EARTHQUAKE

GROUP 2

BOHOL, NICK ANDREW

LUMANOG, PAMELA LORAINE MAULAS, EUAN
MANALAYSAY, JOSHUA UMALI, LESLIE
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1 2 3

define Earthquake, describe learn earthquake

its origin and Earthquake’s and eruption
occurence mode of occurence history
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

4 5 6

describe seismic learn sources of synthesize

prospecting grounnd water information about
importance in Civil
Engineering
EARTHQUAKE
 EARTHQUAKE
a weak to violent shaking of the
ground caused by the sudden
movement of rock materials
below the earth’s surface
 EARTHQUAKE
Fault - surface where plate
boundaries slip which cause
earthquake.
 EARTHQUAKE
Hypocenter - location where the
earthquake starts below the
earth’s surface
Epicenter - location directly
above the hypocenter on the
surface of the earth.
 EARTHQUAKE
OCCURRENCE
Tectonic Plates - rigid segments
of Earth’s litosphere that float on
astenosphere
 EARTHQUAKE
OCCURRENCE
Tectonic Plates - rigid segments
of Earth’s litosphere that float on
astenosphere

Plate Boundaries - edges of

tectonic plates
 EARTHQUAKE
OCCURRENCE
PLATE BOUNDARIES
made up of large uneven rocks
rough surface
gets entangled
 EARTHQUAKE
OCCURRENCE
PLATE BOUNDARIES
made up of large uneven rocks
rough surface
gets entangled
 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE

Tectonic Plates Plate boundaries

Pressure builds up
constantly move get entangled
 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE

Rocks break with a Seismic Waves

big jolt radiate Earthquake
HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES
RECORDED?
Seismograph - instrument that
records vibrations caused by
seismic waves during an
earthquake
Seismogram - recordingsmade by
the seismograph
 MAGNITUDE VS. INTENSITY
Two ways of measuring earthquake’s strength

MAGNITUDE INTENSITY
quantitative measurement qualitative measurement
proportional to earthquake’s strength
earthquake’s energy perceived by people
Arabic Number (3.7, 8.5) Roman Numerals ( I, II, II)
Richter Scale PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS)
 MODE OF
OCCURENCE
 MODE OF OCCURENCE
Earthquakes can occur in several modes, each
associated with different types of tectonic
plate movements and geological features. The
primary modes of earthquake occurrence
include:

DID YOU KNOW... The Earth’s plates move around the planet’s surface
at the rate of a few centimeters every year!
 TECTONIC PLATES
Mid-20th century saw the emergence of plate tectonics as a comprehensive theory, consolidating earlier
ideas. Pioneers like Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift, laying the crucial foundation for
understanding Earth's lithospheric plate movements

Tectonic plates can move in different directions resulting in different outcomes.

Convergent Faults Divergent Faults Transform Faults

CONVERGENT
Converge = to come together

Convergent
boundaries occur Around 55 million years ago,
when plates move two large landmasses, India
and Eurasia, collided with

towards one each other, resulting in the

Himalayas. This is called

another.
continental-continental
convergence.
CONVERGENT
Converge = to come together

Convergent
boundaries occur Sometimes, one plate dives
when plates move beneath the other. This is
called an ocean-ocean

towards one convergence, and results

in the formation of deep

another.
trenches like the Mariana
Trench.
DIVERGENT
Diverge = move away or
extend in different directions

Divergent
boundaries occur When two lithospheric plates

when two tectonic are spread apart, it is

common for new crust to

plates move away

form as molten material rises
to the surface. The Mid-
Atlantic Ridge is formed in
from each other. this process.
TRANSFORM
Transform = to change

Transform
boundaries grind
past each other Transform plate boundaries
without going up are capable of triggering
devastating earthquakes. A

or down. famous example is the San

Andreas Fault in California.
 Types of Faults
Faults are fractures or cracks in the Earth's crust where movement occurs.

Normal faults Reverse faults Strike-slip faults

Occur when rocks move apart Occur when rocks are pushed Occur when rocks slide
due to tensional forces. together due to compressional horizontally past each other
forces. due to shear forces.
SUBDUCTION ZONE
EARTHQUAKE

These occur at
convergent plate
boundaries where
one tectonic plate
is forced beneath
another.
 HUMAN INDUCED
EARTHQUAKE

Certain human activities, such

as mining, reservoir-induced
seismicity (due to the filling of
large reservoirs behind dams),
and hydraulic fracturing
(fracking) for oil and gas
extraction, can induce
earthquakes. These are typically
of lower magnitude but can still
cause damage.
INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKES

While most earthquakes are

associated with plate boundaries,
some occur within tectonic plates.
These intraplate earthquakes are
less common but can still be
significant. The cause of these
earthquakes is not always well
understood and may be related to
reactivation of ancient faults
 PROSPECTING
systematic search for mineral deposits
 SEISMIC
PROSPECTING
a method used on land or at
sea.
gathering of subsurface
geological information
generate seismic waves via
chemical explosions or vibrating
impacts.
 REFRACTION
METHOD
Relies on the bending
(refraction) of seismic
waves as they pass through
subsurface layers with
varying seismic velocities.
Used for investigating
shallow subsurface layers
 REFLECTION
METHOD
Relies on the reflection of
seismic waves at boundaries
between subsurface layers
with different physical
properties.
Used for imaging deeper
structures in the subsurface.
Diagram of seismic exploration
work using the reflection
method:

(1) seismic sensors,

(2) seismic exploration station,
(3) shooting point,
(4) shot point,
(5) direct wave,
(6) reflected wave
ONSHORE EXPLORATION
Involves sending seismic waves
underground.
Use vibrators for wave
generation.
Utilize Geophones that Convert
ground motion into analog
electrical signals.
Allow detailed imaging of
subsurface structures and
potential hydrocarbon reservoirs
Utilizes seismic airguns in
marine environments.
OFFSHORE EXPLORATION
Releases compressed air into
the water to generate waves.
Uses Hydrophones in
converting pressure changes
into electrical signals.
Give information about
shallow geological features
and sedimentary basin
structures.
 BENEFITS
MAPPING SUBSURFACE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
IMPROVED EXPLORATION SUCCESS RATES
MINIMIZES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
COMPRESSIONAL / Motion is parallel to the
direction of propagation of
LONGITUDINAL OR the wave.
PRIMARY WAVES Highest velocity
Can travel through any
type of material, including
fluids
Formed from alternating
compressions and
expansions.
 SHEAR OR
TRANSVERSE OR Motion is perpendicular
to the direction of
SECONDARY WAVE propagation of the
wave.
Can travel only through
solids
Slower than P waves.
SURFACE WAVE OR L WAVE
analogous to water waves and travel
along the Earth's surface.

a) Rayleigh waves - motion of the

particles is in vertical plane but
elliptical with reference to the
direction of propagation.

b) Love waves - motion of the

particles is horizontal and
transverse to the direction of
propagation.
HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKE IN
THE PHILIPPINES
 1990:
1968:
Luzon Earthquake (Ms 7.8): Struck
Ragay Gulf Earthquake (Ms 7.3):
Luzon, particularly impacting
Occurred in the Ragay Gulf
Baguio City.
region..
Panay Earthquake (Ms.
Casiguran Earthquake (Ms 7.3):
7.1):Occurred in the Panay region.
Struck the Casiguran area.
1994:
1976:
Mindoro Earthquake (Ms
Moro Gulf Earthquake (Mw
7.1):Centered around Mindoro.
8.1):Located in the Moro Gulf.
1996:
1983:
Bohol Earthquake (Ms
Laoag Earthquake (Ms
5.6):Occurred in Bohol.
6.5):Centered around Laoag.
1999:
Bayugan Earthquake (Ms
5.1):Located near Bayugan.
2002:
Palimbang Earthquake (Ms
6.8):Struck Palimbang.
2003:
Masbate Earthquake (Ms
6.2):Centered around Masbate.
2012:
Negros Oriental Earthquake (Ms
6.7): Occurred in Negros Oriental.
2013:
Bohol Earthquake (Ms 7.2): Struck
Bohol.
2017:
Surigao del Norte Earthquake (Ms 6.7):
Located in Surigao del Norte.
Leyte Earthquake (Ms 6.5):Occurred in
Leyte.
2019:
Central Luzon Earthquake
(M6.1):Centered in Central Luzon.
Itbayat, Batanes Earthquakes (Mw5.4,
Mw5.9, and Mw5.8):Struck Itbayat,
Batanes.
Cotabato Earthquakes (M6.3, M6.6,
M6.1): Occurred in Cotabato.
Davao del Sur Earthquake
(M6.9):Located in Davao del Sur.
2020:
Masbate Earthquake (M6.6):Centered
around Masbate.
 MORO GULF
EARTHQUAKE
HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKE IN
THE WORLD

Chile, 1960 (Magnitude 9.5)
Alaska, 1964 (Magnitude 9.2)
Sumatra, Indonesia, 2004 (Magnitude
9.1)
Japan, 2011 (Magnitude 9.0)
Russia, 1952 (Magnitude 9.0)
Tohoku, Japan, 1933 (Magnitude 8.9)
Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1964
(Magnitude 8.6)
Sumatra, Indonesia, 2005 (Magnitude
8.6)
Kamchatka, Russia, 1952 (Magnitude
9.0)
Indonesia, 2005 (Magnitude 8.6)
Bio-Bio, Chile, 2010 (Magnitude 8.8)
Off the west coast of northern Sumatra,
Indonesia, 2012 (Magnitude 8.6)
Ecuador-Colombia, 1906 (Magnitude 8.8)
Off the coast of northern Chile, 2007
(Magnitude 8.8)
Off the coast of central Chile, 2010
(Magnitude 8.8)p
Off the coast of Maule, Chile, 2010
(Magnitude 8.8)
Rat Islands, Alaska, 1965 (Magnitude 8.7)
Ecuador, 1906 (Magnitude 8.8)
Off the west coast of northern Sumatra,
Indonesia, 2012 (Magnitude 8.6)
Off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, 2007
(Magnitude 8.4)
GREAT CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE
 HISTORY OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 TAAL VOLCANO
ERUPTION (1754)

IBOK-HIBOK ERUPTION
(1871)
 PINATUBO ERUPTION
(1991)

MAYON ERUPTION (1814)

 HISTORY OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION IN THE WORLD
1. Shiveluch (Russia, 2023)
2. Bezymianny (Russia,
2022)
3. Hunga Tonga–Hunga
Ha’apai (Tonga, 2022)
4. Mount Semeru
(Indonesia, 2021)
5. Fukutoku-Okanoba (Japan,
2021)
6. La Soufrière (Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, 2021)
7. Taal (Philippines, 2020)
8. Ulawun (Papua New Guinea,
2019)
SHIVELUCH (RUSSIA, 2023)
GROUNDWATER
ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER
The water found on the ground, in rocks and in
soils is of three kinds which can be described as
follows:

1. Meteoric Water / Precipitation – primary

source of groundwater.
2. Juvenile Water – derived from magmatic
sources.
3. Connate Water – represents the water in
which sediments are deposited.
 GROUNDWATER
Groundwater is all water found
beneath the ground surface in the
saturated zone. It is stored in and
moves slowly through geologic
formations of soil, sand and rocks
called “aquifers”.
 AQUIFER
ARE TYPICALLY MADE UP OF GRAVEL,
SAND, SANDSTONE, OR FRACTURED
ROCK, LIKE LIMESTONE. WATER CAN MOVE
THROUGH THESE MATERIALS BECAUSE
THEY HAVE LARGE CONNECTED SPACES
THAT MAKE THEM PERMEABLE.
How fast groundwater flows depends on
the characteristics of the aquifer.
The direction it moves is normally from
high to lower levels ruled by gravity,
unless there is any anthropogenic impact
such as pumping wells.
The groundwater will move until it
discharges into another aquifer or
another water body like a lake, a river, the
ocean or until it is extracted by a well.
 Groundwater is naturally recharged by rain water and snowmelt or
from water that leaks through the bottom of some lakes and rivers, as
well as when water supply systems leak and when crops are irrigated
with more water than required.
 WATER TABLE
The water table may be deep or shallow;
and may rise or fall depending on many
factors such as the physical
characteristics of the region, the
meteorological conditions and the
recharge and exploitation rates.
 POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
Porosity of soil or rock is defined as the
percentage of total volume occupied by pore
space and permeability is the capacity of the
material to transmit the flow of fluid.

A high porosity doesn't mean high

permeability unless the pores are
interconnected.
 POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
It needs to have empty space (pores or
fractures) where groundwater can be
stored, and the spaces need to be
connected to allow it to flow through.

The greater the aquifer’s porosity and

permeability are, the more groundwater is
stored and yield by an aquifer.
 WHY IS GROUNDWATER SO
IMPORTANT?
Groundwater is a very important natural
resource and has a significant role in the
economy. It is the main source of water for
irrigation and the food industry.
For the environment, it plays a very
important role in keeping the water level
and flow into rivers, lakes and wetlands.
It also plays a very relevant role in sustain
navigation through inland waters in the
drier seasons. By discharging groundwater
into the rivers, it helps keeping the water
levels higher.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
EARTHQUAKE
PREPAREDNESS AND
RESPONSE
IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil engineers must investigate how earthquakes
cause different strains on buildings, bridges, and
other infrastructure, such as horizontal shaking,
vertical acceleration, and ground rupture. Civil
engineers help construct more resilient communities
in earthquake-prone areas locally and globally by
enforcing seismic rules and regulations and raising
public safety awareness
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
ON BUILDING STRUCTURES
GROUND SHAKING LIQUEFACTION

STRUCTURAL SOIL FAILURE

RESONANCE
 GROUND SHAKING
Structural damage is caused by the
ground's horizontal and vertical vibrations
brought on by seismic waves from
earthquakes. The overall structural
integrity of the structure may be
compromised by fractures that result
from this shaking in the walls, columns,
and beams.
 LIQUEFACTION
When water-saturated soil is shaken, it
loses strength and briefly behaves like a
liquid. Liquefaction can cause uneven
ground settlement or tilting, resulting in
considerable damage to structures and
infrastructure. Foundations may sink into
liquid soil, resulting in structural
instability and possible collapse.
 STRUCTURAL
RESONANCE
Structural resonance occurs when the
frequency of ground shaking corresponds
to the inherent frequency of a structure.
This resonance increases the vibrations
the building feels, potentially causing
significant damage or collapse. Tall
buildings are prone to resonance if their
natural frequency matches the frequency
of the earthquake's seismic waves.
 SOIL FAILURE
earthquakes can cause soil collapse, with
diverse repercussions for building
structures. This failure may cause
foundation settlement, in which the
building dips unevenly into the earth owing
to soil compaction or displacement. Slope
collapse can occur on slopes or
embankments, resulting in landslides that
damage or destroy structures in their
path.
 MEASURES TO CONTROL
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
EARTHQUAKE- BUILDING CODES
RESISTANT DESIGN AND STANDARDS

Civil engineers play an essential role in minimizing the impact of seismic disasters
in earthquake-prone areas by using various approaches and procedures.
 EARTHQUAKE-
RESISTANT DESIGN
Civil engineers build earthquake-resistant
structures by considering predicted
ground motion, soil conditions, and
structural materials. By including
seismic-resistant components such as
reinforced concrete, flexible building
frames, and sufficient foundation
systems in building designs, engineers
may reduce damage and maintain
structural integrity during earthquakes.
 BUILDING CODES
AND STANDARDS
Governments and regulatory agencies
enforce building regulations and
standards that require earthquake-
resistant design and construction
methods. These rules provide minimum
requirements for structural design,
materials, and construction processes to
guarantee that structures can resist
expected seismic pressures.
 NATIONAL
STRUCTURAL CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The National Structural Code of the
Philippines is critical for guaranteeing the
structural integrity of buildings, towers,
and other vertical structures, particularly
in seismic disasters such as earthquakes.
Its primary goal is to create minimum
structural design and construction
criteria and standards and
recommendations to protect life,
property, and the general welfare.
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!