Questions

Q1.
The diagram shows a cell found in the lining of the human small intestine.

(a) (i) Which of the labelled structures is a microvillus?(1)

A
B
C
D

(ii) Which of the labelled structures produces ATP?(1)

A
B
C
D

(b) These cells form the lining of the small intestine.

Explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for absorption.(4)
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(c) Cells in the human placenta also have microvilli.
Describe the role of the human placenta.
(3)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

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Q2.

The diagram shows part of the gut of a rabbit.

The rabbit is a primary consumer and eats mainly grass and other vegetable material.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)
A ......................................................................................................................
B ......................................................................................................................
C ......................................................................................................................
D ......................................................................................................................
(b) The gut of a rabbit has a large caecum and appendix. These contain bacteria that are able to produce the
enzyme cellulase.
Explain how these bacteria help the rabbits with their diet of plant material.
(3)
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(c) The human gut has a caecum and appendix but they are much smaller than those in the rabbit.
(i) Suggest why the human gut only has a small caecum and appendix.
(1)
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(ii) In humans the appendix also acts as a store of useful bacteria. Scientists have discovered that patients who
have had their appendix removed are more likely to develop infections of the colon.
Explain how having no appendix may increase the likelihood of bacterial infections of the colon.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q3.

Farmers sometimes use biological control to reduce the damage to their crops caused by pests such as insects.
(a) Which of these is an advantage of using biological control over chemical control?
(1)
A it lasts a short time
B it leads to bioaccumulation
C it is specific
D it is quicker

(b) Aphids are tiny insects that have very sharp mouthparts. They push these mouthparts into the phloem found in
stems. They then feed on the phloem contents.

(i) Name two substances the aphids obtain from the phloem.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................

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 (ii) Explain how aphids feeding from the phloem of crop plants can lead to a reduction in yield.
(4)
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(c) Silverflies and hoverflies are two species of insects whose larvae feed on aphids.
Scientists investigate the feeding behaviour of these species in a laboratory experiment.
This is the scientists' method.

· place a single silverfly in a container

· place a single hoverfly in a separate container
· keep the containers at 12 °C
· put 30 aphids in each container
· count the number of aphids consumed each day for several days
· determine the mean number of aphids consumed per day
The scientists repeat the method at two higher temperatures.
The graph shows the scientists' results.

The scientists conclude that the hoverfly is the most effective biological control agent for aphids.

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 Discuss the scientists' conclusion, referring to information in the graph and the scientists' method in your answer.
(5)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)

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Q4.
The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

(a) (i) Explain how food passes down the oesophagus.(2)

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(ii) Which labelled structure produces bile?(1)
A
B
C
D

(iii) Describe the role of bile in digestion.(3)

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(b) Lipase inhibitors are chemicals that bind to lipase enzymes.
To test the effect of a lipase inhibitor, equal masses of full fat milk are placed into two test tubes.
Lipase inhibitor is added to one test tube.
Lipase is added to both test tubes and the pH of each solution is measured every five minutes.
The results are shown in the table.

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 (i) Calculate the mean rate of pH change per minute of the solution without lipase inhibitor.
(2)

mean rate of pH change = ........................................................... per minute

(ii) Explain the difference in the changes of pH of the solutions in the two test tubes during the 20-minute period.
(2)
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(iii) Doctors use this method to investigate the use of lipase inhibitor as a treatment for obesity.

· give three volunteers a tablet containing the lipase inhibitor

· give another three volunteers a tablet with no lipase inhibitor
· give all the volunteers 100 cm3 of olive oil to drink
· measure the lipid concentrations in the blood of the volunteers after three hours
Some of the volunteers reported abdominal pains three hours after drinking the olive oil.

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 The table shows the doctors' results.

Discuss the use of the lipase inhibitor as a treatment for obesity.

Use the data from the table to support your answer.
(5)
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(Total for question = 15 marks)

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Q5.

Alkaptonuria is an inherited condition caused by the presence of recessive alleles.

(a) State what is meant by a recessive allele.
(1)
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(b) Alkaptonuria is first diagnosed in children when it is noticed that they produce very dark urine that turns black
when exposed to air.

A woman and a man do not have alkaptonuria. They have a child who has the condition.

The woman and the man are expecting a second child.

(i) Draw a genetic diagram to show the genotypes of the woman and the man, the gametes they produce and
the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the second child.
(4)

(ii) Calculate the probability that the second child is male and does not have the condition.
(1)

probability = ...........................................................

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(c) Alkaptonuria is caused by the body being unable to break down the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine.

This leads to a build-up of a toxin that causes damage to joints and tendons and can also lead to heart valve
damage in later life. A new drug treatment is being tested that can slow the damage to the joints and tendons.

Scientists selected 40 adults who all had alkaptonuria. They placed each patient into one of two groups. One
group was given the drug treatment and the other group acted as a control. The scientists then compared the
symptoms of the patients in each group after three years.

(i) Describe what is meant by the control group.(1)

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(ii) The table compares the control group with the drug treatment group.
It shows the numbers starting and completing the trial and those showing harmful effects.
It also compares improvements in two symptoms of alkaptonuria.

Evaluate whether the new drug should be recommended as an effective treatment for alkaptonuria.
(5)
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(d) Other scientists have suggested that eating fewer proteins that contain tyrosine and phenylalanine would reduce
the symptoms of alkaptonuria.
Suggest why eating fewer of these proteins may be difficult.
(2)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

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Q6.

A student uses this method to measure the energy value of a sample of bread.

· measure the mass of a sample of bread

· put 20 cm3 of water in a boiling tube
· place a thermometer in the boiling tube and record the initial temperature of the water
· place the sample of bread on a mounted needle
· light the bread sample in a Bunsen flame
· quickly move the burning bread sample and place it directly under the boiling tube
· if the bread stops burning, relight the bread in the Bunsen flame
· place it back under the boiling tube
· repeat until the bread does not burn
· record the final temperature of the water in the boiling tube

The student repeats the experiment 3 times.

The table shows some of the student's results.

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(a) To calculate the energy released from the burning bread the student uses this formula.
energy (in J) = mass of water (in g) × 4.2 × increase in temperature (in °C)
They then calculate the energy in joules released by 1 g of bread.
(i) Calculate the increase in water temperature for the third sample of bread.
(1)

temperature increase = ........................................................... °C

(ii) Calculate the energy released in joules by the third sample of bread.
[1 cm3 of water has a mass of 1 g]
(1)

energy released = ........................................................... J

(iii) Calculate the energy released in joules by 1g of bread for the third sample of bread.
(1)

energy released by 1g = ........................................................... J

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(b) The energy value given on the packaging of the bread is 10 400 J for 1 g of bread.
Comment on why the student's method gives a different value.
(5)
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(c) Give two ways that the student could modify this apparatus to achieve an answer nearer to the energy value
given on the packaging of the bread.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q7.

Mycoprotein is protein produced by fungi that can be made into meat substitutes.
Large amounts of fungus are grown in fermenters to produce the mycoprotein.
The diagram shows a typical mycoprotein fermenter.

(a) (i) Explain why air is bubbled into the fermenter.

(2)
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(ii) Explain why the fermenter is cleaned using steam before the fungus and nutrients are added.
(2)
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(b) A scientist investigates the production of mycoprotein by a genetically modified (GM) fungus and a non-
genetically modified fungus (non-GM).
The scientist claims that the GM fungus will be better for large-scale production of mycoprotein.
The scientist measures the mass of mycoprotein produced by the fungi in fermenters for 30 days.
The table shows the scientist's results.

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(i) Plot a line graph to show how the mass of mycoprotein changes over the 30 days for each type of fungus.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(5)

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 (ii) The scientist claims that the GM fungus will be better for large-scale production of mycoprotein than the non-
GM fungus. Comment on the scientist's claim.(2)
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(iii) The table shows the nutritional composition of mycoprotein and the nutritional composition of lamb.

Discuss whether eating mycoprotein is more healthy than eating lamb for a growing human.(5)
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(Total for question = 16 marks)

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Q8.

Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that
follow.
Human kidney disease

(a) Give one way that a person can change their diet to lower their risk of developing high cholesterol (lines 4 to 6).
(1)
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(b) One function of the kidney is excretion (line 9). Another function is osmoregulation.
Explain what is meant by the term osmoregulation.(2)
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(c) Explain why a person with severe kidney disease will need dialysis to continue for life (lines 15 to 16).(2)
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(d) The peritoneum acts as a partially permeable membrane.
(i) Explain what is meant by a partially permeable membrane (lines 23 to 24).
(2)
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(ii) Explain why the dialysis solution must contain purified water, glucose and mineral ions (lines 19 to 21).
(2)
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(e) Explain how the composition of the dialysis solution results in the waste products being removed from the blood
(lines 21 to 22).(2)
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(f) (i) A person is using APD.
Calculate the percentage of their time used for treatment in a week (lines 33 to 35).
(2)

percentage = ........................................................... %
(ii) Suggest why people may prefer to use CAPD instead of haemodialysis (lines 31 to 32).
(1)
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(g) Describe how the structures in a human kidney result in the correct substances being retained in the blood.
(3)
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(Total for question = 17 marks)

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Q9.

(a) The diagram shows the human alimentary canal with structures labelled X, Y and Z.

(i) Which of these structures produce amylase?

(1)
A X only
B X and Y
C X and Z
D Y and Z

(ii) Table 1 gives the names of some enzymes, the molecules they digest, and the products formed.
Complete Table 1 by giving the missing information.
(3)

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(b) Table 2 shows the recommended daily amounts (RDA) of some dietary components for a person.
Table 2 also shows the actual amounts of these dietary components in a person's diet in one day.

(i) One 100 g serving of lentils provides 25 g of protein.

Calculate the mass of lentils that contains 46 g of protein.
(2)

mass of lentils = ........................................................... g

(ii) Discuss the possible long-term effects of this person eating the same diet every day.
(5)
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 (iii) Suggest two reasons why the RDA for energy may not be the actual amount required by this person.
(2)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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Q10.

Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that
follow.

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(a) Explain how cross-pollination can lead to an increase in genetic variation. (Lines 2–3)
(2)
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(b) (i) Explain the advantages of the seeds germinating away from the parent plant. (Line 8)
(3)
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(ii) Give one advantage of a seed germinating close to the parent plant. (Line 11)
(1)
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(c) Explain the conditions needed for seed germination.
(3)
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(d) Explain why some seeds are surrounded by a brightly-coloured and sweet-tasting fruit. (Lines 13–14)
(2)
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(e) Large numbers of tomato plants are often found growing along the sides of drains and settling beds on sewage
farms.
Suggest a reason for this observation.
(1)
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(f) Give the reason why sunlight is required for lupin seeds to be dispersed. (Lines 21–24)
(1)
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(g) Describe an experiment you could carry out to investigate how the presence of fluff on dandelion seeds affects
how fast they fall. (Lines 30–31)
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(Total for question = 16 marks)

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Q11.

Pineapple juice contains a protease called bromelain.

A student uses this method to investigate the digestion of solid gelatine protein by bromelain.
• place solid gelatine protein into a test tube up to a height of 5 cm
• mix 5 cm3 pineapple juice with 1 cm3 of pH 4 buffer
• place 1 cm3 of the pineapple juice and buffer solution on top of the gelatine
• leave for one hour in a water bath set to 37 °C
• measure the height of the solid gelatine and use it to calculate the volume of gelatine that has been digested
Repeat the method three more times. The diagram shows part of the student's method.

(a) The table shows the student's results for the volumes of gelatine digested at pH 4.

(i) Calculate the mean volume of gelatine digested in cm3.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
(3)

mean volume = ................................................................. cm 3

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 (ii) State what substances are produced when the gelatine protein is digested.
(1)
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(b) The student repeats the investigation with different pH buffers.
The table shows their results.

(i) Give two variables the student should control.

(2)
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(ii) Explain the effect of changing the pH on the mean volume of gelatine digested.
(3)
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(c) Describe how to test for the presence of protein.
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q12.

(a) The diagram shows the human heart with four chambers and four blood vessels labelled.

(i) Which blood vessel brings deoxygenated blood to the heart?(1)

A U
B V
C W
D X

(ii) Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood away from the heart?
(1)
A S
B T
C Y
D Z

(iii) Explain the difference in the wall of chamber S and the wall of chamber Z.
(3)
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(b) Humans need a balanced diet for healthy growth and development.
Give the function of three different components of a balanced diet.
(3)
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(c) Scientists investigated the link between body mass and coronary heart disease in a population in Australia.
The scientists recorded the number of heart attacks in a population of 850 people for a period of 20 years.
They classified the people as normal mass, overweight or obese.
They calculated rates of heart attacks that allowed a valid comparison to be made between the groups.

Evaluate what the data shows about the relationship between classification of body mass, age and heart attacks.
(5)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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