History of Nanomaterials

Lycurgues cup
• 4th century Roman glass cage cup
made of a dicroic glass
• Shows a different colour depending
on whether or not light is passing
through it
• Shows red when lit behind and green
when lit from in front

P.R.Feyman: There is plenty of room at the

bottom
Classification of Nanostructured Materials(NSMs)

In past two decades, hundreds of novel NSMs have been obtained

1-3D NSMs
2-2D NSMs
3-1D NSMs
4-0D NSMs
Properties of Nano Particles

• The properties of material change as their

size approach
• Small structure have a large ratio of surface
area to volume than macroscopic object
• Ferromagnetism is different on the Nano
scale than the bulk
• This is more reactive other molecules

1kg of particles of mm3 have the same surface area

as 1mg of particles of 1nm3
 Applications of Nanoparticles

• Electronics and It Application

• Medical and healthcare
application
• Energy Application
• Environmental remediation

Sunny college of nanoscale science & Engineering mechanical

liehr , left and IBMs Bala Harnand display a wafer comprised of
7nm chips in a NFS clean room in Albany,New York .(Image of IBM)

New solar panel films incorporate

This image shows the bamboo like doped carbon
nanoparticles to create light weight ,
nanotube for the treatment of cancer (Courtesy of
flexible solar cell.(Image courtesy of
wake forest and the National cancer institute
Naosys
Synthesis of Nanoparticle
There are some features to consider that are
common to all the methods

• control of particle size, size distribution, shape, crystal structure and

composition distribution
• improvement of the purity of nanoparticles (lower impurities)
• control of aggregation
• stabilization of physical properties, structures and reactants
• higher reproducibility
• higher mass production, scale-up and lower costs
 Characterization Techniques

(a)UV Vis. Spectroscopy (b)FTIR (c)Raman Spectroscopy

(f) TEM

(e)SEM (g) AFM

(d)XRD
 Scanning Electron Microscope

1. e- beam strikes sample

and electron penetrate
surface
2. Interactions occur
between electrons and
sample
3. Electrons and photons
emitted from sample
4. Emitted e- or photons
detected
Fig.2
 Scanning Tunneling Microscope

• Tip scans just above surface of

stage
• Electrons have a small probability
of escaping material to tip creating
tunneling current
• Tunneling current is depends on
distance between tip and sample
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

1. Tip scans across surface

2. Laser reflects off of
cantilever to a
photodetector
3. Feedback loop changes
tip to sample distance
4. Height changes
recorded