Liquid crystal Display

Tranparent conductive oxide (TCO)

Teknologi lapisan Tipis S1

 LCD Hystory
• Monitor tabung CRT
• Liquid crystals ditemukan tahun 1888 oleh
Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer
• Tahun 90 an LCD dipasarkan
Prinsip kerja - CRT
 Digital Images and Pixels

Pixels

Figures are curtsy of 3M

 Color Addition

The simple color addition scheme for electric displays. Examples

Include R+G+B=W, R+G=Y, and B+G=C, where Red (R), Blue (B),
Green (G), Yellow (Y), Cyan (C), Magenta (M), and White (W).
 Ways to Perform Color Addition
Full Color Displays Full Color Displays
Color Addition-RGB Color Addition -RGB
-RGB
Spatial Color Synthesis Color Additive Integrated
Intraged Stack
Stack

Full Color Displays Color Addition-RGB

Temporal Synthesis
0<time<T1

t1<time<T2

t2<time<T3
Prinsip dasar LCD
Jenis Liquid crystal
 Light Path
• The light passes through the
polarizer.
• The voltage applied to the
electrodes controls the liquid
crystal orientation
• The liquid crystal orientation
controls the rotation of the
incoming polarized light.
• Color filters are used in color
LCD, where each color sub-
pixel is controlled individually

Figures are curtsy of 3M

Orientasi molekul
Molekul kristal cair

Cincin benzene
 Liquid Crystal Displays
• Principle of a twisted
nematic (TN) LCD

• Supertwisted nematic
LC cell:
Larger twisted angle; Smaller
voltage required
Aplikasi Kristal cair pada LCD
What Does TFT Stand For?

T = thin
F = film
T = transistor
TFT stands for thin film transistor. A TFT is actually a component of a an LCD designed to improve the quality and
control of the LCD display. It is basically a tiny transistor linked to each individual pixel on the screen. In today’s
marketplace, TFT technology provides the best resolution of all the flat-panel techniques. TFT screens are sometimes
called active-matrix LCDs.
How TFT Technology Works
Color filter
Polarizer

Black Matrix
Alignment Layer Pixel Electrode
Layer (ITO)
LCD Crystals TFT
Spacer
Seal

Alignment Layer Pixel Electrode

Layer (ITO)
Bonding Pad
Array
Substrate
Polarizer

Backlight

A TFT uses liquid crystal to control the passage of light. The basic structure of a TFT-LCD panel may be thought of as
two pieces of glass with a layer of liquid crystal between them. The front glass is fitted with a color filter, while the back
glass has transistors on it. When voltage is applied to a transistor, the liquid crystal is bent, allowing light to pass
through to form a pixel. A light source, in many cases an LED, is located at the back of the panel and is what ,makes
up the backlight. The front glass is fitted with a color filter, which gives each pixel its own color. The combination of
these pixels in different colors forms the image on the panel.
 Basic Concepts
LCD Lighting Theory
TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
Transitioning from
Monochromatic to TFT

Due to the simplicity in construction of a monochromatic LCD, they are ideal for text and static image on the screen
with no color. TFTs are a bit more complex in construction compared to a monochromatic display, therefore TFT
require more data input in order to display full color dynamic video on the screen.
Capacitive vs. Resistive TFT
Technology

Outer metallic
membrane

Spacers

Resistive touch screen displays

have multiple layers that are
separated by thin spacers.

Resistive type touch screens require

more pressure to activate than
capacitive touch screens.
Inner metallic
membrane

TFT applications are including touch screen capability in order to make the user interface more friendly. There are two
primary types of touch screens: resistive and capacitive. Simply, resistive touch screens use two thin layers of a
metallic membrane with a gap in between the two. A person touching the screen at a specific point compresses the
outer layer until it touches the other layer. This technology is relatively inexpensive, however it can also be fragile.
Environments, such as medical equipment, require resistive touch screens because they are easy to clean, maintain
and do no register false readings.
Capacitive vs. Resistive TFT
Technology

Outer metallic
membrane

Inner metallic
membrane

Capacitive touch screen displays can

be controlled with very light touches
and are therefore subject to suffer
from ‘false’ touches.

Capacitive touch screens are similar to resistive touch screens in that they have multiple layers. With capacitive touch
screen technology, the outer layer is an insulator and the inner layer is conductive. When the finger touched the outer
layer, it changes the capacitance and registers a touch. Capacitive touch screens, due to their nature, require the bare
finger and can register false touches, but are more impact resistant. Capacitive touch screens are generally more
expensive than resistive touch screens due to their relative robustness.
Touch Screen Technology

Airport self-service check-in kiosks

Drive-thru ATM kiosk

Touch screen mobile device

Touch screen technology is becoming more and more the mainstay. The use of buttons, knobs and dials to adjust
temperature, volume or other settings is a thing of the past. Consumers have come to expect touch screen capability
everywhere they go, from airport check-in kiosks to ATM’s to portable electronics such as iPods and other gaming
devices. Touch screen technology is becoming more widespread due to its ease of use for the end user. The use of
touch screen technology is the natural evolution as design engineers continue to strive for market differentiation in a
competitive marketplace.
 Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO)

From 1980 =>n-type TCOs,

with good optical and
electrical properties

http://www.iesl.forth.gr/conferences/tco2006/index.aspx RSD2011 J.Purans – ISSP,LU