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Powder Metallurgy Process Lect 2
Powder Metallurgy Process Lect 2
Any metal can be made into powder form. The three principal
methods by which metallic powders are commercially produced are;
1. Atomization
2. Chemical
3. Electrolytic
In addition, mechanical methods are occasionally used to reduce
powder sizes such as ball milling technique.
Gas Atomization Method
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Water Atomization Method
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Iron Powders for PM
Development of ceramic
microstructure during
sintering: (a) Loose powder
particles; (b) initial stage;
(c) intermediate stage; and
(d) final stage.
From W. E. Lee and W. M. Rainforth, Ceramic Microstructures, p. 37., Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Initial Stage - SSS
Initial stage
• Rearrangement of
particles to increase
points of contact -
maximize the
coordination number
• Neck formation - bonding
at points with highest
surface energy
• Density - up to 75 %
theoretical density
Intermediate Stage - SSS
Intermediate stage
• Neck growth
• Volume shrinkage
• Grain boundaries formed at the
contacts
• Grain growth - lengthening of
grain boundaries
• Process ends when pore system
becomes discontinuous
• Density - up to 75-95%
theoretical density
Final Stage - SSS
Final stage
• Grain growth
• Pores isolated
• Grain boundary pores eliminated
• Inner porosity closes
• Density > 95 % theoretical density
Mechanisms of Solid-State Sintering
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Chemical_surface_diffusion_slow.gif
Sintering Cycle and Furnace