Some More Standard Formulas

1. (tan xdr= n /sec x/+to d

Proof: tan xd -
sin x (cos x)
COS X
COS x -dx
= In |sec x +c
2. Jcot xdr =In/sin x/ +c d

Proof: fcot xde = sin x d =(d-(sin

sin x
x)
dx

=In sinx+c

3. [secxdr =In /secx+tan x/ +e = ntan

Proof: secxdv
secx (sec xt tan x)
(sec x + tan x) -dx
-(sec»x +secxtan xdx
(sec x + tan x)
= In sec x+ tanx +c

1+ sin x
COS X

|1-cos
= In
sin

2sin?/ x
In

2sin7
4. cOsec xdr =In
cosec x- cot x/
Form 3: sin x +h dx
a
cos X
Working rule:
Substitute a r cOs 8, r=a4b'
br sin and, s0,
8tan
 X=rSin (x+ A)
| sin xt b cos

1 1
dx
asinx
+bcos x rsin (x+ 0)

cosec (x + 0) dx

-log
log tan 2 2
+c

-1
dx log tan+=tan +c
asin x +b cos x 2 2
Form 6:
dx d:
cos x+b sin x a+b sin
'

1
a+bcos? (asin x+b cos x) dr,

dx
a+b sin x+ cos

Working rule:
To evaluate this type of integrals, divide both the numerat
and denominator by cos x, replace sec x, if any, in te
that
denominator by (1 + tan x), and put tan
tan. x =1, SO
sec xxdx =dt.

Sin x
Illustration 7.57 Evaluate sin 3x
-dx.

Sol.=
I sin 3x=3sin x-4sin'x
sin x
dx

1
dx
3-4 sin
a
sec' x N'andD'by
- dr |Dividing
3sec' x-4 tan
Putting tan x tand sec x dx= dt, we ge
dt dt

3 + tan
log
2V3log 2/3
 substitute
then
and
tan(x/2),
of
terms
dx in
a+bsin
x+ccos
x cosx
Working
rule:
and(x/2).
1 sinr
7:Form tan
Write
for
I
che nat
 x21+tan
x2
-dx. 1-
tan d
cOsx x/2
and
cos
x=
+l|+C
X+ dx tan
x/2x/2
1-
tan
2
x/2+1- =dt
dx
sin
1+
fEaluate 2 1+tanx/2
tan
1+ |
=log
x/2 1+
2tan tanx/2 X
2 2
dx x/2+2tan
- x + x/2 dx
2Sec
getdt +C
cos 1 x/2
tan
2 1 2 we
x/2 2+2
tanx/2and +
7.59 =sinr 1
+
x
2tan =2dt,
1+ tan sec =t tan2
lustrationPutting 1+sin
1+ 1+ X 2
dx 2d1 log
have
we tan
Puting ser22
form
8:
Sol.
 9 acosec
or sin
Standard
Substitutions
cot aorcos
B
a
Substitution
or
+
sin sec
tan X=a
X=a X=a
2cos
X=a cos
X
I=
Trigonometric
Some
B)
-(x
a)
Va-x/(x-
Expression or
or
Vatx
a-x VB-
 de
0sec a
2 Ja'r'
de
Now, de. 0sec Let
u Then
dy lan
0. u
tried be
ay titutionx=u
tan +r'.Theretore, ?
xpression
the of involves
an integrand Here Proof:
Vrta')+cc (x+ log(x+ - 2.
dx
=..0=
sin sin
sin*+c a
0+e =Jde= -
=de acos
Os
aco r
Ja'-sine)
de
acos
Ja'-a'sine
acos dx
Now, de. d=a
cos Then .sin a = Letx
Proof:
a
| 1.
Sin
dx
Formulas Standard
JQuadratic
9:| Form
dx
 similar
2.to Proof
loge-a -a' 3.
dx
va'+x|+k log|x+ -
c va'+x' log| =
a log| =
va'+x*+x
+
a log =
+xNa' dx
equation
(1), from Now,
a
tan´8= 1+ =seec
Or
2
tan or tan X=a
) ß|+c tan 6+ |sec log =
seced0 =
desec0 a
scc»0 a
 rulise function.
This as ahvays
the chosen
islett the function
on the orde;first stated above ..b
exponent.
trigonometrtc,
algebraic. logarithmic, inverse, function: tirst
the for orderprejernce jollowng the use we
Usually. integrable. easily sign
isintegral the
under obtained thus
function tderivative
he of
the thot way sucha chosen
in function
IS first te
integrable,
then diecly functions
are the both #:)
function, second the asandl
function first the taken
as tan
isStand,
integration
of the in function: second
e.g.. the as
function,
then otlher Ifthere
nO is G)
taken unitv
is
function. second the as andx
as tan.x
first the taken is dx, xtan'
function
e.g.,
n
the fuCtion: second the as
mtegration
of first the
taken functionis remining and
the funtion
then ....). , COS N, siD
it
as take we directly functions
not is
(e.g.
Ix, log integrable (i)
two the productof the Ifin
ofone
the functions, (v).
methods: following the useNormally, we
first theselection of
function second (u)
the and function While
applving
the
in
the taken betohas care rule., above Note:
dr u (r)= Let
Thus, vdx. =(r) thatg sov, ()}= ig and:
d
or
or
Or
dr () +g
(g(r)} dx dx
d d
have we
g(x), and f()functions two any For
Proof:
second). integral
of functionx
(differential integral
offunction)- second x(integral
of
first of
function) (firstfunctions- two product
of integral
ot the is, that
then functions
x, of two Theorem vand uI1
PARTSINTEGRATION
BY are
 ef()+
=
f()d
e'f)
Formula
Ilustration 7.84 Evaluate fe logr+ ldr 2

1
Sol. I= |e logx+ 2
X
jdx
1 1
log x- -

d { 1
1 log * -
log x - 2
dx
+C 2 (Nr-a'a2 2.
2 Va' 2
u' /= Or
tr'C 21-xva' or
C+ d
t-[Va'+x'd
+| =xva'
tee a
d+c Va'+
va'+-fa'tr'-a
C Xdx+ xva'. =
r+C
Va'+x'dk Proof:
/=
2 =va'(va'+xa2 1.
Formulas Standard
|VQuadratic
dr 1 :Form
IRRATIONAL INTEGRATIONS
OF
. +C 2
s[va'-r'
2
3.
2
2