• Sample results (3)

11

AE661: Applied
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Lecture 17: Boundary Conditions-II

Rajesh Ranjan

March 22, 2023

 Table of Contents
1 Boundary Conditions

▶ Boundary Conditions

▶ Turbulence Boundary Conditions

 Pressure Outlet
1 Boundary Conditions

• Static pressure is specified at the outlet

• Ignored in supersonic flow
 Pressure Inlet and Pressure Outlet
1 Boundary Conditions

Incompressible Subsonic Supersonic

Inlet Assign p0 Assign p

Outlet Assign p -
  γ
γ−1
Formulation p0 = p + 12 ρU 2 p0 = p + 2 M
2 γ−1

From fixed p0 and adjusted p From fixed p0 and p

Velocity(Ui )
Ui varies every iteration Ui fixed
 Inflow/Outflow
1 Boundary Conditions

• Set all flow gradients to zero

• Flow should be fully developed
• Boundary should be sufficiently far away
For smaller domains: Non-reflecting/Characteristics boundary conditions are
employed.
 Periodic BC
1 Boundary Conditions

Translational Periodic:
 Periodic BC
1 Boundary Conditions

Rotational Periodic:
 Symmetry BC
1 Boundary Conditions

• Can help in reducing computational costs

• Only applicable in symmetric flows (not unsteady like vortex shedding,
LES/DNS)
• Boundary is like an inviscid wall, can slip but no flow crossing the boundary
• Set normal gradients to zero
 Table of Contents
2 Turbulence Boundary Conditions

▶ Boundary Conditions

▶ Turbulence Boundary Conditions

 Turbulence BC : RANS
2 Turbulence Boundary Conditions

• Mean flow parameters are known

• Typically turbulence intensity (I = u′ /U ) is known
• Viscosity ratio (µt /µ) or length scale (lm ) is known
• Need to calculate BC for turbulence parameters in the model
 Turbulence Kinetic Energy (k)
2 Turbulence Boundary Conditions

• Used in most turbulence models

— k − ϵ and variants
— k − ω and variants
— SST k − ω
— k − kl − ω
•
1
k = (u′2 + v ′2 + w′2 )
2
3
Assume isotropy, k = (u′2 )
2
3
k = (U I)2
2
 Turbulent dissipation rate (k)
2 Turbulence Boundary Conditions
µt
1. If viscosity ratio, β = µ is known
ρk 2
Turbulent viscosity, µt = Cµ
ϵ
k2
ϵ = ρCµ
βµ

2. If turbulent length scale, l is known

k 3/2
µt = ρk 1/2 l =⇒ l = Cµ
ϵ
k 3/2
ϵ = Cµ
l

3/4 k3/2
Some software (e.g. Fluent) use a different definition, ϵ = Cµ l
 Specific Dissipation Rate, ω
2 Turbulence Boundary Conditions
µt
1. If viscosity ratio, β = µ is known
ρk
Turbulent viscosity, µt =
ω
ρk
ω=
βµ

2. If turbulent length scale, l is known

k 3/2
µt = ρk 1/2 l =⇒ l = Cµ
ϵ
ϵ k 1/2 k 1/2
Also, ω = =⇒ l = =⇒ ω =
Cµ k ω l

Some models/codes (e.g. k − kl − ω) use a different definition, ω = ϵ

k
 Q&A
See you in the next class!