements in emotional computing does not mean
that the path does not suffer from some intersections and errors. For example, the appli-
cation of [face biometrics] faces more problems, especially when dealing with different
work environments related to race and gender, the cultural differences in the way these
programs are implemented, and the conditions, conditions, and circumstances that are
designed in it. And how to apply it in another cross-cultural work environment.

6 Quality Communication

The importance of social interaction as a person’s communication with others in an

adaptive manner. This communication is based on several critical skills represented in
perceiving, recognizing, managing, self-expression, and distinguishing feelings. Based
on this, the question is: What do we want from emotional computing? This is because
we stand on a relationship between a thinking and sane human being and a deaf machine
whose effectiveness is based on the level of human initiative in providing it with pro-
grams and the indoctrination of information [21]. The matter here goes beyond this direct
relationship; this is due to the importance of reconsidering the nature of the relation-
ship between man and machine! Especially since the same person who has the initiative
today loses the [initiative advantage [22] after he has placed himself captive to machine
interactions that got algorithms, software, software, and sensors until the machine has
become an assault on human Smovements, silence, feelings, exchanges, and degree
Stress and anxiety in the wise man, who has revived in the machine intelligence that
exceeds the capabilities of man in unattainable stages [3, 23]. Talking about practical
computing may shock the average reader, especially when he feels an impossible rela-
tionship between a human and a machine. However, the context in which the relationship
6 A. Ziani et al.

between the two parties is organized makes it verifiable, primarily since this machine is
based initially on cybernetics, where automatic control of information and work on its
application by comparing models within the system. The controller working on modify-
ing the Behavior of the system [3]. This is the case in emotional computing, which has
become today working to provide practical exercises through applications and software
that develop and improve the performance of beginners in the labor market, based on
the focus on developing emotional intelligence among young people. This is what the
League of Emotions Learners [LoEL] project is doing. The matter here is evident in
how the roles are distributed, especially since the machine described as deaf is now
responsible for training young people to develop emotional intelligence. And that is the
ultimate paradox. The field of dynamic computing has expanded to include more areas
in its studies and research. For example, one study documented reading adolescents’
reactions to cyberbullying and well-being, and it concluded that high rates of satisfac-
tion with well-being were observed. In contrast, the rate of negative attitudes towards
bullying increased. email [7, 24].

7 Conclusion

Affective computing depends on the computational approach in measuring the mechan-

ical influence of humans in the field of behavioral and physiological signals. The focus
is on monitoring actual and simulated reactions of humans and measuring the effects in
the real world. The orientation is toward data analysis and the direction towards sort-
ing generalizable results [3]. In light of the development of research in this field, the
aspiration is to distinguish more specialists and focus on reading human feelings rather
than include what results from those feelings. This is due to the calculation that emotion
has the most critical effect on the overall human interactions in the natural environment
if it is at the level of work, perception, and the general human interaction processes
[25]. Hence, affective computing studies have tended to develop multiple applications
such as advanced sensing, computational modeling, objective scalable measurement,
and real-world applications. From this emerges the importance of applying the approach
to affect the size, which is based not only on monitoring the signals emanating from
the body but also on the horizon of expectation, which is expanded about the possible
possibilities [26]. The matter here is related to the study of emotions and the interactions
that can result from them as we look towards making the most important field for the
role of the computer in the processes [understanding and responding] to the emotional
states issued by people, by working on decoding human emotions through the analysis
of behavioral and physiological responses. Based on monitoring the emotional state in
the various situations humans are exposed to, whether in terms of health, work, shop-
ping, games, entertainment, investing in brain-computer interface technologies [BCI],
and intelligent education systems. The focus here is on reading reactions at the physio-
logical level, such as High blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar, and heart rate
measurements, as reactions that humans cannot control or control. This is in addition
to the possibility of measuring it through the electroencephalography [EEG] technique,
which is characterized by accurate results, low financial cost, and ease of transferring
the results obtained to the reality of practical application. By investing in BCI-computer
 Augmented Reality Applied to Journalism 7

interface applications [27]. Measuring behavioral reactions remains more complex as an

orientation towards monitoring Voice, movements and signals, and facial expressions.
All this remains subject to the possibility of spontaneity or intentionality on the part of
the test subject [3].

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 The Challenges of New Central Banks
Crypto-Currencies: CDBC

Mohamed Bechir Chenguel(B)

Kairouan University, Kairouan, Tunisia

bechir.chenguel@gmail.com

Abstract. Crypto-currencies are digital currencies that can be used to settle trans-
actions over the Internet, and their emergence is intended to bypass traditional
currencies. At first, central banks were very wary, but following the spectacular
growth in transactions with crypto-currencies, some central banks were seduced
and decided to appropriate the “blockchain” program by creating their own “cen-
tral bank digital currencies” (CBDCs). But the introduction of CBDCs poses a
number of problems: what are the advantages of this new adoption, and what
are the issues and impacts on households, banks and the economy in general,
especially with virtually no regulation. Through this research paper we will try
to answer these questions and take a closer look at all the issues surrounding the
adoption of these new currencies issued by central banks.

Keywords: CDBC · bank disintermediation · monetary policy · Financial

stability

JEL classification: e42 g 28 · g 38 · E58

1 Introduction
Crypto-currencies have been designed to challenge state sovereignty over financial trans-
actions and money; Al-Saqaf, W., and Seidler, N. (2017). Bitcoin emerged as the first
decentralized crypto-currency, and originally created as an electronic version of cash, a
money independent from the central operator and totally free from government or cen-
tral bank control. As a result, the crypto-currency ecosystem initially provoked strong
reactions from regulators, financial institutions and governments, who unanimously
described its development as a speculative bubble, a scam or even “evil”, even though its
proponents predicted that crypto-currencies would eventually replace cash; Dashkevich,
N., Counsell, S., and Destefanis, G. (2020). But ten years later, with the rapid develop-
ment of the “digitalization” of the economy”, the positions of regulators have evolved,
and since 2021 several States and major financial institutions have begun to change
their thinking and modify their rules to exploit the potential that crypto-currencies offer
the economy in order to regain control of its development. Bhatt, A., Joshipura, M.,
and Joshipura, N. (2022). The recent Covid-19 crisis has propelled the digitization of

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024

B. Alareeni and A. Hamdan (Eds.): ICBT 2023, LNNS 927, pp. 10–20, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54009-7_2
 The Challenges of New Central Banks Crypto-Currencies: CDBC 11

businesses and the economy, and given the rapid growth in transactions with digital cur-
rencies, it is important to understand how these new digital currency units will affect our
modern society. Arner, D. W., et al. (2020). Over the past two years, a significant number
of financial institutions have begun to actively allocate capital in this area. As a result,
the crypto-currency market has skyrocketed, Clark, E., Lahiani, A., and Mefteh-Wali, S.
(2023). With over 300 million users worldwide, a cumulative investment of over US$30
billion (up from just over US$2 billion at the end of 2019) and a total market capitalization
in excess of US$3 trillion. Major financial services providers are now making it easier
for consumers to transact using crypto-currencies. For example, Paypal, and Mastercard
have unveiled plans to support crypto-currency payments on their network. Traditionally,
issuing money has been one of the key elements of a state’s sovereignty; Mitchener, K.
J., and Trebesch, C. (2023). Some countries have adapted to these new circumstances
in line with their political objectives. As a result of the growing popularity of bitcoin
and the widespread use of blockchain technology, many other crypto-currencies have
emerged and blockchain technology is increasingly used by governments, central banks
and other private companies around the world; Pakhnenko, O., et al. (2023). However,
despite the fact that traditional economic regulators are gradually appropriating these
technologies, they are seeing a growing weakening of their ability to control and a loss
of legitimacy on the part of civil society, considerably weakening their authority in the
various global economic spaces. The spectacular growth of crypto-currencies is there-
fore taking place both in the shadows and with the support of the law in the absence
of regulation: decentralized platforms attract capital prepared to take high risks, while
centralized platforms allow more cautious investors, both individuals and institutions,
to share in the profits of one of the few emerging industries, considerably strengthened
by the economic crisis linked to the Covid-19 pandemic. Andrae, S. (2023). But the
positions taken by governments on the subject still raise the issue of sovereignty. For
this reason, the positions taken vary considerably from one country to another, and even
from one regulatory body to another, so different and mutually influential are their inter-
ests. For this reason, we will address these different aspects in three separate sections;
Lawo, D., et al. (2023).
Through our research, we will try to explore this new concept that has emerged in
the last two years, namely the interest of central banks in digital currencies, by creating
their own currencies, despite the lack of regulation and problems of sovereignty and
also problems related to transaction controls. We will try to contribute by focusing on
the issues and challenges facing central banks through the creation of their own digital
currencies. Our work will be composed as follows: in the first part we will present
crypto-currencies and their developments and the issues of sovereignty. Secondly, we
will look at the challenges of crypto-currencies for central banks. In the third part we
will examine the impact of the creation of these new CDBC currencies on households,
banks and economies, and finally the conclusion.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
tone: “I have the honour to report to your Excellency such and such
an affair,” or again become bolder and exclaim: “You have thirteen
and I fourteen.” I would not dispute anything, but would only say:
“Just so; certainly so; most certainly so; absolutely so.” I would tell
the whole world that such and such a distinguished gentleman had
condescended to speak to me, and if I could not say so truthfully, I
would lie about it, for nothing so adorns speech as a lie, to which
poets are witnesses.
Finally, I would obtain by humility and flattery a profitable place,
but above all I would strive to become a governor, for that place is
profitable, honourable and easy. It is profitable, because everybody
brings gifts; it is honourable, because everybody bows before a
governor; it is easy, because there is very little work to do, and that is
done by a secretary or scribe, and, they being sworn people, one
may entirely rely upon them. A scribe has been created by God by
whom man has been created, and that opinion is foolish which
assumes that a scribe’s soul is devoid of virtue. I believe there is little
difference between a man and a scribe, much less difference than
between a scribe and any other creature.
If I were a great man and a small gentleman, I would, in my
constant attempt to be useful to my country and the world at large,
never become burdensome to anyone, and would put all my reliance
upon my worth and my deserts to my country; and if I should find
myself deceived in this, I should become insane from so much
patience, and should be a man who not only does nothing, but even
thinks nothing.
If I were a great man and a great gentleman, I would without
cessation think of the welfare of my country, of incitements to virtue
and dignity, the reward of merit, the suppression of vice and
lawlessness, the increase of learning, the cheapening of the
necessaries of life, the preservation of justice, the punishment for
taking bribes, for grasping, robbery and theft, the diminution of lying,
flattery, hypocrisy and drunkenness, the expulsion of superstition,
the abatement of unnecessary luxury, the limitation of games at
cards which rob people of their valuable time, the education, the
founding and maintenance of schools, the maintenance of a well-
organised army, the scorn of rudeness, and the eradication of
parasitism.
But if I were a small man and a great gentleman, I would live in
great magnificence, for such magnificence is rarely to be found in a
great soul; but I will not say what else I would do.
 Vasíli Ivánovich Máykov. (1728-1778.)
Máykov was the son of a landed proprietor. He entered
military service, in 1766 was made Associate Governor of
Moscow, and occupied other high offices. He began to write
early and, being an admirer of Sumarókov,—like all the other
writers of his day,—he wrote odes, eulogies, fables, tragedies,
all of them in the pseudo-classic style. He knew no foreign
languages, and his imitations are at second hand. This,
however, gave him a great advantage over his
contemporaries, in that he was better acquainted with
Russian reality than with foreign models. His mock-heroic
poem Eliséy, or Excited Bacchus, from which “The Battle of
the Zimogórans and Valdáyans,” given below, is an extract, is
far superior for real humour, Russian environment and good
popular diction to anything else produced by the Russian
writers of the eighteenth century; and the undisputed
popularity of the Eliséy, which was not dimmed even by
Bogdanóvich’s Psyche, was well merited.

THE BATTLE OF THE ZIMOGÓRANS AND VALDÁYANS

The field was all ploughed and sowed in oats, and after these
labours all the cattle and we were resting. Already had the grain
sprouted a quarter of an inch, and our time had come to cut the hay.
Our meadow, as all know well, bordered on the meadow of the
Valdáyans; no one could tell where the line between them was but a
surveyor, so the strongest hand mowed the grass there, and the
meadows were always a cause of quarrels; even then they were the
cause of our terrible battle.
The day had come, and we went into the meadow, taking with us
milk, eggs and whey-cheese, loading ourselves with kvas, beets,
dumplings, brandy and buckwheat cakes. No sooner had we
appeared with our provender in the meadow, than we espied the
host before us: the proud Valdáyans were standing there with arms
of war. We became frightened and ran away like rabbits, and running
we looked for weapons resembling theirs: withes, pales, poles,
cudgels and clubs. We vied with each other to arm ourselves with
sticks and to prepare ourselves for the fray. The chief of our village,
foreseeing a terrible calamity, seated himself on his horse and
gathered us all together; having gotten us together, he took a pen
and began to scribble. Though he was not a Frenchman nor a
Greek, but a Russian, yet he was a government official and wore a
crimson uniform. God forfend that a scribe should be a military
commander! He took out his pen, and began to write down the
names, while our backs were already smarting from the descent of a
hail of stones upon them. Is it possible Pallas was with the scribe?
For he was still writing down names, while the Valdáyans were
drubbing us. Old women in the huts were lamenting to heaven; small
children, all the girls and women, and chickens hid behind the stove
and underneath it.
Seeing that there was to be no end to his writing, we no longer
listened to the scribe, but like a whirlwind swept down from all sides
and, pressing forward in a mass, hastened to the fight. Neither
fences nor water could keep us back, and the only salvation for the
Valdáyans was in flight; but they stood out stubbornly against us,
and with agility swung their wooden arms at us. We could not break
asunder the order of their ranks, and from both sides there flew upon
us stones and mud, the implements of war of furious men. We were
bespattering and striking each other down without mercy, but ours
stood like a firm wall.
Forgive me for mentioning names which it would not be otherwise
proper to utter here, except that without them we would not have
been victorious. Even if our scribe had been much wiser, he would
not have broken that wall with his skull, which we barely smashed
with our clubs. We had for some time been striking each other
mightily with stones, when our Stépka the intrepid (he was not very
clever, but a powerful man) rushed with grim rage into the thickest
fight among the Valdáyans: he struck them down with a cudgel, and
they raised a cry, but Stépka hacked among them like a butcher.
Then his nephew, too, took a club, flew at them, but lost courage and
showed them his back, whereupon a frisky Valdáyan jumped upon it
and was on top of our hero. In the very midst of the sanguinary fray
he had jumped upon the hero’s shoulder, and boasted before his
whole horde that he had begun with a battle and had ended with
leapfrog. But the jest ended badly for him, for the Valdáyan had not
yet thanked us for the ride, when Stépka’s nephew grabbed the
Valdáyan by the girdle and so hurled him to the ground that he broke
his nose and so flattened it that he now has to wear a plaster upon it.
Then, lo, we all suddenly noticed in the distance a rider all covered
with dust: that was the proud leader of the Valdáyans; that beast was
a worthy likeness of our own manager. Raging with an internal fire
against us, he galloped upon his steed towards our hero. All thought
that they would end the terrible battle by a duel; we all stood in quiet
expectancy, and terror seized us all. Already the heroes approached
each other on their horses, but suddenly, it seemed, they changed
their minds: they did not fight, they only cursed each other, leaving
us alone to finish the battle, while their horses took them back to
their homes.
In the meantime, if you wish to know it, the sun shone so that it
was time for us to dine; if the accursed battle had not taken place, I,
no doubt, would have swallowed two or three bites by that time; but,
under the circumstances, I thought neither of beet soup nor
buckwheat mush.
When the horses had taken away the commanders, we carried on
a real war: all order was suddenly gone, and at the same time all
distinction of great and small disappeared; we were all mixed up,
and all were equal. Suddenly my brother swooped down like a hawk,
to aid us, and he mixed up the battle, like wheat mush in a vat.
Accuse me not of lying in what I am going to tell of my brother:
holding a heavy club in his hand, he carried terror to all our enemies:
wherever he passed there was a street, and where he turned about,
there was a square. He had been vanquishing the Valdáyans for an
hour, and they had all been running away from him, when all at once
there appeared his adversary. My brother’s exploit was stopped, for
that Valdáyan hung upon his neck, and bit off my brother’s right ear.
And thus my beloved brother Ilyúkha, who had come to the battle
with ears, went away with but one. He dragged himself along,
bleeding like a pig, maimed, torn, but above all, disgraced.
Think of my loss! He lost an ear, and I a brother! Since then I no
longer recognise him as my brother. Do not imagine that I have
spoken this in vain: when he was possessed of both ears, he was
easily moved by the words of the unfortunate; but now that door is
entirely locked, and he hears only when one says: “Here, take this!”
but he no longer hears the word “give,” and with his left ear accepts
nobody’s prayers. In an empty well it is not likely you will find a
treasure, and without it I do not care even for my brother.
Having lost such a hero, we were bereft of all means of victory; the
Valdáyans henceforth got the better of us, struck us down, pressed
hard upon us and drove us from the field. We should have been that
day entirely undone, had not Stépka saved us from our dire distress:
like a bolt of lightning he suddenly rushed upon us from behind, and
stopped us, who were then in full flight. “Stand still, good fellows!” he
yelled, “stand still! Come together in close array, and begin anew the
battle!” All was changed. O most happy hour! At Stépka’s voice
crowds of men came together, came, bore down the adversary,
defeated them, and wrung the victory they held from their hands.
They rushed together, correcting their disorder, and hotter than
before the battle was renewed.
Already we were driving our enemy back to their village, and
depriving them of their cudgels and sticks, and our battle would have
been at an end, if a monk had not appeared to their aid. This new
Balaam was urging on his beast and beating it with a stick for its
sluggishness; but all his beating of his dobbin moved her not a step
ahead. He somehow managed to reach the top of the hill, and there
his holy lips uttered curses against us. But neither these, nor the
wooden arms, kept us back, and we flew against our enemy, and did
our work among them. That worthy man, seeing our stubbornness,
leaped from his horse, and showed the swiftness of his feet, which
was greater than when he first had come, and, showing us his back,
fled to his house.
 Dark night had already put out its veil, when all were worn out with
fighting. The Valdáyans being vanquished, we all went from the field,
and reached home, though hungry, yet alive.

THE COOK AND THE TAILOR

’Tis easier for a cook to roast and stew than for a tailor to talk of
cookery. It was, I know not where, in Lithuania or Poland,—he knows
of it who knows more than I; all I know is that a lord was travelling,
and as he was returning from a visit he was, naturally, drunk. A man
came from the opposite direction, and he met the lord, phiz to phiz.
The lord was blown up with conceit and liquor, and two servants led
his horse for him. The horse strutted proudly along, and the lord was
steeped in arrogance like a cock. The man that met him was poorly
clad. The lord interrogated him, like a man of sense:
“What handicraft have you?”
“A cook, my lord, stands before you.”
“If so, then answer me, before I spit into your face: you are a cook,
so you know what dainties are; what then is the greatest dainty?”
“A roast pig’s hide,” the cook answered without hesitation.
“You, cook, are not a fool,” the lord said to him, “and gave me
readily an answer, from which I conclude that you know your
business.”
With these words, the lord gave him a generous reward, just like a
father, though he had begot no children. My cook, for joy, tripped
lightly along and was soon out of sight. Whom should he meet but a
tailor, an old acquaintance, nay, a friend,—not to the grave, yet a
friend.
“Whither do you hurry so fast, friend Ilyá?”
The other replied: “Now, my friend, I can boldly assure you that the
cook’s profession is better than yours. You, drunken Petrúshka, do
not even guess that Ilyá is going to have a big celebration! Look at
my pocket. I and my wife will be satisfied with what we now have; we
cannot unto our deaths spend all the lord, who just passed me drunk
upon the road, has given me.”
And he pulled out his purse that was filled with gold coins: “That’s
what I got for a pig!”
And he showed his money in his bag, and told his friend all that
had happened. The tailor was melting with envy, as he tried to count
the money, and he thought: “Of course the lord is a fool for having
given a bag full of money for a pig; I will run after him, and overtake
him, and if all the wisdom is only in a pig’s hide, I’ll shave him clean,
like a scribe.”
Having said this, the senseless man started on the road. The lord
was riding leisurely along, and as the tailor was running fast, he soon
overtook him. He cried to him:
“Wait, lord! I am not a Tartar, and I will not cut you down; I have no
sword, and I will not injure you. I am all worn out with running; I am a
cook, and not a thief.”
The lord heard the words and, looking back, saw that it was not a
robber with a club, so he reined in his horse. The tailor ran up to him,
panting like a dog, and barely breathing, having lost his strength in
running. The lord asked him:
“Why, beast, have you been running so senselessly after me? You
have only frightened me: I thought it was a robber with a club that
was after me.”
The tailor said: “I am not a thief, my lord!”
To which the lord: “What manner of creature are you, then?”
“I am a cook by trade, and know how to stew and roast well.”
The lord asked him at once: “What is the sweetest part of the ox?”
The rash man said: “The hide.”
No sooner said than the cook’s sides and face, and belly and back
were swollen, being struck with a whip. The tailor walked slowly off,
weeping disconsolately, and cursing the lord and the trade of a cook.
 Mikhaíl Vasílevich Danílov. (1722-1790.)
The Memoirs of Danílov are interesting for the reason that
they indicate the sources from real life from which Catherine
II., Fon-Vízin and others drew the characters for their
comedies. Thus, Matréna Petróvna of Danílov’s Memoirs is
the prototype of Mávra’s mistress in O Tempora (p. 272) and
of Mrs. Uncouth in The Minor, p. 342.

FROM HIS “MEMOIRS”

I was my father’s favourite son. When I was about seven years

old, or more, I was turned over, in the village of Kharín where my
father lived, to the sexton Philip, named Brudásty, for instruction. The
sexton was of low stature, broad in his shoulders; a large round
beard covered his chest, his head of thick hair came down to his
shoulders, and gave the appearance of having no neck. There
studied with him at the same time two of my cousins, Eliséy and
Borís. Our teacher Brudásty lived alone with his wife in a very small
hut; I used to come to Brudásty for my lessons early in the morning,
and I never dared to open his door, until I had said aloud my prayer,
and he answered “Amen.” I remember to the present day the
instruction I received from Brudásty, probably for the reason that he
often whipped me with a switch. I cannot in all faithfulness say that I
was then guilty of indolence or stubbornness; on the contrary I
studied very well for my years, and my teacher gave me lessons of
moderate length and not above my strength, so that I readily
memorised them. But we were not allowed to leave Brudásty for a
moment, except for dinner; we had to sit uninterruptedly on the
bench, and during the long summer days I suffered greatly from this
continuous sitting, and grew so faint that my memory left me, and
when it came to reciting my lesson in the evening, I had forgotten all
I knew, and could not read half of it, for which the final resolve was
that I was to be whipped for my stupidity. I grew to believe that
punishment was an indispensable accompaniment of study.
Brudásty’s wife kept on inciting us, during the absence of her
husband, that we should yell louder, even if it was not our lesson.
We felt some relief in our tedious sitting when Brudásty was away in
the field working. Whenever Brudásty returned I recited my lessons
correctly and without breaking down, just as I did in the morning
when my thoughts were not yet tired out. From this I conclude that
compulsory study is useless to the child, because the mental powers
weaken from bodily labour and become languid. This truth becomes
apparent when we compel a child to play beyond its pleasure: both
the game and toys become wearisome to the child from mere ennui,
and it will rarely play with them, if not altogether hate them.... Such is
the fruit of senseless and worthless teachers, like Brudásty: from
mere weary sitting, I got into the habit of inventing all kinds of
accidents and diseases, which, in reality, I never had.
Having learned the A B C from Brudásty, my father took me near
the city of Túla to a widow, Matréna Petróvna, who had married a
relative of ours, Afanási Denísovich Danílov. Matréna Petróvna had
at her house a nephew of hers and heir to her property, Epishkóv. It
was for his sake that she had asked my father to bring me to her
house to study, that her nephew might have a companion. As the
widow loved her nephew very much and fondled him, we were never
compelled to study; but being left to my choice in the matter, and
fearing no punishment, I soon finished my oral instruction, which
consisted only of the two books: the Book of the Hours and the
Psalter.
The widow was a very pious woman: hardly a day passed without
having divine services in her house, either with a priest, or
sometimes a servant acted in his capacity. I was employed to read
the prayers during these services, and as the widow’s favourite
cousin had not yet learned to read, he, from great envy and anger,
used to come to the table where I was reading the psalms, and kick
me so painfully with his boots that I could not repress my tears.
Though the widow saw her nephew’s naughtiness, she never said
anything more than in a drawling voice, as if against her will: “Ványa,
you have had enough fun!” as though she did not see that Ványa’s
fun had caused tears to flow from my eyes. She could not read; but
she used to open every day a large book on her table, and
pretended to read loudly the prayer of the Holy Virgin to her people.
The widow was very fond of cabbage soup with mutton at dinner,
and I must confess that as long as I lived at her house I do not
remember a single day that passed without a drubbing. The moment
she seated herself at the table to eat her favourite soup, some of the
servants dragged the cook that had cooked the soup into the dining-
room, put her on the floor and mercilessly beat her with rods, and the
widow never stopped eating as long as they beat the cook and she
cried with pain; that had become a regular custom and evidently
served to heighten her appetite. The widow was so stout that her
width was only a trifle less than her height.
One day her nephew and I took a walk, and there was with us a
young servant of hers who taught us to read and was at the same
time studying himself. Her nephew and prospective heir led us to an
apple-tree that grew outside the enclosure, and he began to knock
down some apples, without having first asked his aunt’s permission.
This crime was reported to his aunt. She ordered all three of us to be
brought into her presence for a just punishment. She ordered in
great anger to take up at once our innocent servant and teacher and
to place him on a wooden horse, and he was unmercifully whipped
for a long time, while they kept on repeating: “Don’t knock the apples
off the tree!” Then came my turn: the widow ordered to have me put
on the horse, and I received three blows on my back, though I, like
the teacher, had not knocked down any apples. Her nephew was
frightened, and he thought that his turn would now come to be
punished, but his fear was groundless; all the widow did was to
reprimand him as follows: “It is wrong, it is not proper, sir, to knock
down apples without having received my permission,” and then she
kissed him and said: “I suppose, Ványa, you were frightened as they
whipped your companions; don’t be afraid, my darling! I’ll not have
you whipped.”
 Catherine the Great. (1729-1796.)
The French culture, which had held sway in Russia before
Catherine II., became even more pronounced when she
ascended the throne. She corresponded with Voltaire, offered
d’Alembert the place of tutor to her son, paid Diderot a salary
as keeper of his own library, which she had purchased from
him, and, in the first part of her reign, laboured, at least
platonically, for the introduction of new laws in the spirit of
Rousseau and Montesquieu. She planned to build schools
and academies, encouraged the establishment of printing
presses, by making them free from government control, and
by her own example did much to foster literature. One of her
earliest ventures is her famous Instruction for the commission
that had been called to present a project for a new code of
laws. She composed a large number of comedies, tragedies
and operas, wrote a work on Russian proverbs and a number
of fairy tales. Of the latter her Prince Khlor gave Derzhávin an
occasion to immortalise her as Felítsa, and to inaugurate a
new style of ode. Catherine was the first to found a satirical
journal, the All Kinds of Things (see p. 326), the prototype of a
number of similar periodical publications. The latter part of her
reign is characterised by a reactionary tendency, due to her
general distrust of the Masons, who had taken a firm foothold
in Russia and whom she suspected of favouring the French
Revolution. She then put literature under a ban, and caused
much annoyance to men like Nóvikov and Radíshchev.
Her Prince Khlor has been translated into English under the
title: Ivan Czarovitz; or, The Rose Without Prickles That
Stings Not, A Tale, written by her Imperial Majesty, translated
from the Russian Language, London, 1793. It had previously
appeared in a periodical paper, The Bee, published at
Edinburgh. It is reproduced here.
Act I., Scene 4, of Mrs. Grumble’s Birthday, in C. E.
Turner’s Studies in Russian Literature, and the same, in
 Fraser’s Magazine, 1877.
There is also a translation of Catherine’s Memoirs,
originally written by her in French, under the title: Memoirs of
the Empress Catherine II., Written by Herself, with a Preface
by A. Herzen, translated from the French, London and New
York, 1859.

O TEMPORA

ACT I., SCENE 1. MR. SENSIBLE, MÁVRA

Mávra. Believe me, I am telling you the truth. You cannot see her.
She is praying now, and I dare not go into her room myself.
Sensible. Does she really pray all day long? No matter at what
time I come, I am told I cannot see her: she was this morning at
matins, and now she is praying again.
Mávra. That is the way our time is passed.
Sensible. It is good to pray. But there are also duties in our life,
which we are obliged to carry out. Do you mean to tell me that she
prays day and night?
Mávra. No. Our exercises are often changed, yet all goes in a
certain order. Sometimes we have simple services; at others they
read the Monthly Readings; at others again the reading is omitted,
and our lady gives us a sermon on prayer, abstinence and fasting.
Sensible. I have heard it said that your lady is very sanctimonious,
but I have not heard much about her virtues.
Mávra. To tell the truth, I cannot say much about that either. She
very often speaks to her servants on abstinence and fasting,
especially when she distributes the monthly allowances. She never
shows so much earnestness in praying as when creditors come and
ask to be paid for goods taken on credit. She once hurled the prayer-
book so violently at my head that she hurt me and I was compelled
to lie in bed for nearly a week. And why? Because I came during
vesper service to report that the merchant had come to ask for his
money which he had loaned to her at six per cent., and which she
had loaned out again at sixteen. “Accursed one,” she cried to me, “is
this a time to disturb me? You have come, like Satan, to tempt me
with worldly affairs at a time when all my thoughts are given to
repentance and are removed from all cares of this world.” After
having uttered this in great anger, she hurled her prayer-book at my
temple. Look, there is still a mark there, but I have covered it with a
beauty-spot. It is very hard to please her, for she is a very strange
person: sometimes she does not want to be spoken to; and then
again she prattles in church without stopping. She says that it is
sinful to judge your neighbour, and yet she herself passes judgment
on all, and talks about everybody. She especially cannot bear young
ladies, and she is always of the opinion that they never do as they
ought to do.
Sensible. I am glad to find out about her habits. This knowledge
will help me a great deal in the matter of Mr. Milksop’s marriage. But,
to tell the truth, it will be a hard thing for him to get along with such a
woman: she will either drive him out of the house or into his grave.
She demanded herself that I should come to Moscow to talk over her
grandchild’s marriage. So I took a leave of absence for twenty-nine
days, and came down here from St. Petersburg. It is now three
weeks that I have been here, and that I have attempted to see her,
and she is all the time finding new excuses. My time will soon be up,
and I shall have to return. What is it going to be to-day? She has
promised to give a decisive answer, though I do not yet see the
beginning of it.
Mávra. Have a little patience, sir. Maybe you will be able to see
her after vespers; before that time she does not like to receive
guests.
Sensible. But I have a great deal to talk to her about, so please tell
her that I am here. Maybe she will let me in this time.
Mávra. No, sir, for nothing in the world will I report to her, for I shall
be beaten, or at least roundly scolded. She grumbles at me as it is
and calls me a heathen because I sometimes read the Monthly
Essays, or Cleveland.
 Sensible. But you may tell her that I am very anxious to see her.
Mávra. As soon as vespers are over, I shall go to her, but not
sooner. Yet, I do not advise you to stay longer than six o’clock. At
that time she receives the visits of ladies like her who amuse her
with bits of news that they have gathered in all the corners of the city.
They talk about all their acquaintances, and malign them, and in their
Christian love pass them over in review. They inform her of all the
news of St. Petersburg, adding to them their own lying inventions:
some say less, others more. No one in that assembly is responsible
for the truth,—that we do not care for,—provided all they have heard
and have invented has been told.
Sensible. Will she at least invite me to supper? What do you think
about that?
Mávra. I doubt it. What suppers do you expect of fasters?
Sensible. What? Do you fast out of stinginess? To-day is not a
fast-day.
Mávra. I did not mean exactly that, only,—only—we do not like
extra guests.
Sensible. Speak more openly with me, Mávra, for you certainly
must know your mistress. Tell me the truth. It seems to me that she
is full of superstitions and hypocrisy, and that she is at that a mean
woman.
Mávra. He who looks for virtues in long prayers and in external
forms and observances will not leave my lady without praise. She
strictly observes all holidays; goes every day to mass; always places
a taper before the images on a holiday; never eats meat on a fast-
day; wears woollen dresses,—do not imagine that she does so from
niggardliness,—and despises all who do not follow her example. She
cannot bear the customs of the day and luxury, but likes to boast of
the past and of those days when she was fifteen years old, since
when, the Lord be blessed! there have passed fifty years or more.
Sensible. As regards external luxury, I myself do not like it, and I
gladly agree with her in that, just as I respect the sincerity of ancient
days. Praiseworthy, most praiseworthy is the ancient faithfulness of
friendship, and the stern observance of a promise, for fear that the
non-observance of the same might redound to one’s dishonour. In all
that I am of the same opinion with her. It is a pity, a real pity, that
now-a-days people are ashamed of nothing, and many young people
no longer blush when they utter a lie or cheat their creditors, nor
young women when they deceive their husbands.
Mávra. Let us leave that alone. In her dress and head-gear, you
will find the representation of the fashion of her ancestors, and in this
she discovers a certain virtue and purity of morals.
Sensible. But why ancestral morals? Those are nothing else but
meaningless customs which she does not distinguish or cannot
distinguish from morals.
Mávra. Yet, according to the opinion of my lady, the older a dress,
the more venerable it is.
Sensible. Tell me, then, what she does during the whole day.
Mávra. But how can I remember it all? And then, I can hardly tell it
all, for you will only laugh. Well, I do not care; I’ll tell you a little about
it. She rises in the morning at six o’clock and, following a good old
custom, gets out of bed bare-footed; then she fixes the lamp before
the images; then reads her morning prayers and the Book of the
Saints; then she combs her cat and picks the fleas off of her, and
sings the verse: “Blessed is he who is kind to the beasts!” During this
singing she does not forget to think of us also: she favours one with
a box on her ears, another with a beating, and another with scolding
and cursing. Then begins the morning mass, during which she
alternately scolds the servant and mumbles prayers; she now sends
the people that had been guilty of some transgression on the
previous day to the stable to be beaten with rods, and now again she
hands the censer to the priest; now she scolds her grandchild for
being so young, and now again she makes her obeisances as she
counts the beads on the rosary; now she passes in review the young
men into whose hands she could rid herself of her grandchild without
a dowry, and now ... ah! wait a minute, sir, I hear a noise, and it is
time for me to get away from here. It is, no doubt, my lady, and I am
afraid she might find us together: there is no telling what she might
think of it. (Exit.)

PRINCE KHLOR

Before the times of Ki, Knyaz of Kíev, a Tsar lived in Russia, a

good man who loved truth, and wished well to everybody. He often
travelled through his dominions, that he might know how the people
lived, and everywhere informed himself if they acted fairly.
The Tsar had a Tsarítsa. The Tsar and the Tsarítsa lived
harmoniously. The Tsarítsa travelled with the Tsar, and did not like to
be absent from him.
The Tsar and Tsarítsa arrived at a certain town built on a high hill
in the middle of a wood, where a son was born to the Tsar; and they
gave him the name Khlor. But in the midst of this joy, and of a three-
days’ festivity, the Tsar received the disagreeable intelligence that his
neighbours do not live quietly,—make inroads into his territories, and
do many injuries to the inhabitants of the borders. The Tsar took the
armies that were encamped in the neighbourhood, and went with his
troops to protect the borders. The Tsarítsa went with the Tsar; the
Tsarévich remained in the same town and house in which he was
born. The Tsar appointed to him seven prudent matrons, well
experienced in the education of children. The Tsar ordered the town
to be fortified with a stone wall, having towers at the corners; but
they placed no cannon on the towers, because in those days they
had no cannon. The house in which the Tsarévich remained was
built of Siberian marble and porphyry, and was very neat and
conveniently laid out. Behind the palace were planted gardens with
fruit trees, near which fish-ponds beautified the situation; summer-
houses made in the taste of various nations, from which the view
extended to the neighbouring fields and plains, added
agreeableness to the dwelling.
As the Tsarévich grew up, his female guardians began to remark
that he was no less prudent and sprightly than handsome. The fame
of the beauty, wisdom and fine accomplishments of the Tsarévich
was spread abroad on all sides. A certain Khan of the Kirgíz Tartars,
wandering in the deserts with his kibítkas,[136] heard of this and was
anxious to see so extraordinary an infant; and having seen him, he
formed a wish to carry him away into the desert. He began by
endeavouring to persuade the guardians to travel with the Tsarévich
and him into the desert. The matrons told him with all politeness that
it was impossible to do this without the Tsar’s permission; that they
had not the honour of knowing my lord Khan, and that they never
pay any visits with the Tsarévich to strangers. The Khan was not
contented with this polite answer, and stuck to them closer than
formerly, just like a hungry person to a piece of paste, and insisted
that the nurses should go with the child into the desert. Having at last
received a flat denial, he was convinced he could not succeed in his
intentions by entreaties, and sent them a present. They returned him
thanks,—sent his present back, and ordered to tell him that they
were in want of nothing.
The Khan, obstinate and fixed in his resolution, considered what
was to be done. It came into his head to dress himself in tattered
clothes; and he sat down at the gate of the garden, as if he were a
sick old man; and he begged alms of the passengers. The Tsarévich
happened to take that day a walk in the garden; and, observing that
a certain old man sat at the gate, sent to ask who the old man was.
They returned with answer that he was a sick beggar; Khlor, like a
boy possessed of much curiosity, asked leave to look at the sick
beggar. The matrons, to pacify Khlor, told him that there was nothing
to be seen; and that he might send the beggar alms. Khlor wished to
give the money himself, and ran off. The attendants ran after him;
but the faster they ran, the faster the child set out, and got without
the gate. Having run up to the faint beggar, his foot catched a stone,
and he fell upon his face. The beggar sprang up, took the child under
his arm, and set a-running down the hill. A gilded rospúski (a kind of
cart with four wheels) trimmed with velvet, stood there: he got on the
rospúski, and galloped away with the Tsarévich into the desert.
When the guardians had run up to the gate, they found neither
beggar nor child; nor did they see any traces of them. Indeed there
was no road at the place where the Khan went down the hill. Sitting
on the rospúski, he held the Tsarévich before him with one hand, like
a chicken by the wing; and with the other he waved his cap round his
head, and cried three times, “Hurrah!” On hearing his voice, the
guardians ran to the slope of the hill, but it was too late: they could
not overtake them.
The Khan carried Khlor in safety to his camp, and went into his
kibítka, where the grandees met the Khan. The Khan appointed to
Khlor his best starshiná.[137] This starshiná took him in his arms, and
carried him into a richly ornamented kibítka, covered with Chinese
stuffs and Persian carpets. He set the child on a cushion of cloth,
and tried to pacify him; but Khlor cried and repented he had run
away from his guardians. He was continually asking whither they
were carrying him, for what reason, to what purpose, and where he
was. The starshiná and the Kirgíz that were with him told him many
stories. One said that it was so ordained by the course of the stars;
another that it was better living than at home. They told him all but
the truth. Seeing that nothing could pacify him, they tried to frighten
him with nonsense; they told him they would turn him into a bat or a
hawk,—that they would give him to the wolf or frog to be eaten. The
Tsarévich was not fearful, and amid his tears laughed at such
nonsense. The starshiná, seeing that the child had left off crying,
ordered the table to be covered. They covered the table and served
the supper. The Tsarévich ate a little: they then presented preserves
and such fruit as they had. After supper they undressed him and put
him to sleep.
Next morning before daybreak, the Khan gathered his grandees,
and spoke to them as follows: “Let it be known unto you that I
yesterday carried off the Tsarévich Khlor, a child of uncommon
beauty and prudence. I wish to know perfectly whether all is true that
is said of him; and I am determined to employ every means of trying
his qualifications.” The grandees having heard the Khan’s words
bowed themselves to the girdle. The flatterers among them praised
the Khan’s conduct, that he had carried off a child, nay, the child of a
neighbouring Tsar. The mean-spirited approved, saying: “Right lord
Khan, our hope, whatever you do must be right.” A few of them who
really loved the Khan shook their heads, and when the Khan asked
why they held their tongues, they told him frankly: “You have done
wrong in carrying off the son of a neighbouring Tsar; and you cannot
escape misfortune, unless you compensate for this step.” The Khan
answered: “Just so,—you are always discontented!” and passed by
them. He ordered the Tsarévich to be brought to him as soon as he
should awake. The child, seeing that they wished to carry him, said:
“Do not trouble yourselves, I can walk. I will go myself.” Having come
into the Khan’s kibítka, he bowed to them all, first to the Khan, and
then to the rest on the right and left. He then placed himself before
the Khan with such a respectful, polite and prudent mien, that he
filled all the Kirgíz and the Khan himself with wonder. The Khan,
however, recollecting himself, spoke as follows: “Tsarévich Khlor!
They say of you that you are a wise child, pray seek me a flower,—a
rose without prickles that stings not. Your tutor will show you a wide
field. I give you a term of three days.” The child bowing again to the
Khan said: “I hear,” and went out of the kibítka to his home.
In the way he met the Khan’s daughter, who was married to the
Sultan Bryúzga.[138] This man never laughed himself, and could not
bear that another should smile. The Sultana, on the contrary, was of
a sprightly temper and very agreeable. She, seeing Khlor, said to
him: “Welcome, Khlor, how do you do? Where are you going?” The
Tsarévich answered: “By order of your father the Khan, I am going to
seek the rose without prickles that stings not.” The Sultana Felítsa
(that was her name) wondered that they should send a child to seek
such a rarity, and, taking a sincere liking to the boy, she said to him:
“Tsarévich, stay a little, I will go with you to seek the rose without
prickles that stings not, if my father will give me leave.” Khlor went
into his kibítka to dine, for it was dinner-time, and the Sultana went to
the Khan to ask leave to go with the Tsarévich to seek the rose
without prickles that stings not. He did not only not give her leave,
but strictly forbade her to go with the child to seek the rose without
prickles that stings not.
Felítsa, having left the Khan, persuaded her husband, Sultan
Bryúzga, to stay with her father the Khan, and went herself to the
Tsarévich. He was very happy to see her, and begged her to sit
down beside him, which she did, and said: “The Khan has forbid me