Rvb©vj Ae BGjwU A¨vÛ GWz‡Kkb  JOURNAL OF ELT AND EDUCATION

ISSN: 2618-1290 (Print), 2663-1482 (Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, Page: 42-47

Published by, Center for Academic Research and Development (CARD)

[DØ„wZ t Mddvi, Avãyj| 2023| gvngy`yj nK Gi †LjvNi t gyw³hy‡×i ¯^Zš¿ AwfÁvb| RvY©vj Ae BGjwU GÛ GWz‡Kkb, 6(1), 42-47]

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*Corresponding Email: gaffar@rmu.ac.bd

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†PZbvq mg„× K‡i‡Q|
cvwK¯Ívbx we‡eKnxb †c‡Uvqv evwnbx †`‡L †`‡L, my‡hvM ey‡S A‡cÿvK…Z `ye©j, AwkwÿZ, bvix Aay¨wlZ GjvKvq Zv‡`i ee©iZv
†ewk Pvjvw”Qj| Zviv MÖv‡gi hš¿vBj ZuvZx cvovq Xz‡K Ggb bóvwg ïiæ K‡i, my‡hvM ey‡S Kg©e¨¯Í ZuvZxiv wb‡R‡`i †ckv wb‡q DwØMœ|
gyKzj e‡j t
BQvgwZ cvi n‡q ûU K‡i Suvwc‡q coj Avwg©iv| ZuvZ Avi ZuvwZ-Zv‡`i jÿ¨ `y‡UvB| b`xi w`K †_‡K †eo w`‡q
e„wói g‡Zv ¸wj Qzuo‡Z Quyo‡Z Zviv GwM‡q Gj, Av¸b †auvqv Avi wPrKv‡ii gvSLv‡b †h †hw`‡K cv‡i Qz‡U cvjvq,
hviv cv‡i bv, Zv‡`i a‡i a‡i R¡jšÍ Zuv‡Zi Ici Quy‡o w`‡Z _v‡K (Gbvg, 2020 t 331)|
Avwg©i †Uvj †_‡K wbh©vwZZ n‡q †dir Avmv g„Zz¨cÖvq †invbvi e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi wb‡q gyKzj -BqvKze wewfbœ welq wb‡q K_v ejwQj|
BqvKze †invbv‡K wb‡q Avkvev`x, †invbv m¤ú‡K© Zvi cÖ‡kœi AšÍ †bB wKš‘ gyKz‡ii wfZ‡i `viæb PÂjZv, K_v ejvi GK ch©v‡q cÖm½
e`wj‡q gyKzj e‡j :Ô†nv‡bvQ bvB, †Mv`vbvB‡j Kx nB‡Q?Õ gyKzj Avgvi gy‡Li w`‡K PjK IVv †Pv‡L ZvwK‡q e‡j, Ôcv‡Ui †MvWvDb cyBov
QvB nqv †M‡Q, †Mvwejviv jvMvB‡Q| An‡b n¨vivq eySZv‡Q bv? (Gbvg, 2020 t 331)
hy‡×i gq`v‡b cÖwZcÿ‡K Nv‡qj Kivi Avb‡›` †K bv Av‡›`vwjZ nq? `y -c‡ÿi hy× hLb Zz‡½, nq gi‡ev bv nq euvPvi g‡Zv
euvP‡e| Ggb B †køvMvb‡K mvg‡b wb‡q GwM‡q hvq Avgv‡`i †LjvNi Dcb¨v‡mi gyw³‡hv×v gyKzj| KL‡bv cÖZ¨ÿ KLv‡bv ev c‡ivÿ
f~wgKvq Ae¯’vb K‡i hyׇK †eMevb K‡i P‡j‡Q wg. gyKzj| cÖwZcÿ‡K Nv‡q‡ji Avb›`aŸwb Avgiv Zvi gyL †_‡K ïwb wVK Gfv‡e t
gyKzj Zzgyj Drmv‡n Pg‡K D‡V AvMjv Mvwjgcy‡ii gyw³evwnbxi Kg©Kv‡Ði GK j¤^v weeiY †`q| Avwg© †evSvq GKUv
jix‡K †Mwijviv Kxfv‡e QviLvi K‡i w`‡q‡Q, Kxfv‡e cvÄvweiv wcc‡oi g‡Zv b`x‡Z nveyWzey †L‡q g‡i‡Q, LywU‡q
LywU‡q gyKzj †mB me ej‡Z _v‡K (Gbvg, 2020 t 345)|
gvbyl gv‡ÎB Kg‡ewk Avwg‡Z¡ wek¦vmx| wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wb‡q hLb UvbvUvwb cÖej AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hvi hvi RvqMv
†_‡KZLb †`kgvZ…Kv‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi Rb¨ D‡V c‡o †j‡M‡Q| Dcb¨v‡m BqvKz‡ei eÜz gyKzj wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk hvÎv`‡ji Zz‡Lvo
Awf‡bZv| †ckvi cÖwZ wb‡ew`ZcÖvY n‡q‡I †`kgvZ…Kvi Uvb Zv‡K cÖjyä K‡i| Dcb¨vm †_‡K Rvbv hvq t
gyKzj hvÎvcvMj gvbyl ...| wb‡RI Zz‡Lvo Awf‡bZv| †ckv`vi hvÎv`‡ji eo GKUv cv c‡o bv Gw`‡K, gyKzj GKvB
Rwg‡q iv‡L| ... †h gyKzj ¯‹zj gv÷vwi Avi hvÎv dvÎv wb‡q GZw`b wU‡g Avj‡mwgi †fZi _v‡K bvK Pwe‡q c‡o
_vK‡Z †`‡LwQ, Zv‡KI †`wL wKQz GKUv wb‡q fxlY ZrciZvq †g‡Z D‡V‡Q (Gbvg, 2020 t 319, 327)|
gyyw³hy‡×i aygavov°v, †`ŠoSuv‡c Pvwiw`‡K AvKvk evZvm †hb fvwi n‡q Avm‡Q| KL‡bv ey‡Ui NUNU kã, KL‡bv ¸wji Vvm Vvm
kã, KL‡bv wg‡jUvwi KZ©„K a„‡Zi AvZ¥wPrKvi †Kv_vI jvk G †hb Ab¨ iKg GK g„Zz¨cyix| BqvKzeI †invbvi m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z G‡m
gyKzj cv‡kB GKUv fvmšÍ jvk †`L‡Z cvq| †jvKUv †K (Gbvg, 2020 t 300)? BqvKz‡ei cÖ‡kœi Dˇi ïwbÑ †jvKwU †cbvwewei gvBqvi
RvgvB n‡Z cv‡i e‡j aviYv K‡i gyKzj t
†gvZovi Nb e‡bi †Kv‡i GKUv jvk| `woUv nv‡Z wb‡q bxi‡e GKUv duvm ˆZwi K‡i gyKzj| ... `y-wZbevi †Quvovi
ci duvmUv Mjvi Ici wM‡q c‡o| ... †Kvgicvwb †f‡O jvkUv‡K wnRj e‡bi w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q †h‡Z _v‡K gyKzj| ...
Mddvi, Avãyj 45

g‡b nq wekvj GKUv †`Z¨, Ggbfv‡e dz‡j‡Q, ... GKUz GKUz K‡i jvkUv avb †L‡Zi Avov‡j Avcbv-Avcwb †f‡m
†h‡Z _v‡K (Gbvg, 2020 t 329-330)|
cvKnvbv`vi evwnbxi AvµgY Ges AgvbweK AZ¨vPv‡ii `„k¨ cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡K fxlYfv‡e bvov †`q| A‡b‡K Zvi wbR †ckv †Q‡o
Ab¨ †ckv a‡i Avevi †KD kni †Q‡o MÖv‡g G‡m †Kv‡bv GKfv‡e Rxebhvcb K‡i| Avgv‡`i bvqK BqvKze †`‡k cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek m„wó
nevi Av‡M GKeQi g‡Zv XvKvi GKwU weÁvcb ms¯’vq KvR Ki‡Zv| Rxeb wb‡q UvbvUvwb ïiæ n‡j †m Zvi †cvkv †Q‡o MÖv‡g P‡j Av‡m
Ges K‡jR wkÿK wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡i t
i³M½v e‡q hvIqvi ci XvKv kni †Q‡o cvjv‡bv w`‡knviv gvbylR‡bi A‡b‡KB bZzbfv‡e A‡bK A‡f¨m ivsSvjvB
K‡i wb‡”Q| MÖv‡gi K‡j‡R gv÷vwi Ki‡jI gv‡Si †ek wKQz eQi †K‡U‡Q XvKvq (Gbvg, 2020 t 313)|

1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© iv‡Z ev½vwji Dci AwZwK©Z nvgjv Pjvq cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqi †iv‡Kqv n‡j _vKZ
†invbv| A‡bK †g‡qi g‡Zv Zv‡KI cvIqv hvq XvKvi ivRc‡_| Uzbyi e³‡e¨ †invbvi Rxe‡bi Kvwnwb Ges hy‡× bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wPÎ
cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q D‡b¥vwPZ nq Gfv‡e : ÔmvZw`b a‡i †invbv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R c‡o Av‡Q| GK †fvi‡ejvq iv¯Ívi av‡i c‡o _vK‡Z †`‡L
nvmcvZv‡j Zz‡j w`‡q hvq †KD (Gbvg, 2020 t 328)|
XvKv †dir BqvKz‡ei g‡a¨ hy‡×i `vgvgv bv evR‡jI hy‡×i ZrciZv Avgiv gyKz‡ji g‡a¨ cy‡ivcywi †`L‡Z cvB| gyw³evwnbxi m‡½
†hvMv‡hvM, civgk©, Zv‡`i A‡¯¿i †hvMvo, Zv‡`i Lvevi-`vevi, bZzb bZzb RvqMv wPwb‡q †`Iqv Ges Zv‡`i †Uªwbs msµvšÍ hveZxq Kv‡R
me mgq gyKzj‡K Avgiv Zrci †`wL t
g‡b nj †h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡YB †nvK gyKzj †hb GKUz †ewk iK‡gi e¨¯Í; †fZ‡i †fZ‡i Aw¯’i, Zvi †Kv‡bv Zvov Av‡Q|
ÔAvgv‡i Avevi †nB ga¨cvovq †gjv Ki‡Z nBe, me eyBSv jÕ (Gbvg, 2020 t 317)|

GKw`‡K cvK nvbv`vi evwnbx, Ab¨w`‡K kvwšÍ KwgwUi m‡½ hy³ nq Rqbvj †k‡Li g‡Zv wKQz †jv‡Ki †`ŠivZ¡| gvbeZv ZLb
jywÉZ, †K KLb †Kv_vq A¨vUvK nq Z_v Avµg‡bi wkLvi nq †KD Rv‡b bv| GgbB GK Aw¯’i Ges ev‡R mgq cvi KiwQj mevB| hvi
`vc‡U †MvUv GjvKv _i _i K‡i Kuv‡c, †mB wcqvi †gvnv¤§`I nVvr ¸wjwe× n‡q hvq t
myePbx †_‡K †Kv‡bv GKUv KvR †m‡i †divi c‡_ †cvovM½vi Lv‡j `yg K‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q hvq wcqvi †gvnv¤§‡`i
†bŠ‡Kv| ... LvMove‡bi Avov‡j ¸o–g ¸o–g K‡i `y‡Uv ¸wji kã dvU‡ZB †bŠ‡Kvi cvUvZ‡bi Ici mUvb n‡q ï‡q
c‡o wcqvi †gvnv¤§`| ZZÿ‡Y Wvb Kuv‡ai GKUv cv‡k hv Muv_vi Zv †Mu‡_ †M‡Q (Gbvg, 2020 t 317)|

XvKv Qv‡ov, XvKv Qv‡ov| G †hb cÖ‡Z¨K ü`‡qi GK mZ¨ ePb| †h XvKvq gvby‡li wf‡o cv †djevi †Kv‡bv dzimZ _v‡K bv, †mB
XvKvi evZvm AvR †g‡jUvix‡`i RyZvi AvIqvR, awl©Zvi AvZ¥wPrKvi, ¯^Rb nviv‡bvi AvnvRvwi‡Z fvix n‡q †M‡Q fxlYfv‡e| †h hvi
g‡Zv MÖv‡g †h‡q †Kv‡bv g‡Z RxebUv‡K euvPv‡”Q| Ae¯’vUv wVK Ggb : Ô¸wji k‡ãi f‡q XvKv kn‡i bv wK GLb Avi GKwU cvwLI Wv‡K
bv| mZ¨-wg_¨v Rvwb bv, Z‡e kni †_‡K hvivB Av‡m, Zv‡`i mK‡ji gy‡L GB GKB K_v ïb‡Z cvBÕ (Gbvg, 2020 t 327)| Ggwb
GK wefxwlKvgq mgq cvi KiwQj XvKvevmx| g‡bvqvi Ii‡d Uzby Zvi PvPv‡Zv †evb †invbv‡K eÜz BqvKz‡ei Kv‡Q cvwV‡q AšÍZ cÖv ‡Y
euvPvqÑ wPwVi fvlY Ggb t
†invbv Avgvi PvPv‡Zv †evb; wb‡Ri †ndvR‡Z ivwLm| KZ¸‡jv Kvi‡Y I‡K XvKv †_‡K mwi‡q w`‡Z nj| ... †Zv‡K
GKUz R¡vjvZb mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡e, †`‡ki †h Ae¯’v Zv‡Z GB R¡vjvZbUzKz Kze †ewk GKUv wKQz bq, Gi †P‡q †`‡ki
gvbyl A‡bK †ewk mn¨ Ki‡Q, A‡bK †ewk ... wkMwMi AvmwQ (Gbvg, 2020 t 326)|

1971 mv‡ji Kv‡jv iv‡Z XvKvi mKj RvqMvi g‡Zv †iv‡Kqv njI Uv‡M©‡Ui evB‡i _v‡Kwb| KviY †mL‡b AvIiv‡Zi emevm|
cvK‡mbviv Zv‡`i †hŠbZv wbe„Ë Ki‡ZB QvÎxnj‡K †e‡Q †bq| H n‡ji A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv †invbvI †jvjycZvi wkKvi| Jcb¨vwmK
Rvbv‡”Qbt
†invbv‡K Uzby Zvi eÜz BqvKz‡ei Avkvq cvVvq| K‡jR wkÿK BqvKz‡ei m‡½ †invbvi †LjvNi wbwg©Z nq GK
cwiZ¨v³ `vjv‡b, hv Avw`bv‡_i wfUv bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| evwoi Pviw`‡K †SvcSvo Avi R½jÓ (Avjcbv 2017 t
59)|

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †iv‡Kqv nj †_‡K Zz‡j wb‡q wg‡jUvwi K¨v‡¤ú AZ¨vPvwiZ †invbv GLb PvPv‡Zv fvB Uzbyi gva¨‡g MÖv‡g G‡m
wgVzmvi MÖv‡gi Avw`bv‡_i wf‡U bvgK evwo‡Z wgwó gayi GK Rxeb AwZevwnZ Ki‡Q| †invbv 25 gvP© iv‡Zi AZ¨vPv‡ii d‡j wKQzUv
A¯^vfvweK n‡q hvq| bvqK BqvKze welqwU Rv‡b A‡bK c‡i| ARvbv, A‡Pbv eÜzi †QvU‡evb †invbv‡K wb‡q ebg‡a¨ GK †cv‡ovevwo
cwiZ¨³ evwo‡Z fv‡jvB PjwQj Rxeb-hvÎv| Zv‡`i ivbœv-evbœvi Ggwb GK msmvix Avjvc‡bi `„k¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB t
ÔGLb Avwg Kx w`‡q WvjUv evMvi w`B e‡jv‡Zv! GKUz †cuqvR-imy‡bi wKQz †c‡jB n‡q †hZÑÕ
ÔbvI bv Pvwj‡q †Kv‡bvg‡Z, †KD †Zv Avi GLv‡b `vIqvZ †L‡Z Avm‡Q bvÑÕ (Gbvg, 2020 t 337)|
gvngy`yj n‡Ki †LjvNi t gyw³hy‡×i ¯^Zš¿ AwfÁvb 46

wkÿKZv GK gnvb †ckv| fv‡jv wkÿ‡Ki gh©v`v ev K`i wQj, Av‡Q Ges _vK‡e| Dcb¨v‡mi gyKzj P›`ªI †Zgwb GKRb
bvgWvKIjv wkÿK| GjvKvi me‡P‡q `vcy‡U †bZv we.wW. †cqvi †gvnv¤§` Zvi †Q‡j ZweeZ‡K cov‡bvi Rb¨ gyKzjP›`ª‡K wbe©vPb Kiv
nq| Avi gyKzjP‡›`ªi _vKevi cÖm½ Avm‡j wcqvi †gvnv¤§` Avw`bv‡_i wf‡Uq _vKevi e¨e¯’v K‡i †`q (¯‹zj gv÷vwi‡Z Zvi fv‡jvfv‡eB
P‡j †hZ, Z‡e gv_v †MuvRvi mgm¨v wQj)|
we.wW. wcqvi †gvnv¤§‡`i GKwU gvÎ †Q‡j ZweeZ GKUz †evKv ai‡bi; cici `yeQi †dj gvivq gyKz‡ji Ici fvi
c‡o Zv‡K †cv³ Kivi| gv÷vwi‡Z gyKz‡ji mybvg wQj| †mB myev‡`B Zv‡K Zwee‡Zi fvi wb‡Z nq (Gbvg, 2020 t
314)|

AwZw_civqYZvq evOvwji mybvg wek¦‡Rvov| Pvwiw`K wbivcËvnxbZv, evZv‡m jv‡ki MÜ, e›`y‡Ki AvIqvRÑ mewKQz wgwj‡q fxlY
weiw³Ki GK mgq cvi K‡i‡Qexi evOvwjiv| Gi g‡a¨I Rxe‡bi SuywK wb‡q Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡nv‡hvwMZvq GZUzKz Kvc©Y¨ K‡iwb|
Dcb¨v‡m †`Lv hvq t
Rxe‡bi SuywK wb‡qI GB mgq Zvov-LvIqv evB‡ii gvbylRb‡K †h hvi ÿgZv g‡Zv wbwe©Pv‡i AvkÖq w`‡q hv‡”Q, hvi
wKQz †bB †mI AšÍZ `ygy‡Vv ïK‡bv wPu‡o Avi GK Møvm cvwb †`qvi g‡Zv gb iv‡L (Gbvg, 2020 t 339)|

gvngy`yj nK †LjvNi Dcb¨v‡m gyw³hy‡×i nvjPvj eY©bv Ki‡Z †h‡q gvbe Rxe‡bi bvbv Abyl½ Gu‡K‡Qb `iw` nv‡Zi †Quvqvq| GK
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j G Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv gv‡bB nq bv| Kx n‡e GZ my›`i Mvwo-evwo w`‡q G me †i‡L GKw`b †Zv P‡j †h‡Z n‡e GB
bk¦i `ywbqv †_‡K| meB c‡o _vK‡e Agi Aÿq n‡q, _vK‡ev bv †Kej Avwg| Zvn‡j †Kb G‡Zv G‡Zv G‡Zv wKQz Kivi †Póv †Kb
gvbyl‡K VKv‡bv †Kb cÖfve we¯Ívi‡K †K›`ª K‡i GZ Lyb, al©Y, AbvPvi AZ¨vPvi, †invbv-BqvKz‡ei Avjvc-PvwiZvq Avgiv GB welqwU
jÿ Kwi t
Ô†Kb †h gvbyl RvqMvRwg evwoNi‡`vi K‡i, Avgvi gv_vq Av‡m bvÑÕ ... ÔZvi gv‡b? nVvrÑÕ
ÔGB †`‡Lv bv, Avw`bv‡_i wf‡UevwoUv‡KB; GUv Lvov Kivi R‡b¨ nq‡Zv Kv‡iv Mjvq Qzwi ewm‡qwQj; Pzwi-†PvÆvwg
†nb KvR †bB hv K‡iwb, wKsev a‡iv Gme wKQz bq; e¨emvi †cvQ‡b w`b ivZ MiæÑ LvUzwb †L‡U GB me RvqMvRwg
K‡iwQj| ... wKš‘ Kx jvf, K‡e g‡i me f~Z n‡q †M‡Q, GLb evwZ R¡vjveviI †KD †bB;Õ (Gbvg, 2020 t 340)|

cÖfve, cÖwZcwË I AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi‡K †K›`ª K‡i eZ©gvb mg‡q †hgb Lyb, ivnvRvwb Pjgvb, wVK †Zgwb ZrKvjxb mg‡qi PvjwPÎ
†LjvNi Dcb¨v‡m ¯úófv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q| we.wW. wcqvi †gvnv¤§` GgbB GK Îvmm„wóKvix `vcy‡U †bZv| †nb Lvivc KvR †bB hv †m K‡i
bv| bZzb bZzb bvix †fvM Zvi Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| Zvi jv¤ú‡vU¨i weiæ‡× K_v e‡j †nb mvnmI †KD ivL‡Zv bv|ÒKvi Nv‡o `kUv
gv_v wcqvi †gvnv¤§‡`i K_v †d‡j, AvPKvj cvqRvgv c‡i †m Avi bv‡Uk¦‡ii B`y ˆQqvj GK mgq Avqye Lv‡bi BdZvi cvwU©‡Z cvZ
†c‡Z‡Q e¨vcvi m¨vcviB Avjv`vÓ (Gbvg, 2020 t 314)|
Lyb, al©Y, Puv`vevwR, †g‡qcvPvimn mKj A‰bwZK Kv‡R GKgvÎ †nvZv I AvkÖq`vZv wc.wW. †cqvi †gvnv¤§`| ûgwK avgwK‡ZI †m
†miv| cÖwZ iv‡Z †evZj †L‡j †g‡q‡`i mv‡_ mgq †`evi mgq wcqvi †gvnv¤§` gyKzjP›`ª‡K Rov‡bv K‡É e‡j t
Zvi †PŠwKi Zjvq KL‡bv KL‡bv `y-GKUv K¨viæ †Kv¤úvwbi †evZj c‡o _v‡K, ... †`B‡Lv gv÷vi, gvBb‡mi Kv‡b
M¨v‡j KBjvg B¾‡Z Avjwcb nqv hvBe| †KD‡i N‡i wbev bv, jyKvqv _yBqv w`ev †evZjLvb, B¾Z wbqv Kvievi Ñ
(Gbvg, 2020 t 315)|

†LjvNi Dcb¨v‡m Avgiv †`wL, UvKv DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ Afvwe evev-gv Zvi †lvokx †g‡q‡K A‡b¨i nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q mvb‡›` mgq
KvUvq UvKvi A‡cÿvq| we.wW. wcqvi †gvnv¤§`I †mB my‡hvMwU AvMÖ‡ni m‡½ Kv‡R jvMvq| ÔAgb AvUwc‡V avwoevR GKUv †jvK, hvi
K_vq MÖv‡gi †jvKRb Uz kãwU bv Zz‡j IV‡evm K‡iÕ (Gbvg, 2020 t 315)| A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk †g‡qgvbyl Ges NbemwZc~Y© H GjvKvq
†cqvi †gvnv¤§` Ggb †Uvc †dj‡Zv t
GK GKUv `y¯’ cwiev‡ii gv-evev B‡”Q K‡i wb‡R‡`i †g‡q‡`i Ac‡ii nv‡Z Zz‡j‡`b, ... Zv‡`i N‡i N‡i †g‡qI
cÖPzi; ... k•Lwbwa †iv‡Wi gRby my›`ix `qmv Avi RygevBj †j‡bi †cbvwewe gv‡S gv‡S GivI G‡m `y-GKivZ †_‡K
hvqÓ (Gbvg, 2020 t 315)|
gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| hZB AcwiwPZ †nvK bv †Kb GK m‡½ wKQz w`b GKB mgv‡R emevm Ki‡j G‡K Ac‡ii Lye Kv‡Qi n‡q
hv‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| cvÄvwe †mbv‡`i Øviv iv‡Zi ci ivZ al©‡Yi d‡j A‡bKUvB A¯^vfvweK n‡q hvIqv †invbv| wbweo cwiPh©v Ges
wbivcËv Lyu‡R cvq MÖvg¨ wkÿK BqvKz‡ei Kv‡Q| g‡bi ARv‡šÍB Zviv G‡K Aci‡K fxlY Avcb fve‡Z _v‡K Ges fvjevmvi Av`vb
cÖ`vb ïiæ nq| Rjwcwc, Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`wL t
Avbœv GKUv nvZ w`‡q Avgvi Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i| Zvici †Pv‡L Avi Kcv‡j Pz gy Lvq| ... Avbœvi nvZ Avgvi Mjvq
Rov‡bv, †m Zvi w`‡K GKUz K‡i Uvb‡Z _v‡K; ... Avgvi nvZ wb‡q Zvi ey‡Ki Ici †P‡c aij †m, ÔeyS‡Z cv‡iv,
Avgvi wKš‘ Lye Kó n‡”Q|ÕcvM‡ji g‡Zv Avwg Ii Mv‡j Pzgy LvB, Zvici `y nv‡Z nuvUzRvwo‡q a‡i gv_v wbPz K‡i c‡o
_vwK (Gbvg, 2020 t 341)|
Mddvi, Avãyj 47

gvbyl gvÎB myL cÖZ¨vkx| myL bvgK †mvbvi nwiY A‡b‡Ki Rxe‡b nq‡Zv ev Aaivq †_‡K hvq| †Zgwb GK `yf©vM¨ wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY
K‡iwQj Dcb¨v‡mi †invbv| †QvUKv‡j †m evev-gv Kv‡iv Av`i fv‡jvevmv cvqwb| eyKfiv ¯^cœ wb‡q †m G‡mwQj D”Pwkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z|
†`‡ki †mevq nq‡Zv AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡e †Kv‡bv GKw`b| †mLv‡b †m n‡jv cvK‡mbv‡`i al©‡Yi wkKvi| iv¯Ívq †d‡j ivLv nq Zv‡K|
nvmcvZv‡ji †mev †k‡l Uzbyi gva¨‡g †`Lv †g‡j mij wek^v‡mi hyeK BqvKz‡ei m‡½| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Uzby Avi BqvKz‡ei K‡_vcK_‡b †invbvi
Rxe‡bi ARvbv Kv‡jv Aa¨vq duvm n‡j, †invbv Avovj †_‡K Zv †R‡b hvq| †invbv fv‡e, GLb BqvKze Zv‡K Avi wek¦vm Ki‡e bv|
Zv‡`i fv‡jvevmvi †Ljvi Ni wUK‡e bv| GB Avk¼vq I j¾vq ZrÿYvr †invbv PvPv‡Zv fvB Uzbyi m‡½ AwbwðZ Rxe‡b cvwo †`q|
†invbvi RxebUvB AwbðqZvq fiv| myL-mg„× Zvi fv‡M¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡jB †Rv‡Uwb| †invbvi evj¨Kv‡ji K_v Avgiv Uzbyi KvQ †_‡K
Rvb‡Z cvwi t
hLb †Kv‡ji, ZLb Av‡iKR‡bi m‡½ cvwj‡q †Mj Ii gv; j¾vq Kv‡iv Kv‡Q gyL †`Lv‡Z bv †c‡i †k‡l Mjvq `wo
w`j evcUvI| `v`v-`vw`i Kv‡Q gvbyl| es‡ki GKgvÎ †g‡qÑ (Gbvg, 2020 t 354)|
GB Dcb¨v‡m gvngy`yj nKÑ BqvKz‡ei I †invbvi `yw`‡bi †LjvNi iPbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖvq Awek¦vm¨ ev¯ÍeZv w`‡q, wbqwZ-KwVb
mvi‡j¨, gyw³hy‡×i evB‡i ÿwY‡Ki kvwšÍ`x‡c XvKvi AvÂwjK Rv`yKix mij fvlvi K‡_vcK_b w`‡q| cÖK…w Zi Mfxi Mfxi evwoi †fZ‡i
mKj Av‡qvRb I Aven †kl ch©šÍ Avgv‡`i gvqvRv‡ji ew›`wkwe‡i Av”Qbœ K‡i iv‡L| hy‡×i †fZ‡i hy× we‡ivax-†PZbvq Av‡›`vwjZ,
A_P myw¯’i PwiÎ Avbœv (wecÖ`vm, 2010 t 180)|
wbR †ev‡bi Dci Ggb AZ¨vPvi Uzby †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| †Zgwbfv‡e welq wek¦vm Ki‡ZI m‡e©v”P n‡”Q mij †mvRv
DcKvix hyeK BqvKz‡ei| BqvKze û û Kvbœv ïiæ K‡i †`q| `yB eÜzB hLb A¯^vfvweK n‡q hvq `viæbfv‡e †i‡M wM‡q wbR †`‡ki g‡a¨
hviv nvZ ¸wU‡q e‡m _vKv evOvwj‡`i D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Uzby e‡j t
Òkvjviv ï‡qv‡ii ev”Pv kvjviv KzËvi ev”Pv, G‡`i R‡b¥i wVK †bB, kvjviv e‡m e‡m gvi Lv‡”Q, G‡`i Kv‡Q
B¾‡ZiI †Kv‡bv `vg †bB, G‡`i gy‡L Avwg gy‡Z w`BÑÕ (Gbvg, 2020 t 354)|
Dcb¨v‡mi me©‡kl Aa¨v‡qi bvg Ôg¨vwRK gyKzjÕ| Uzby †invbv‡K wb‡q †M‡j BqvKze A¯^vfvweK n‡q c‡o| †m †invbv‡K wb‡q
Kíbvi Rvj eyb‡Z _v‡K| gyKzj e‡j t ÔZvn‡j Gn‡b ZzB wdwiÕÑ ... Ôn wWDwUI cvBwQwj GKLvb, euvBPv M¨vQmÕ (Gbvg, 2020 t
356)| hy‡×i fqvenZv †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| gyKzj hy× cwiPvjbv wb‡q m`ve¨¯Í| †m BqvKze‡K e‡j t ÔAvBRKv Z‡i †gwRK `¨vnvgy, †gwRK
†evSQÕ? (Gbvg, 2020 t 356) wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B Avw`bv‡_i wf‡UB 7 Rb UMe‡M ZiæY A¯¿mn nvwRi| G‡`i mevB †`‡ki Rb¨ Ni-
evwo †Q‡o †ewi‡q c‡o‡Q| ZvivB ZvjZjvi K¨v¤úI SuvSiv K‡iwQj| gyKzj Zv‡`i m‡½ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`q BqvKz‡ei wVK Gfv‡e t
ÔKvDjKv ZvjZjvi K¨v¤ú GB †cvjvcvb¸wj SuvSiv KiwQj, GB nBj wMqv Zi Aveyj KgvÛvi, Avgv‡Mv AvDUkvwni †cvjvÑÕ(Gbvg,
2020 t 356)| †`L‡Z †`L‡Z wgVzmv‡ei Avw`bv‡_i wf‡U hy× cwiPvjbvi Ab¨Zg NvwU‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv |hy‡×i fqvenZvi ga¨ w`‡qB
gvngy`yj nK Zuvi †LjvNi Dcb¨vm †kl K‡i‡Qb|
gyw³hy× evOvwj Rxe‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| gyw³hy‡×i cÖfve ivóªxq I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi g‡Zv wkí-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z
mgfv‡e cÖengvb| m„wókxj †jLK gvÎB GB cÖfve †_‡K wb‡R‡K Ges Zvi m„wóKg©‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| †`kgvZ…Kvi Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z-
cÖvY evOvwj bvix-cyiæl ˆckvwPKZvi Møvwb‡K Zz”QÁvb K‡i‡Q mKj msMÖv‡g| Zv‡`i GB AvZ¥Z¨vM, m¤£gnxbZv, jvÃbv RvwZ AvRI
kÖ×vf‡i g‡b †i‡L‡Q|m„wókxjZvq Abb¨ gvngy`yj nKI Zuvi †LjvNi Dcb¨v‡mi Pwiθ‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q, we‡kl K‡i †K›`ªxq PwiÎ
g‡bvweKjbMÖ¯’ †invbvi gva¨‡g †kl ch©šÍ exiv½bvi gh©v`vq Avmxb K‡i‡Qb| †invbvi Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q Jcb¨vwmK ¯úó Ki‡jb, †`‡ki
Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Z¨vMB KL‡bv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq bvÑ mg‡qi cwiµgvq RvwZ GKw`b Zv P~ovšÍ gh©v`vq Avmxb K‡i| †LjvNi Dcb¨v‡mi
cwi‡cÖwÿZ hy×vµvšÍ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³ msMÖvgKvjxb e¨w³gvby‡li m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi m‡½ hy×vµvšÍ evsjv‡`k, hy×`„k¨vewj, hy×
m¤ú‡K© e¨w³gb¯ÍË¡ mgvšÍivj †¯ªv‡Z cÖengvb Ges A‡bKvs‡k Zv ci¯ú‡ii cÖZxKv‡_©I Dc¯’vwcZ|

Z_¨m~Î
Avjcbv, AqwbKv| (2017)| gvngy`yj n‡Ki Dcb¨vm-wkígvbm I gyw³hyׇPZbv| †eûjv evsjv, XvKv|
ingvb, Avwgbyi myjZvb | (1424)| Kvwj I Kjg| gvngy`yj n‡Ki Dcb¨vm t Ab¨ GK exiv½Yv, XvKv|
Gbvg, Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv| (2022)| gvngy`yj nK iPbvewj| cÖ_g LÐ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv|
(nvmbvZ Aveyj, nK , gwd`yj I Gbvg , Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv) m¤úv| (2010)| Av‡jvQvqvi hyMjew›` gvngy`yj nK ¯§i‡Y| mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, XvKv|
eo–qv, wecÖ`vm (2010)| †LjvNi Avbœv cÖK…wZ| gvngy`yj nK; Aveyj nvmbvZ, gwd`yj nK I Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Gbvg m¤úv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk,
XvKv|
miKvi, gvbœvb Ave`yj| (2007)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbKZvi Kzkxje| evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv|
bvnvi, Kvgiæb| (1427)| gvngy`yj n‡Ki Dcb¨vm t Rxeb ev¯ÍeZvi wg_w¯‹ªqv| iex›`ª wek¦we`¨vjq cwÎKv, msL¨v 2, kir|
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The journal authority is not accountable for any estimations of the author presented in the article.