Ay - 2023-2024 - 18ee822 - Module 5 - PPT

18EE822:Electrical Estimation and Costing
MODULE –5:Estimation of Substations
Prepared By,
Shreeshayana R
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of 1
Department of EEE, ATMECE
Engineering, Mysuru
CONTENTS
Estimation of Substations:
Main Electrical connection, Graphical Symbols for Various
Types of Apparatus and Circuit Elements on Substation, main
Connection Diagram, Single Line Diagram of Typical
Substations, Equipment for Substation, Substation Auxiliaries
Supply, Substation Earthing
06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 2

Engineering, Mysuru
CO-5:Analyze the layout of substation and discuss its
estimation.[L4]

Engineering, Mysuru
A substation is an electrical system with high-voltage capacity and
can be used to control the apparatus, generators, electrical circuits,
etc.

Engineering, Mysuru
Substations are usually presented using various elements (e.g. power
transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, instrument transformers CTs,
VTs etc.) by their graphic symbols in the connection schemes.

Engineering, Mysuru
a) Substations are classified on the basis of type
1. Step Up substation
2. Step down Substation
3. Distribution Substation

Engineering, Mysuru
Step-up Type Substation
This type of substation gets the power supply from a near producing facility.
It uses a large power transformer for enhancing the voltage level(11kV) for
transmitting to the remote locations
Step-down Type Substation

This type of substation is placed at different points in an electrical network.
They can connect different parts of the network and that are a source of sub-
transmission or distribution lines. This type of substation can change the
transmission voltage to a sub-transmission voltage (66kV).

Engineering, Mysuru
Distribution Type Substation
Distribution type substations are placed where the main voltage distributions
are stepped-down to supply voltages to the consumers using a distribution
network. The voltage of any two phases will be 400 volts, and the voltage
between neutral and any phase will be 230volts.

Engineering, Mysuru
b) Substations are classified on the basis of service rendered
1. Transformer substation
2. Switching Substation
3. Converting Substation
c) Substations are classified on the basis of Operating Voltage
1. High Voltage substation(11kV and 66kV)
2. Extra High Voltage Substation(132kV and 400kV)
3. Ultra High Voltage Substation(400kV and above)

Engineering, Mysuru
d) Substations are classified on the basis of importance
1. Grid substation
2. Town substation
e) Substations are classified on the basis of design

1. Indoor substation (up-to 11kV, but can be erected for 33/66kV)
2. Outdoor substation :Pole mounted(25KVA/125KVA), Foundation
mounted(250KVA transformers

Engineering, Mysuru
Engineering, Mysuru
Engineering, Mysuru
Engineering, Mysuru
Engineering, Mysuru
Graphical Symbols for Various Types of
Apparatus and Circuit Elements on
Substation

Engineering, Mysuru
Graphical Symbols for Various Types of
Apparatus and Circuit Elements on
Substation
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Equipments in Substaion
Busbar
A busbar structure is an assembly of bus

conductors with associated connection joints
and insulating supports.
It can have bare or insulated conductors. A

busbar is a grounded metal enclosure,
containing factory-mounted, bare or insulated
conductors, which are usually copper or
aluminum bars, rods, or tubes (generally of
rectangular x-section).
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Single Bus bar
Single Busbar it consists of a single busbar and all the incoming and
outgoing lines are connected to it. The chief advantages of this type of
arrangement are low initial cost, less maintenance and simple
operation.
The principal disadvantage of single busbar system is that if repair is

to be done on the busbar or a fault occurs on the bus, there is a
complete interruption of the supply.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Figure shows single busbar
arrangement in a substation.
There are two 11 kV incoming
lines connected to the busbar
through circuit breakers and
isolators.
The two 400V outgoing lines are

connected to the bus bars through
transformers (11kV/400 V) and
circuit breakers.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Single Busbar with Sectionalisation
In this arrangement, the single busbar is divided into sections and load is
equally distributed on all the sections. Any two sections of the busbar are
connected by a circuit breaker and isolators.
This arrangement is used for voltages up to 33 kV.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Figure shows busbar with sectionalisation
where the bus has been divided into two
sections.
There are two 33 kV incoming lines
connected to sections I and II as shown
through circuit breaker and isolators.
Each 11 kV outgoing line is connected to one

section through transformer (33/11 kV) and
circuit breaker.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Double Bus bar
This system consists of two busbars, a “main” busbar and a “spare” busbar. Each busbar
has the capacity to take up the entire substation load.
The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to either busbar with the help of a busbar
coupler which consists of a circuit breaker and isolators. Ordinarily, the incoming and
outgoing lines remain connected to the main busbar.
However, in case of repair of main busbar or fault occuring on it, the continuity of supply to
the circuit can be maintained by transferring it to the spare busbar.
For voltages exceeding 33kV, duplicate busbar system is frequently used.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
The two 66kV incoming lines
can be connected to either
busbar by a busbar coupler. The
two 11 kV outgoing lines are
connected to the busbars
through transformers (66/11 kV)
and circuit breakers.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Insulators
The insulators serve two purposes. They support the conductors (or
busbars) and confine the current to the conductors. The most commonly
used material for the manufacture of insulators is porcelain.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
For example, post insulator is used for . A post insulator consists of a
porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the
cap is threaded so that busbars can be directly bolted to the cap.
Insulators are such equipment that should be regularly examined

for cracks, chips, breaks, and evidence of tracking or flashover.
Bad insulators MUST be replaced.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Isolating Switches
In power substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system

for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating
switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a circuit under
no load.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
consider that the isolators are connected on both sides of a circuit breaker. If
the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
The functions of a substation may include one or more of the following:
•To isolate a faulted element from the rest of the utility system.
•To allow an element to be disconnected from the rest of the utility system for
maintenance or repair.
•To change or transform voltage levels from one part of the utility system to
another.
•To control power flow in the utility system by switching elements into or out of
the utility system.
•To provide sources of reactive power for power factor correction or voltage
control.
•To provide data concerning system parameters (voltage, current flow, power
flow) for use in operating the utility system
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Pole Mounted Substation:
It is a distribution sub-station placed overhead on a’ pole.
It is the cheapest form of sub-station as it does not involve any building work.
The transformer and other equipment are mounted on H-type pole (or 4-pole
structure).
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
UG Substation:
In thickly populated cities, there is

scarcity of land as well as the prices of
land are very high. This has led to the
development of underground sub-station.
In such sub-stations, the equipment is
placed underground.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Substation Equipment / Components
• Power Transformers
• Tap Changing Equipment
• Circuit Breakers
• BusBar, Bays and Steel Structures
• Lightning Arrester
• Circuit Switchers
• Disconnect Switch / Isolator
• Earth Switches
• Current Transformer
• Potential Transformer
• High-Voltage Fuses
• Metal-Clad Switchgear
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Substation Equipment / Components
• Shunt Reactors
• Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer
• Control House
• Control Panel
• Substation Protective Relays
• Supervisory Control
• Remote Terminal Unit
• Digital Fault Recorder
• Capacitor Bank
• Voltage Regulator
• Power-Line Carrier Equipment
• Microwave Equipment
• Batteries
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
1. Power Transformers
Power transformers are the most important equipment in an
electrical substation. They are different from distribution
transformers.
They perform different functions. They are used to
1. change the voltage from one level to another,

2. to regulate the voltage level,
3. to control the flow of reactive kilovolt-amperes in the power
system.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
2. Tap Changing Equipment
Optional equipment that may be added to the substation transformer is tap
changing equipment.
There are two types of tap changers.
1.On load tap changer
2.Off load tap changer
The tap changer feature allows the voltage to be adjusted in increments
as system-loading conditions require.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
3. Circuit Breakers
High Voltage and Medium-voltage switchgear such as oil circuit breaker,
SF6 circuit breaker, air circuit breaker, gas circuit breaker, and vacuum
circuit breakers are used to switch electric circuits and substation equipment
in and out of the system.
A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making,

carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also
making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified
abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Various types of circuit breakers used in high voltage substations are.
1. SF6 Circuit Breaker

2. Oil Circuit Breaker
3. Air Blast Circuit Breaker
4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker
There are low voltage circuit breakers like MCB and GFCI that are not
normally used in high voltage substations. MCBs are used inside the
control panels.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
4. BusBar, Bays and Steel Structures
The substation buses are current-carrying devices that interconnect the
individual pieces of substation equipment.
The substation bus tubing (or bus bar) is aluminum or copper. Steel structures
provide support for insulators, which are used to terminate lines, and support
buses.
5. Lightning Arrester
The lightning arresters are another important substation switchgear equipment that protects
the electric system and the substation equipment from lightning strikes and switching
surges.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
The lightning arresters are installed in a
substation near the termination of aerial
circuits and close to the more valuable
pieces of equipment, such as power
transformers.
6. Circuit Switchers
According to IEEE, Circuit Switcher is a mechanical switching device with
an integral interrupter, suitable for making, carrying, and interrupting
currents under normal circuit conditions.
It is also suitable for interrupting specified short-circuit current that may be less
than its close and latch, momentary, and short-time current ratings.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
7. Disconnect Switch / Isolator
Disconnectors (Isolators) are devices that are generally operated off-load to
provide isolation of main plant items for maintenance, on to isolate faulted
equipment from other live equipment.
8. Earth Switches
Earthing switches are usually associated and interlocked with disconnectors and
mounted on the same base frame. They are driven by a separate, but similar,
mechanism to that used for the disconnector.
This arrangement avoids the need for separate post insulators for the earth switch
and often simplifies interlocking.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
9. Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer
that is used to measure AC. It produces an
alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is
proportional to the AC current in its primary.
The Current Transformer is one of the substation
equipment used to convert the primary power signal
to manageable values for metering systems,
recording systems, protective relay systems, power
generation, plant monitoring systems, SCADA and
load control.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
10. Potential Transformer
High voltages in the substation are measured
by reducing the voltage proportionately with
equipment called a potential transformer.
Its high-voltage winding connected to the
transmission or distribution circuit and its low-
voltage winding connected to a meter or relay
or both.
Potential transformers are required to provide

accurate voltages for meters used for billing
industrial customers or connecting utility
companies.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
11. High-Voltage Fuses
High-voltage fuses are used in substations to protect the electrical system
from faults in such equipment as potential transformers or power
transformers.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
12. Metal-Clad Switchgear
According to IEEE standard C37.20.2, in Outdoor metal-clad switchgear
Metal Clad Switchgear, the main provides a weatherproof housing
switching and interrupting device is of for circuit breakers, protective
relays, meters, current
the removable (drawout) type arranged
transformers,potential
with a mechanism for moving it transformers, bus conductors, and
physically between connected and other items necessary to provide
disconnected positions. electric-system requirements.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
13. Shunt Reactors
When the capacitive reactance from extra-
high-voltage transmission-line circuits
exceeds the ability of the system to absorb
the reactive kVA (kiloVars), shunt reactors
are installed.
Shunt reactors are usually located in

substations and connected to a transmission
line terminal through a disconnect switch.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
14. Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer
At voltages above about 100 kV (phase) the
conventional electromagnetic type of potential
transformer becomes expensive owing to
insulation requirements. A less expensive
alternative is Capacitive Voltage Transformer.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
15. Control House
The substation control house is used to protect the control equipment,
including switchboard panels, batteries, battery chargers, supervisory
control, power-line carrier, meters, and relays, from the elements.
16. Control Panel

The control panels installed in a control house provide mountings for meters, relays,
switches, indicating lights, and other control devices.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
17. Substation Protective Relays
Substation protective relays installed on
control panels are used to sense electrical
failures on transmission and distribution
circuits or in pieces of substation
equipment, such as power transformers,
substation bus, reactors, capacitors, and
circuit breakers.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
18. Supervisory Control
The supervisory control equipment permits the remote control of
substations from a system control center or other selected point of control.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
19. Remote Terminal Unit
The remote terminal unit (RTU) is the interface between the supervisory control and
the substation equipment.
The RTU is a monitor and transmitter of the substation and electric system data.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
20. Digital Fault Recorder
The digital fault recorder records fault data and provides an accurate sequence of
events for system disturbances on the electric system.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
21. Capacitor Bank
Reactive kilovolt-amperes can be supplied to the electrical system by connecting banks of
capacitors to the distribution circuits in substations or out on the distribution lines to
neutralize the effect of customer-inductive loads.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
22. Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulators maintain the system voltage on the distribution circuits. As
settings on the voltage regulators are adjusted for various load conditions that occur, the
desired voltage is obtained.
23. Power-Line Carrier Equipment
The power-line carrier equipment provides
high-frequency voltages to be used for
transmitting voice communications or
telemetered signals on high-voltage
transmission-line circuits.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Batteries
Control batteries supply energy to
operate circuit breakers and other
equipment.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Substation Earthing System ( Grounding
System ) – Earthing Mat
The substation earthing system comprises of a

grid (earth mat) formed by a horizontal
buried conductors.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Substation Earthing System ( Grounding
System ) – Earthing Mat
The functions of grounding systems or earth mat in
include:
• Ensure safety to personnel in substations against
electrical shocks.
• Provide the ground connection for connecting the
neutrals of stat connected transformer winding to earth
( neutral earthing ).
• Discharge the overvoltages from overhead ground
wires or the lightning masts to earth. To provide
ground path for surge arresters.
• Provide a path for discharging the charge between
phase and ground by means of earthing switches.
• To provide earth connections to structures and other
non-current carrying metallic objects in the sub-station
(equipment earthing).
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Substation Earthing System
In addition to such a grid below ground level, earthing

spikes (electrodes) are driven into the ground.
They are connected electrically to the earth grid,
equipment bodies, structures, neutrals, etc. All these are
connected to the station earthing system by earthing
strips.
If the switchyards have a soil of low

resistivity, earth resistance of the earthing
system would be low. If the soil resistivity is
high, the mesh rods are laid at closer
spacing. More electrodes are inserted in the
ground. Earth Mat in 110kV side of a 220/110 kV Substation
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
Substation AC auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads
such as transformer cooling, oil pumps, and load tap changers, circuit
breaker air compressors and charging motors, outdoor device heaters,
outdoor lighting and receptacles, motor-operated disconnecting
switches and control house.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
1.Demand Load
Tabulate the connected kVA of all substation AC loads and apply a demand factor to each.
Demand kVA is used to size the auxiliary transformer(s). Load diversity and load factor
need not be considered in this case
2. Number of Primary Feeds
In small distribution substations one auxiliary transformer is usually sufficient. As
substation size increases, customer load criticality increases. A decision has to be made
as to redundancy of substation auxiliary services in light of economics and customer
requirements.
Large transmission substations, servicing large load blocks, and distribution stations,
should have dual feeders serving two separate auxiliary transformers.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
3. Overhead or U.G entry
The auxiliary source(s) could be either overhead or underground distribution lines.

When undergrounding within the substation property, even from an overhead source,
direct-buried conduit is recommended.
A spare, capped, conduit should be installed to minimize down time if a cable failure
occurs.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
4.Critical Loads
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
5.Secondary Voltages
Several secondary voltage or utilization levels are
available for AC auxiliaries. For the purposes of
standardization, on a given power system it is best
that only one level be selected. This is not a limiting
rule, however. An exception could be justified.
6.Transfer Scheme
Where two sources, normal and alternative, are

feeding substation auxiliaries, a means to transfer
from one to the other has to be established. At an
attended station this can be a manual transfer
arrangement. Automatic transfer has to be provided
at an unattended station.
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru
ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru

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18EE822:Electrical Estimation and Costing

MODULE –5:Estimation of Substations

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 2

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 3

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 4

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 5

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 6

Step-down Type Substation

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 7

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 8

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 9

e) Substations are classified on the basis of design

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 10

06/05/2024 ATME College of Dept.of EEE,ATMECE 15

A busbar structure is an assembly of bus

It can have bare or insulated conductors. A

The principal disadvantage of single busbar system is that if repair is

The two 400V outgoing lines are

Each 11 kV outgoing line is connected to one

For voltages exceeding 33kV, duplicate busbar system is frequently used.

Insulators are such equipment that should be regularly examined

In power substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system

In thickly populated cities, there is

They perform different functions. They are used to

1. change the voltage from one level to another,

A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making,

1. SF6 Circuit Breaker

Potential transformers are required to provide

Shunt reactors are usually located in

16. Control Panel

The substation earthing system comprises of a

In addition to such a grid below ground level, earthing

If the switchyards have a soil of low

The auxiliary source(s) could be either overhead or underground distribution lines.

Where two sources, normal and alternative, are

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