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General Geology
Chapter 1

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Topic Outline

01 | 02 | 03 |

Geology in Civil Branches of Earth’s

Engineering Geology Composition
and Structure

04 | 05 |

Continental Plate Tectonics

Drift

Geology in
Civil
Engineering
“[GEOLOGY] the subject that brings a student down to earth.”
- Evan Esar

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Derived from the Greek word “Geo”

means the “Earth” and “Logia” means
“the study of”.

The science that deals with the earth's

physical structure and substance, its
history, and the processes that act on it.

Defined as the branch of applied science

which deals with the application of
geology for a safe and economic design
and construction of a civil engineering
projects

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Did you know?

Every civil engineering works involve earth and

its features.

Geological information are necessary in every

stage of the project be it planning, designing
and construction phase of the project.

Geology provides a systematic study of the

structure and properties of construction
materials and their occurrence.

Selection of a site is important from the

viewpoint of stability of foundation and
availability of materials.
Geology helps to identify area susceptible
to failures due to geological hazards.

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Knowledge about the nature of the rocks is

very necessary for tunnelling, construction
roads and in determining the stability of
cuts and slopes.
The foundation problems of dams, bridges
and buildings are related to the geology of
the area.
Knowledge of groundwater is necessary
for connection with excavation works,
water supply and irrigation.

Geological maps helps in planning civil

engineering projects.

Geology helps in determining the

earthquake-prone areas.

The knowledge of erosion, transportation

and deposition (ETD) by surface water helps
soil conservation, river control, coastal and
harbour works.

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A geological survey of a site before

starting a project will reduce the overall
cost.

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Branches of
Geology
“Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change
without notice.”
- Will Durant

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Analysis of layering of rocks and strata

STRATIGRAPHY
to measure geologic time.
CHRONOLOGY

PALEONTOLOGY Studying fossil records in rocks.

MICRO-
Characterization of microfossils.
PALEONTOLOGY

GEO- Study the signatures inherent in rocks to

CHRONOLOGY dates rocks and geological events.

PALEO- Use of geologic sediments and rocks to

SEISMOLOGY infer past earthquakes.

MAGNETO- Use samples of strata deposited with the

STATIGRAPHY Earth’s magnetic field polarity.

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Study the anatomy of a volcano, and

VOLCANOLOGY
related phenomena.
TECTONICS

Study how seismic waves travel through

SESIMOLOGY
and around the earth.

NEOTECTONICS Study the deformation of earth’s crust..

TECTONO- Study the physical processes on earth’s

PHYSICS crust and mantle.

SEISMO- Relationship of earthquakes, tectonics

TECTONICS and faults.

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SEDIMENTOLOGY

SURFICIAL Formation of surface sediments

GEOLOGY overlying bedrock.

Reconstructed landforms of ice and

GLACIOLOGY
glacial deposits.

BEDROCK Formation of intact, solid rock beneath

GEOLOGY surficial sediments.

LITHOLOGY Classification of rocks.

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TOPOGRAPHY
Study of relief in mountains distribution
OROGRAPHY
in nature.

How physical features are arranged in

TOPOGRAPHY
the landscape.

Measurement of land from mean sea

HYPSOMETRY
level.

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ASTROGEOLOGY

AREOLOGY How geology is composed on mars.

How physical features on the moon

SELENOGRAPHY
formed.

How geology relates to celestial bodies

EXOGEOLOGY
like moons and asteroids.

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Formation of rocks in their

Petrology
Natural Resources environment.
Chemical and crystalline structures
Mineralogy in minerals.
Identification and evaluation of
Gemology natural and artificial gems.
Arrangement of atoms in
Crystallography crystalline solids.
Study of soils as natural
Soil Sciences resources

Pedology Classification of soils based on

its properties.

Edaphology How soils influence plant growth

and living things
Agronomy / Agrology Involvement of science in the
field of agriculture.

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Earth’s
Composition
and
Structures
“Geologist have a saying – ROCKS REMEMBER.”
- Neil Armstrong

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Continental
Drift
“Geology gives us a key to the patience of God.”
- JG Holland

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Plate
Tectonics
“We learn geology, the morning AFTER the EARTHQUAKE.”
- Ralph Waldo Emerson

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