General Chemistry I

Final Examination Review

Learning Support Club
Content
1. Periodic table

2. Chemical bonding

3. Molecular geometry
Content
1. Periodic table

2. Chemical bonding

3. Molecular symmetry
1. Periodic table

Atomic Number
1. Periodic table

Size of atoms and ions

Atoms:

- In a period, size decrease when Z increase.

- In a group, size increase when Z increase.

Ions:

- Isoelectronic series, size increase when nucleus charge decrease

- Ions with same charge, size increase as we go down the periodic table
- Ions of one element, size increase when charge decrease
1. Periodic table

Exercise: Arrange atoms and ions in term of decreasing size:

- O, S, Se

- Na, Mg, Al, Si

- Ne, F-, Na+, Mg2+, O2-

- Cl, F, Br, I, Sb, Te, Ne

1. Periodic table

Exercise: Arrange atoms and ions in term of decreasing size:

- Se > S > O: 3 atoms are in VIA group, atoms in a group have

increasing size as going down the periodic table
- Na > Mg > Al > Si: 4 atoms are in period 3, atoms in a period have
decreasing size as atomic number increases
-
- O2- > F > Ne > Na+ > Mg2+: this is an isoelectronic series, size of
species decrease when nuclear charge increase
- Cl, F, Br, I, Sb, Te, Ne: Sb, Te, I are all in period 5 → Sb > Te > I. F, Cl,
Br, I are group VIIA → I > Br > Cl > F. F and Ne are both in period 2 →
F > Ne
1. Periodic table

Electron configuration - Octet rule

● Electron configuration:
○ Determine the number of electrons of the atoms or ions.

○ Fill the electron in AO in the order of energy level(1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p …).

○ Rearrange the electron configuration in the order of shell.

Ex: P (Z = 15), Fe2+ (Z = 26), F(Z=9), Cu(Z=29), Na+(Z=11), Mn2+(Z=25)

● Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they are
surrounded by eight valence electrons.
1. Periodic table

P (Z = 15): 1s22s22p63s23p5

Fe2+ (Z = 26): 1s22s22p63s23p63d6

F(Z=9): 1s22s22p5

Cu(Z=29) : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1

Na+(Z=11): 1s22s22p6

Mn2+(Z=25): 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
1. Periodic table

Ionization Energy I.E.

- Energy required to separate 1 electron from the ground state of an

gaseous atom
- In one group, I.E. decrease as we go down the column
- In one period, I.E. trend depend on the electron configuration

Remove e from full-filled or half-filled configuration → high energy

Remove e to form full-filled or half-filled configuration → low energy

Final electron configuration closer to full-filled or half-filled configuration

→ low energy release
1. Periodic table

Electron Affinity

- Energy change when 1 electron added into a gaseous atom

Add e to a full-filled or half-filled configuration → positive energy

Add e to form full-filled or half-filled configuration → negative energy

Final electron configuration closer to full-filled or half-filled configuration

→ energy is more negative
1. Periodic table

Electronegativity
- Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an
atom or a functional group to attract electrons toward itself.
- Increase when we go from left to right in the periodic table.
- Decrease when we go down a group.

→ Important to determine bond type

1. Periodic table

Summary
1. Periodic table

Exercise
Ionization Energy I.E.

- Na, Mg, K
- Be, Mg, Ca
- Al, Al+, Al2+,Al3+

Electron affinity

- N, O, F, Ne
1. Periodic table
Exercise
Arrange Ionization Energy I.E. in decreasing order
- Mg > Na > K: Mg has half-filled configuration → hard to lose 1 e. Na+ and
K+ have full-filled configuration → Na and K can easy lose 1 e. K in 3
period, Na in 2 period → K can lose 1 e easier than Na
- Be > Mg > Ca: 3 atoms are in IIA period, as going down a group, distance
between the outermost electron and the nuclear increase → attraction
force decrease → I.E. decrease
- Al3+ > Al2+ > Al+ > Al: when 1 e is removed, repulsion force between
electrons is decrease, but the attraction force from the nuclear is the
same → it is harder to remove 1 e . However, Al3+ has a full-filled
configuration → I.E of Al3+ is much more large than other species
1. Periodic table

Exercise
Arrange Electron affinity in decreasing order

- Ne > N > O > F: Ne and N have full-filled and half-filled configuration

respectively → Ne and N have positive electron affinity, and Ne > N.
-
F has full-filled configuration, O- has a nearly full-filled configuration →
O and F have negative affinity, and O > F
Content
1. Periodic table

2. Chemical bonding

3. Molecular symmetry
2. Chemical bonding

Types of Bonds
Ionic bond Covalent bond

Non-polar Polar

Bond strength
- Bond energy : Ionic bond < Covalent bond
- Bond length: Shorter bond > Longer bond
- Multiplicity: Triple bond > Double bond > Single bond
2. Chemical bonding

Bond polarity-Electronegativity

- Δχ: electronegativity difference

Δχ<0.4 0.4<Δχ<1.7 Δχ>1.7

2. Chemical bonding

Lattice energy
2. Chemical bonding

Lattice energy

Exercise: compare lattice energy of the following compound

-HINT: compare radius of ions to compare d values and and charge of

ions to compare Q values → compare lattice energy

a, NaCl, NaBr, NaF, NaI

b, KCl, KBr, KI

c, KCl, NaF, MgO

2. Chemical bonding

Lattice energy

a, NaF > NaCl > NaCl > NaI: 4 compounds have same cation, and their anion
are -1 charged. Radius: F > Cl > Br > I (same group, size increase when goin
down periodic table) → d increase → lattice energy decrease

B,LiCl > NaCl > KCl: same reason as above

c,MgO > NaF > KCl: Mg2+ and O2- are smallest ions among these ions and have
larger charge than the others → highest lattice energy. Na+ < K+, F- < Cl-, and
Q values are the same → lattice energy NaF > KCl
2. Chemical bonding

Exercise: The following plot shows the

potential energy of two Cl atoms as a
function of the distance between them.

(a) To what does an energy of zero

correspond in this diagram?
(b) According to the valence bond model,
why does the energy decrease as the
Cl atoms move from a large
separation to a smaller one?
(c) What is the significance of the Cl-Cl
distance at the minimum point of the
plot?
2. Chemical bonding

Dipole moment
2. Chemical bonding

Exercise: Compare bond strength of the following compound

a) Cl2 > Br2 > I2: all single bond
radius:Cl < Br < I
→ length Cl-Cl < Br-Br < I-I
→ bond strength : Cl-Cl > Br-Br > I-I
b) NaCl, AlCl3: Na-Cl is ionic bond, Al-Cl is covalent bond
→ bond strength: Al-Cl > Na-Cl
C) N2, O2, F2: F-F is single bond, O-O is double bond, N-N is triple bond
→ bond strength: N-N > O-O > F-F
2. Chemical bonding

Lewis Structure
1. Sum the valence electrons from all atoms.

2. Write the symbols for the atoms, the element with the least electronegativity is in the
center, and connect them with a single bond.

3. Complete the octets around all the atoms bonded to the central atom.

4. Place any leftover electrons on the central atom.

5. If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet, try multiple bonds.
2. Chemical bonding

Lewis Structure
Exercise: Write the Lewis structure of the following molecules:

CO2, NH3 , NO2+ , NO2- ,SO2, SO3, CO, N3-, H3PO2, H3PO4, H2O2, CH3COOH,
(CH3)2CO
2. Chemical bonding

Lewis Structure
2. Chemical bonding

Formal charge
Is the theoretical charge that the atoms would have in the case that all the atoms have the same
electronegativity.

Formal charge = Number of valence electron - (Total bonding electron/2) - non-bonding electron

Ex:
2. Chemical bonding

Resonance Structures

N 2O

CO32–
2. Chemical bonding

Resonance Structures

Exercise: Write all the resonance structures of the following molecules:

SO32-, CNO- , HPO32- , BCl3 , C6H5NO2 , C6H5OCH3

2. Chemical bonding

Resonance Structures
2. Chemical bonding

Enthalpy of reaction

- Enthalpy: ΔH
- Bond enthalpy: energy release when a bond formed
- Reaction enthalpy:

Exercise: calculate the following reaction enthalpy

CH4 + O2 → CH3OH C-O : 358 C=O: 799 C-H: 413

CH3OH +O2 → HCHO +H2O O=O: 495 O-H: 463 kJ/mol

2. Chemical bonding

Covalent bond length

- Def: Distance between 2 atoms nucleus

- Depends on:
+Atoms radius
+Bond multiplicity

Exercise: Compare bond length of the following bond O=O, O-O, N=N, N ≡N,
2. Chemical bonding

Sigma and pi bonds

Sigma bond : axis overlap Pi bond: side overlap

2. Chemical bonding

Double bond and triple bond

Double bond Triple bond

1 sigma bond + 1 pi bond 1 sigma bond + 2 pi bond

Content
1. Periodic table

2. Chemical bonding

3. Molecular geometry
3. Molecular geometry

Valence bond(VB) theory

HCl Good explanation

CH4 4 C-H bonds have the same length

Can not explain the

experiment results:

⇒ Hybrid orbitals
3. Molecular geometry

Hybrid orbitals

sp3

sp2

sp
3. Molecular geometry

Molecular shape
3. Molecular geometry

VSEPR
ABmEn
A Center atoms

B Bonding electron domains

E Non-bonding electron pairs

m+n Total electron domains

Ex:

A Number of B(m) Number of E(n)

CO2 C 2 0

SO2 S 2 1

IO3- I 3 1
3. Molecular geometry

VSEPR
3. Molecular geometry

VSEPR

Step 1: Write the Lewis structure.

Step 2: Find the bonding and nonbonding electron domains, hence the
total electron domains.
Step 3: Based on the molecules geometry table, sketch the shape of the
molecules.

Attention:
1. The non-bonding electron domains are counted in the total electron
domains but are not contributed in the shape of the molecules.
2. In the case of 5 and 6 of total electron domains, the non-bonding electron
domains are located in the equatorial positions.
3. Molecular geometry

VSEPR

Exercise 1: What is the shape of the following molecules? Explain?

NO3- , SO42- , NH3 , I3- , IF3 , ClO2

3. Molecular geometry

VSEPR
3. Molecular geometry

VSEPR

Exercise 2: Based on the VSEPR model, explain why the HNH angles in
NH3 molecules is 107o which is smaller than the HCH angles of CH4
molecules(109.5o) but bigger than the HOH angles of H2O(102o)molecules.
3. Molecular geometry

MO diagram
3. Molecular geometry

Bond order:[Σ(bonding electron) - Σ(anti-bonding electron)]/2

Paramagnetic: unpaired electron

Diamagnetic: no unpaired electron

Exercise:

Draw MO diagram of O2, CO, O22- , N2+.

Determine the bond order, whether the compounds are paramagnetic or

diamagnetic.
3. Molecular geometry
1. Periodic table

Effective Nuclear Charge

The effective nuclear charge experienced by the 3s electron is

somewhat greater than 1+
3. Molecular geometry

Hybrid orbitals

sp2:
3. Molecular geometry

Hybrid orbitals

sp3 :