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THE IAW OF TORTS
IN SINGAPORE

Second Edition
ABOUT THE LAW PRACTICE SERIES

The series aims to publish seminal works on key subject areas in legal
practice.
Corporate Law (2015)
Competition Law and Policy in Singapore (2nd Ed) (2015)
Personal Property Law (2014)
THE LAW OF TORTS-
Intellectual Property Law of Singapore (2013) IN SINGAPORE
Principles of Civil Procedure (2013)
The Law of Contract in Singapore (2012)
Second Edition
A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law (2012)
The Cri.mirial Procedure Code of Singapore - Annotations and
Commentary (2012)
The Law of Torts in Singapore (2011)
The Law of Agency (2010) Gary Chan Kok Yew
LLB (Hons), MA (SoutheastAsian Studies)
Corporate Governance - Practice and Issues (2010)
(National University of Singapore),
Competition Law and Policy in Singapore (2009) BA (Philosophy), LLM (Merit) (University of London);
Sentencing Principles in Singapore (2009) Advocate and Solicitor {Singapore),
Auorney and Counselor-at-Law (New York};
Modern Advocacy- Perspectives from Singapore (2008) Associate Professor of Law, School of Law,
Ethics and Professional Responsibility - A Code for the Advocate Singapore Management University
and Solicitor (2007)
LeePeyWoan
LLB (Hons) (King's College, University of London),
BCL (University of Ox.ford);
Barrister (Middle Temple),
Advocate and Solicitor (Singapore);
Associate Professor of Law, School of Law,
Singapore Management University

It\ Academy
~ Publishing
2016
Academy Publishing is a division of the Singapore Academy of Law.
The Singapore Academy of Law is the promotion and development agency
for Singapore's legal industry. Its vision is to make Singapore the legal hub of
Asia. It aims to drive legal excellence through developing thought leadership,
world-class infrastructure and legal solutions. It does this by building up the
intellectual capital of the legal profession by enhancing legal knowledge,
raising the international profile of Singapore law, promoting Singapore as a
centre for dispute resolution and improving the efficiency of legal practice
through the use of technology. More information can be found at
www.sal.org.sg.
DISCLAIMER
Views expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of Academy
Publishing nor the Academy. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure
that the information contained in this work is correct, the authors, Academy
Publishing and the Academy disclaim all liability and responsibilil)• for any
error or omission in this publication, and in respect of anything, or the
consequences of anything, done or omitted to be done by any person in
reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon the whole or any pan of the
contents of this publication.
COPYRIGHT
© 2016 Gary Chan Kok Yew and Lee Pey Woan.
Published by Academy Publishing under exclusive licence.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
any retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, whether
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the
written permission of the copyright holders. All enquiries seeking such
permission should be addressed to:
Senior Director, Academy Publishing
Singapore Academy of Law
1 Supreme Court Lane, Level 6
Singapore 178879
Tel No: (+65) 6332 4388 Fax No: (+65) 6334 4940
E-mail: academypublishing@sal.org.sg
, .. 'll''lT'"'_,
9 789810 977092
Preface
Tort law has continued to develop apace in the intervening period
since the first edition of the book was published in 2011: new torts
have emerged, existing torts re-formulated, and important
clarifications made on the scope of specific torts and doctrines.
Unsurprisingly, the Singapore judiciary has been a major contributor
to the growth of local tort jurisprudence. Of particular significance is
the Court of Appeal decision in See Toh Siew Kee v Ho Ah Lam
Ferrocenzent (Pte) Ltd which subsumed the law on occupiers' liability
under the tort of negligence. Consequently, occupiers' liability is no
longer considered in a separate chapter but is examined as a specific
aspect of duty of care in chapter 4. At the same time, chapter 4 has
been re-organised by carving out the discussion on the impact of
contractual and statutory contexts on duty of care. This topic, which
has received considerable attention both locally and abroad, is now
considered in chapter 5. The total number of chapters remains at 20.
This edition also considers other significant decisions on the law of
negligence. These include:
• Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC and AEL v Cheo
Yroh & Associates LLC (lawyer's duty to the intended beneficiaries
under an invalid will);
• Ramesh s/o Krishnan v AXA Life Insurance Singapore Pte Ltd (duty
of ex-employers to ex-employees when writing employment
references); and
• Go Dante Yap v Banlt Austria Creditanstalt AG and Deutsche Bank
AG v Chang Tse Wen (duties of banks with respect to investment
and other advice).
Developments in defamation and malicious falsehood are marked by
the Court of Appeal's decision in Low Tuck Kwong v Sukamto Sia,
which laid down important guidelines on the elements, defences and
remedies of these torts. Interesting and novel issues involving
defamation via new media (blog and Facebook postings) were also
considered in GoU:len Season Pte Ltd v Kairos Singapore Ho/,dings Pte Ltd
and Zhu Yong Zhen v ATA Singapore Pte Ltd (chapters 12 and 13).
v
 Preface

In Staywell Hospitality Group Pt)' Ltd v Starwood Hotels & Resorts

Worldwide, Inc, the Court of Appeal revisited the contentious issue of
whether pre-trading activity would generate the requisite goodwill for
purposes of passing off (chapter 14). In the burgeoning area of
economic torts, EFT Holding. Inc v Marinteknik Shipbuilders (S) Pte Ltd
has provided important clarifications on the scope of unla,'lful means Contents
conspiracy (chapter 15). The landmark case of Skandinaviska Enskilda
BanllBn AB (Puhl), Singapore Branch v Asia Pacific Brewems (Singapore) Pte
Ltd on the "close connection" test in vicarious liability was decided
shortly before the first edition went to print, and we are happy to now
include it in this edition (chapter 19).
On the legislative front, increased urbanisation and populati~n Page
density have precipitated two new torts. The statutory tort of v
Preface
harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act allows victims xxiii
Table ofCases
of harassment to claim damages from the perpetrators (chapter 2); xciii
Table ofLegislatum
whilst the Community Disputes Resolution Act 2015 has ushered in a
Other Sources Referred 1o CV
new statutory tort of interference with a person's enjoyment or use of
his place of residence (chapter 10). I
Chapter I Introduction to Law of Torts
Where relevant, we have also highlighted important developments
in English tort law. These include James Rhodes v OPO (clarffying the By Gary Chan
scope of the rule in Wilkinson v Downton in chapter 2); Lawrence v Fen A Introduction l
Tigers Ltd (touching on a broad range of issues in nuisance in B. Historical background 2
chapter 10); as well as Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK (~n joint C. Distinction between law of torts and other areas of law 4
1. Tort versus criminal law 4
tortfeasance in chapter 18).
This second edition would not have materialised without the 2. Ton versus contract law 6
assistance and support of many people. We thank our colleagues, 3. Tort versus restitution 7
friends and students for their kind and constructive feedback and for 4. Tort versus equity 8
highlighting to us the errors and ambiguities in the first edition. D. Tort theories 9
We are also grateful to the team at Academy Publishing for L Corrective justice 9
rendering invaluable editorial assistance with much dedication and 2. Distributive justice 12
meticulousness. Finally, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to 3. Combination of corrective and distributive justice 14
The Honourable Judge of Appeal Justice Andrew Phang Boon Leong 4. Retributive justice 15
without whose support and encouragement this book would not have 5. Deterrence 15
been written. 6. Law and ecor1omics 17
7. Moral and ethical considerations 20
Gary Chan and Lee Pey Woan 8. Protection from infringement of lights 22
12 November 2015 E. Classifications within law of torts 24
1. Conduct of defendant 24
(a) Acts and omissions 24
(b) State of mind 25
(i) Intention 25
(ii) Negligence 26
(iii) Strict liability or near strict liability 27
2. Types of protected interests 28

vi vii
 Conten ls Ccntenls

Page Page
F. Sources of law of torts in Singapore and relevance of (c) Fair,justand reasonable or public policy 101
precedents from England and Commonwealth 30 (i) Excessive policy making by judges 102
(ii) Floodgates arguments and indeterminacy of
Chapter 2 Intentional Torts to the Person 35 liability 103
By Gary Chan (iii) Defensive conduct and availability of
A. Introduction 35 resources 104
l. Intention and negligence 36 (iv) Compromising the objectives of public
B. Battery 39 good and social utility 105
1. Direct physical contact with plaintiff 39 (v) Contractual risk allocation and insurance 105
2. Intentional act of defendant 41 (vi) Statutory duties, purposes and remedies 105
3. Unjustified physical contact 42 (vii) Other policy considerations 106
C. Assault 43 (d) Foreseeability, proximity and policy: Their
D. False imprisonment 45 inter-relationships 106
l. Direct act 46 4. Development of the Singapore approach 108
2. Intentional act 47
3. Confinement or restraint within particular area Chapter 4 Duty of Care: Ordinary Duties, Special
delimited by defendant 49 Scenarios and Parties 113
E. Defences to trespass to person 51 By Gary Chan
1. Consent 52 A. Introduction 113
(a) Meaning and scope of consent 52 B. Ordinary and specific scenarios 114
(b) Patient's right to refuse medical u·eatrnent 54 I. General or ordinary duties 114
(c) Withdrawal of consent 58 (a) Negligent act causing personal injury 114
2. Defence of necessity 60 (i) Road users and road accidents 115
3. Self-defence 61 (ii) Manufacturers, retailers and distributors of
4. Defence of lawful arrest and detention 62 products 116
F. Rule in Wilkinson v Dorunton 65 (iii) Employers' duties towards employees at the
G. Statutory tort of harassment 69 workplace 116
(iv) Occupiers' duty with respect to personal
Chapter3 Tort of Negligence: Overview and General injuries on premises 119
Duty of Care 77 (v) Other duties arising from claims for
By Gary Chan personal injuries 123
A. Introduction 77 (b} Negligent act causing property damage 124
B. Introducing legal requirements of negligence action 2. Special mechanics of harm 126
79
c. Duty of care: General principles and concepts (a) Real omissions 126
80
I. Introducing framework for duty of care: Spandeck (i) Omission of defendant to protect plaintiff
En.gi.ncering (S) Pte Ltd v Defence Science & Technowgy from harm 128
Agency 81 (ii) Omission to prevent third parties from
2. Historical background and English common law of causing harm to plaintiff 129
negligence 3. Special type of harm 135
82
(a) Pure economic losses 135
3. Explaining elements of duty of care 89
(a) Factual foreseeability and reasonable (i) Negligent misstatements causing economic
losses 137
foreseeability 89
(b) Proximity 93 (ii) Negligent acts causing economic losses 148

viii ix
 Contents Contents

Page Page
(b) Personal injury and property damage arising from (e) Reliance 215
negligen t misstatements 159 (f) Control exercised by d1e defendant 217
(c) Psychiatric harm 162 (g) Vulnerability and dependence of the plaintiff
(i) Negligent acts causing psychiatric harm 162 vis-<l-vis the defendant 218
(A) First proximity requirement: Class of (h) Proximity may arise outside of statutory
persons (or relational closeness) 165 framework 218
(B) Second proximity requirement: 2. Policy considerations 219
Proximity to accident in time and (a) Criminal sanctions for breach of statutory duty
space (or temporal closeness) 166 and the lacuna in statutes 219
(c) Third proximity requirement: Means (b) Indeterminacy ofliability 220
by which shock was caused (c) Conflicting duties owed to different parties 220
(or perceptional closeness) 167 (e) Availability of alternative statutory remedies and
(ii) Negligent statements causing psychiatric processes 222
harm 176 (f) Interaction between the first and second limbs of
(d) Special harm: Wrongful birth and wrongful life the Sparuieck framework 222
claims 178 (g) Where common law duty of care is inconsistent
(i) Wrongful birth - Claim by mother 178 with statutory scheme 223
(ii) Wrongful life - Claim by child 181 (h) Statutory immunity 224
c. Special defendants 183 D. Interaction of statutory and contractual frameworks 224
1. Public authorities 183
2. Lawyers 187 Chapter6 Tort of Negligence: Breach of Duty 227
By Gary Chan
Chapter 5 Duty of Care: Contractual and Statutory A Introduction 227
Frameworks 193 B. Standard of care: General principles 228
By Gary Chan C. Factors to determine standard of care 232
A. Introduction 193 L Likelihood and risks of harm 233
B. Contractual framework and duty of care 194 2. Extent of harm 235
1. Concurrent liability in contract and tort 195 3. Costs of avoiding harm 236
2. Voluntary assumption of responsibility and other 4. Other factors 238
proximity factors 196 (a) Defendant's conduct or activity 238
3. Express and implied contractual duty and duty of care 198 (b) Hazard or danger posed to plaintiff 239
4. Contractual terms concerning the nature of the (c) Reliance on third parties 240
relationship between the parties 200 (d) Industry standards or common practice 240
5. Alternative means of resolution of disputes under the (e) Standard of care of employers towards employees 244
contract 202 (f) Public authorities 245
6. Exemption of liability clauses 203 (g) Professionals 246
7. Insurance clauses 204 D. Conflicting expert evidence on standard of care: Bolam and
8. Duty of care inconsistent with contractual framework 205 Bolitho 247
C. Statutory framework and duty of care 207 E. Professionals and professional standards and practices 254
1. Proximity 210 l. Medical doctors and alternative medical practitioners 257
(a) The scope of statutory duty 210 2. Lawyers 259
(b) Type of damages recoverable under the statute 211 3. Statutory auditors 263
(c) The scope of protected class of persons 211 F. The rule of res ipsa loqv.itur 264
(d) Voluntary assumption of responsibility 214

x
 Contents Contents

Page Page
2. Specific scenarios 363
Chapter7 Tort of Negligence: Damage 271
3. Apportionment of liability 368
By Gary Chan
A. Introduction 271 Chapter 9 Breach of Statutory Duty 373
B. Causation of damage 272
B)' Gary Chan
1. Burden of proof in causation 275 373
A. Introduction
(a) "But for" test 277
B. Elements of tort of breach -0f statutory duty 375
(i) Limits of "but for" test 279
1. When does a private right of action arise 376
(b) Material contribution to damage 282
(a) Protection of limited class 378
(c) Material contribution to risks of damage 285
(b) Parliament's intention to confer private right of
(d) Loss of chance 292
action 379
(e) Causation in law: Successive torts and
(i) Where statute provides for criminal
non-tortious events - Jobling triumphs Bakerv
sanctions in event of contravention of
Wuloughby in Singapore 298 statutory duty 380
(f) Causation in law: Novus actus interveniens 301 (ii) Where statute provides for alternative
(i) Third-party act 302 382
remedies
(ii) Plaintiff's own act 305 (iii) Where statute does not provide for any
(iii) Natural causes 309 remedy or enforcement of duty 383
C. Remoteness of damage 311 (iv) Where statute provides for wide discretion
1. General principles 312 in manner of carrying out statutory duty 384
2. Special circumstances of plaintiff ("egg-shell-skull rule") 319 (v) Where Parliament could not have foreseen
(a) Physical circumstances 319 circumstances in which harm was suffered
(b) Financial circumstances 321 385
by plaintiff
3. Scope of duty, causation and remoteness: Banque 386
C. Statutory duty imposed on defendant
Bruxelks again and]S/ Shipping 322 388
D. Breach of statutory duty
E. Causation of damage 390
Chapter8 Tort of Negligence: Defences 329 F. Damage to be within scope of protection under statute 391
By Gary Clum G. Breach of statutory duty versus negligence 394
A. Introduction 329 H. Selected types of statutes 398
B. Defence of ex turfri. causa 330 1. Workplace safety and health statutes 398
c. Defence of vol.enti non fu injuria 339 2. Statutes relating to use of motor vehicles and insurance
I. Participation in inherently dangerous activities 341 policies and road traffic statutes 401
2. Drink driving 342 I. Defences 403
3. Sporting events and competitions 343 1. Volenli non fit injuria 403
4. Rescue 344 2. Contributory negligence 403
5. Employment 344 3. Ex turpi causa 405
6. Prisoners and suicide 345 4. Defence absolving employer's vicarious liability fol·
7. VoLmti defence and notices exempting liability 346 absolute breach of statutory duty 406
D. Exemption of liability 346
E. Defence of force majeure 357 Chapter 10 Interference ·with Land 407
F. Defence of inevitable accident 358
By Gary Chan
G. Contributory negligence 359 407
A. Introduction
1. Some general principles 361 407
B. Trespass to land

xii xiii
 Contents Contents

Page Page
l. Defendant's actS of interference 408 (i) Bailment 474
2. Voluntary and direct acts 410 (ii) Finders 475
3. Plaintiffs possession ofland 411 (iii) Possession by wrongdoers 477
4. Defences 413 (b) Right to immediate possession 479
5. Remedies 415 4. Subject of conversion 482
C. Nuisance 420 (a) Money 482
l. Conditions and activities interfering with plaintiff's use (b) Documentary intangibles 483
and enjoyment of land 422 (c) Non-documentary intangibles 484
2. Unreasonable interference 424 5. Defence 486
(a) Unsafe use 424 (a) Mistake 486
(b) Public benefit and social costs 425 (b) Contributory negligence 486
(c) Locality 425 ( c) ]us tertii 486
(d) Malice 426 6. Remedies 487
( e) Practicability of avoiding interference 427 (a) Damages 487
3. Who can sue 428 (b) Causation 494
4. Who can be sued 429 (c) Remoteness 495
5. Causation and foreseeability of damage 433 (d) Duty to mitigate 495
6. Defences 434 C. Detinue 496
7. Remedies 438 D. Trespass to goods 496
8. Nuisance versus negligence 443
D. Rule in Rylands v Fktclter 445 Chapter 12 Tort of Defamation: Establishing a Prima
1. Non-natural use of land 446 FacieCase 499
2. Escape of the "thing" 448 By Gary Chan
3. A "thing" likely to do mischief if it escapes 449 499
A. Introduction
4. Who can sue 450 l. Libel versus slander - The distinction 500
5. Who can be sued 451 2. Criminal defamation versus civil defamation 502
6. Causation and foreseeability of damage 451 B. Elements of a prima facie case of defamation 503
7. Defences 452 504
1. Whether statement is defamatory in nature
8. Remedies 453 505
(a) The legal tests
9. Rule in Rylands v Fktclzer versus nuisance 454 (b) Ascertaining defamatory meaning 511
(i) Natural and ordinary meaning 512
Chapter 11 Interference with Goods 459 (ii) True innuendo 515
By Lu Pey Woan (c) Different levels of defamatory meaning 517
A. Introduction 459 (d) Interpreting defamatory statements as a whole 520
B. Conversion 459 (e) Application for preliminary determination of
1. Conduct that constitutes conversion 460 defamatory meaning 520
(a) Taking or asportation 463 2. Reference to p laintiff 521
(b) Receipt and detention 463 (a) Group or class defamation 522
( c) Delivery 464 3. Publication 526
(d) Disposition 464
(e) Damage and destruction 465
2. Innocent intermediaries 465
3. Who may sue 469
(a) Actual possession 472

xiv xv
 Contents Contents

Page Page
Chapter 13 Tort of DefaJ11ation: Defences and Remedies 539 c. Remedies 589
l. Damages 589
B)' Gary Chan
(a) Basic compensatory damages 590
A. Introduction 539 (b) Aggravated damages 594
B. The defences 539 (c) Exemplary damages 595
1. Justification 539 (d) Mitigation of damages 596
2. Fair comment 544
(a)
2. Injunctions 598
Statement is in nature of comment 545
(b) Comment must be based on true facts 547 Chapter 14 False Representations 601
(c) Comment must be fair 549
(d) Comment must relate to matters of public interest 550 By Gary Chan and Lee Pt:y Woan
(e) Fair comment may be defeated by malice 551
A. Introduction 601
3. Absolute privilege B. Deceit 601
554
(a) Parliamentary proceedings 555 1. Whether defendant's representation was false 602
(b) Judicial proceedings 2. Knowledge of falsity or r ecklessness as to uuth or
556
(i) Meaning and scope ofjudicial proceeding otherwise of statement 605
557
(ii) Statements made for purpose of and prior 3. Whether representor intended representation to be
to judicial proceeding acted upon 607
558
(c) Executive matters 4. Whether plaintiff acted on or was induced by
561
(d) The Riddick principle representation 608
561
4. Qualified privilege 5. Whether plaintiff suffered damage 609
562
(a) Duty-interest test 6. Burden of proof 610
563
(b) Protection of self.interests 7. Quantification of damages 611
567
(c) Fair and accurate reports of parliamentary and 8. Defences 613
judicial proceedings at common law 568
c. Malicious falsehood 614
(d) Statutory qualified privilege I. Publication of falsehood 615
568
(e) Ancillary or derivative privilege 2. Malice 618
571
(f) Qualified privilege may be defeated by malice 572 3. Causation of damage 620
(i) Defendant actuated by improper or ulterior 4. Remedies 620
motive 5. Malicious falsehood and defamation 623
572
(ii) Defendant did not honestly believe D. Passing off 624
statement was true or was reckless as to I. Goodwill 624
truth of statements (a) Distinctive or descriptive? 625
573
(g) Meaning of malice in qualified privilege different (b) Secondary meaning 627
from malice in fair comment (c) Distinctive name becoming descriptive 628
574
(h) No transfer of malice (d) Getup 629
576
(i) Applicability of public interest defence in (e) Proof of goodwill 631
Singapore 576
2. Misrepresentation 634
5. Innocent dissemination (a) Types of misrepresentations 635
583
6. Statutory defence for network service providers which (i) Misrepresentation as to source 635
merely provide access to third party materials (ii) Misrepresentation as to quality 638
584
7. Offer of amends (iii) Misrepresentation as to connection 638
585
8. Assent or consent by plaintiff (b) Is misrepresentation deceptive? 639
586

xvi xvii
 Contents Contents

Page Page
(c) Parallel imports 644 C. Developments in England and Commonwealth on protection
(d) Instruments of deception 645 of privacy interests 711
3. Damage 646 D. Arguments for and against a tort of privacy 716
1. Gaps in existing causes of action fo1· protection of
Chapter 15 Economic Torts 651 privacy 717
By Lee Pey Woan 2. Statutory provisions, regulations, rules and codes and
A. Introduction 651 danger of parliamentary inertia 718
B. Inducing breach of contract 653 E. Issues relating to development of tort of privacy 724
1. Knowledge and intention 655 l. What is private information? 724
2. Procurement 659 2. When are privacy rights infringed? 728
(a) Direct persuasion or inducement 659 3. Right of privacy for corporations? 729
(b) Prevention and indirect intervention 660 4. Defence of public interest 730
(c) Inconsistent dealings 662 5. Remedies 731
3. Breach 663
4. Damage 664 Chapter 17 Abuse of Process and Power:
5. Justification 664 Malicious Prosecution and Misfeasance in
C. Inducing breach of other obligations 665 Public Office 737
D. Causing loss by unlawful means 666 By Gary Chan
1. Intention 668 A. Introduction 737
2. Unlawful means 670 B. Malicious prosecution 737
E. Intimidation 674 1. Plaintiff was prosecuted by defendant 739
I. Threat 675 2. Prosecution was in plaintiff's favour 742
2. Unlawful conduct 675 3. P rosecution \Yas without reasonable and probable cause 742
3. Two- and three-party liability 677 4. Prosecution was malicious 746
4. Justification 679 C. Tort of misfeasance in public office 747
F. Conspiracy 679 1. Act done or decision by public body or office 749
1. Conspiracy by lawful means 680 2. State of mind of defendant 750
(a) Combination 681 3. Foreseeability versus probability of harm 751
(b) Predominant purpose to injure 683 4. Proof of actual damage 752
(c) Damage 684
2. Conspiracy by unlawful means 685 Chapter 18 Parties, Joint Torts and Personal Liability for
(a) Combination 685 Torts 753
(b) Intention 687 By Gary Clum and Lee Pey Woan
(c) Unlawful means 690 A. Introduction 753
B. The parties 753
Chapter 16 Protection of Privacy Interests in Tort 697 I. Government 754
By Gary Chan. 2. Corporations 758
A. Introduction 697 3. General partnerships and limited liability partnerships 760
8. Action based on breach of confidence 703 4. Unincorporated bodies 760
1. Quality of confidence 704 5. Mentally incapable or disordered persons 761
2. Obligation of confidence 707 6. Parents and children 761
3. Unauthorised use 708 7. Deceased persons and estates 763
4. Defences 710

xviii xix
 Contents Contents

Page Page
C. Joint torts 763 1. Compensatory damages 824
l. Compensation byjoint torlfeasors 767 2. Aggravated damages 825
2. Contribution againstjoint tortfeasors 769 3. Exemplary or punitive damages 827
3. Tortfeasor's claim for indemnity 770 (a) Exemplary damages in negligence 832
D. Personal tortious liability of employees, officers and directors 771 4. Nominal damages 835
1. Director's personal liability 772 5. Contemptuous damages 836
2. Employee's perso!lal liability 775 6. Vindicatory damages 836
3. Partner's personal liability in a limited liability 7. Restitutionary damages 838
partnership 776 8. Damages for personal injuries and death 840
(a) General damages 841
Chapter 19 Vicarious Liability 779 (b) Special damages 847
By Gary Chan (c) Claims by estate of deceased person 848
A. Int.roduction 779 (d) Dependants' claims 848
B. Rationales for vicarious liability 780 (e) Provisional damages 849
C. When does vicarious liabilty of employers arise 782 (f) Interest 851
1. Whether there is an employer-employee relationship 783 9. Property damage 851
(a) Agency workers 785 10. Pure economic losses 854
(b) Lending and borrowing of worker 786 11. Non-recoverable heads of damages 855
(c) Dual vicarious liability 789 12. Mitigation of damage 856
(d) Relationships akin to employment 791 c. Account of profits 858
2. Whether employee committed the tort 792 D. Iajunctions 860
3. Whether employee committed tort in course of 1. Prohibitory and mandatory injunctions 860
employment 793 2. Final and interim injunctions 861
(a) Special scenarios 801 3. Quia limet injunctions 862
(i) Detour 801 4. Damages in lieu of injunctions 863
(ii) Travelling to perform work 801 E. Limitation periods 865
(iii) Employee's fraud 802 1. Date of accrual of action in tort 866
(iv) Ent.rusunent of thing to employee 803 2. Negligence, nuisance or breach of duty in section 24A
(v) Negligent performance at work 803 of the Limitation Act 868
(vi) Acting contrary to employer's instructions 804 3. Knowledge in section 24A of the Limitation Act 871
(vii) Employee's personal vengeance or 4. Overriding time limit in section 24B of the Limitation
retaliation 805 Act 873
5_ Actions based on fraud in section 29 of the Limitation
D. Vicarious liability of vehicle owners 808
E. Vicarious liability verS'US liability under agency principles 810 Act 874
F. Employees versus independent cont.ractors - Vicarious liability 6. Limitation periods in respect of equitable damages and
verS'US breach of non-delegable duties 813 injunctions in tort actions 874
G. Employers' claims against employee for indemnity 820 7. Limit.'ltion periods for tortious actions for account of
profits 875
Chapter 20 Remedies in Tort 823 8. Impact of disability of plain tiff 875

By Gary Chan
A. Introduction 823 877
Index
B. Damages 824

xx x:xi
Table of Cases

Para

A
A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation),
Re [2001] Fam 147 ................................................................................. 02.066
A v B [2003] QB 195 .................................................................................... 16.075
A v Bottrill [2001] 3 NZLR 622 (CA) ......................................................... 20.028
Av Bottrill (2002] UK.PC 44; [2003) 2 NZLR 721 .............. ......... 20.028, 20.029,
20.030, 20.032
A v Google New Zealand Ltd [2012) NZHC 2352 ........ ............................. 12.092
A v Hoare [2008] 1AC844 ......................................................... ................ 20.135
A L Underwood, Ltd v Bank of Liverpool and
Martins (1924] 1 KB 775 ........................................................................ 11.043
A&W Hemphill Ltd v Williams (1966]
2 Lloyd's Rep 101 ........................................................... ......................... 19.058
AAA v Associated Newspapers Ltd [2012]
EWHC 2103 .......................................... ................................................... 16.078
Aaron Anne Joseph v Cheong Yip Seng [1996)
I SLR(R) 258 .................................................. 12.015, 12.037, 13.003, 13.012,
13.027, 13.032, 13.106
AAYvAAZ [2011) 1SLR1093 .................................................................... 16.012
AB v South West Water Services Ltd [1993] QB 507 ....... 20.012, 20.020, 20.024
AB v Tameside and Glossop HA [1997] 8 Med LR 91 .............................. 04.155
Abani Trading Pte Ltd v PT Delta Karina Mandiri
[2001) 3 SLR(R) 404 .......................................... ......... ........................... 15.014
Abdul Rahman v Attorney-General [1985- 1986)
SLR(R) 705 ..................................... .... ....................................... 18.011, 18.012
ABZ v Singapore Press Holdings Ltd [2009]
4SLR(R) 648 ................................................................ 12.019, 13.091, 13.112
ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd (20141 2 SLR 990 ................... 01.041, 04.165,
04.166, 07.104
Acclaim Insurance Brokers P te Ltd v Chow Cheng
Chye (2007] SGMC 21 ............................................................................ 02.085
ACD v See Mun Li (2009] SGH C 217......................................................... 20.081
ACES System Development Pte Ltd v Yenty Lily
(2013) 4 SLR 1317 ........................ .... ......................................... 10.027, 20.045
AdamvWard [1917) AC309 ............................................................ .......... 13.066
Adams v Kennedy (2000) 49 NSWLR 78 .................................................... 20.027
Adams v Rhymney Valley District Council [2001]
PNLR 4 ............................................ ... .... .... ............................................. 06.051

x..xiii
 Table of Cases
Para
Addie & Sons Ltd v Dumbreck (1929) AC 358 ..........................................04.017
Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak (2009]
239 CLR 420 ............................................................................................ 04.053
AEL v Cheo Yeoh & Associates LLC (2014)
3 SLR 1231 .....................................................................03.057, 04.103, 04.104
Aerospace Publishing Ltd v Thames Water Utilities
Ltd [2007) Bus LR 726; [2007] EWCA Civ 3 .........................................20.095
Afro-Asia Shipping Co (Pte) Ltd v Da Zhong
Investment Pte Ltd [2004) 2 SLR(R) 117................................06.084, 06.087,
19.089, 20.019
AG Spalding & Bros v AW Gamage Ltd (1915)
32 RPC 273 .............................................................. ................... 14.080, 14.089
AHQ v Attorney-General (2014) 4 SLR 713 (HC) ..................................... i8.007
AHQ v Attorney-General (2015] 4 SLR 760 (CA) ...................................... 18.007
Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd
[1983) l WLR 964; (1983) 1 All ER 101 ............. ...................................08.049
Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v
James [2013] 3 WLR 1299 ......................................................................02.059
Aitken Agencies Ltd v Richardson [1967) NZLR 65 .................................. 11.010
Ajinomoto Sweeteners Europe SAS v Asda Stores Ltd
(2011] QB 497 .................................................. ....... ................................ 14.041
Akenzua v Secretary of State for the Home
Department (2003) 1 WLR 741 ................................... 17.034,17.039, 17.041
Al Amoudi v Brisard (2007) 1WLR113 ..................................................... 12.084
AJ. Enterprises Ltd v Bram Enterprises Ltd (2014]
sec 12 ..................................................................................................... 15.035
Alcoa Minerals ofJamaica Inc v Herbert Broderick
(2002] 1AC371 ......................................................................... 07.112, 20.007
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police
(1992) l AC 310 ...........................................................04.123, 04.125, 04.127,
04.129, 04.130, 04.133
Alcock vWraith (1991) 58BLR16.............................................................. 19.092
Aldabe Fermin v Standard Chartered Bank (2010)
3 SLR 722 ................................................................................................. 14.005
Al-Fagih v HH Saudi Research and Marketing (UK)
Ltd (2002) EMLR 13, (2002) EMLR 215............................................... 13.104
Ali v City of Bradford Metropolitan DC (2012)
l WLR 161 ............................................................. .................................. 05.048
Al-Kandari v J R Brown & Co (1988) QB 665 .............................................03.059
Allan William Goldman v Rupert William Edeson
Hargrave (1967) 1AC645 ............................................04.037, 10.063, 10.097
Allen v British Rail Engineering Ltd [2001)
PIQR QlO ................................................................................................07.034
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd {1981) AC 1001 ........................................... 10.069
Alliance Entertainment Singapore Pte Ltd v Sim Kay
Teck [2007) 2 SLR(R) 869 ..................................................................... 16.055
Allianz Insurance Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Ma
Shoudong [2011] 3 SLR 1167 ................................................................04.016
Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons & Simmons
[1995] 1WLR1602 ......................................... 07.009, 07.029, 07.058, 07.060,
07.061, 07.062, 07.063
Al-Nakib Investments (Jersey) Ltd v Longcroft [1990]
1 WLR 1390 .............................................................................................04.076
xxiv
Tabl.e of Cases
Para
Alwie Handoyo v L]ong Very Sumito (2013)
4 SLR 308 ......................................................... .......... ................ 11.041, 11.043
Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111 ................................................. 07.048
American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (1975] AC 396 ............................. 20.118
Amixco Asia Pte Ltd v Bank Negara Indonesia 1946
[1991) 2 SLR(R) 713 .............................................................................. 15.068
AMM v HXW (2010) EWHC 2457 (QB) .................................................... 16.085
Amus bin Pangkong v Jurong Shipyard Ltd (2004]
I SLR(R) 839 .......................................................................................... 09.035
Amutha Valli d/ o Krishnan v Titular Superior of the
Redemptorist Fathers in Singapore (2009)
2 SLR(R) 1091 .............................................................. 02.073,04.119, 04.150
An Informer v Chief Constable (2013) 2 WLR 694 ................................... 06.040
ANBvANC (2015) SGCA43 ...................................................................... 16.068
ANB v ANF (2011) 2 SLR 1 .................................. 12.053, 12.083, 13.007, 13.008
Ancona v Rogers (1876) 1 Ex D 285 ........................................................... 11.025
Anderson v Newham College of Higher Education
[2003) ICR 212 ....................................................................................... 08.076
Andreae v Selfridge & Co, Ltd [1938) Ch 1.. ............................................. 10.048
Ang Alek v Sembawang Bethlehem Pte Ltd (1998)
2 SLR(R) 1004 ........................................................................................ 09.069
Ang Eng Lee v Lim Lye Soon (1985-1986)
SLR(R) 931 ............................................................................................. 08.104
Ang Leng Hock v Leo Ee Ah (2004) 2 SLR(R) 361 .................................. 20.065
Ang Sin Hock v Khoo Eng Lim [2010] 3 SLR 179 ..................................... 14.008
Ang Tiong Seng v Goh Huan Chir (1968-1970)
SLR(R) 778 ............................................................................................. 06.067
Ang Toh Wah v Goh Loh [1974-1976) SLR(R) 472 ................................. 19.020
Anglo-Cyprian Agencies Ltd v Paphos Wine
Industries Ltd [1951] l All ER 873 ........................................................ 20.037
Angus v Clifford [1891] 2 Ch 449 ............................................................... 14.013
Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar NP (1984]
FSR413 .................................................................................................... 14.063
Animal Concerns Research & Education Society v
Ai'JA Contractor Pte Ltd [2010] SGHC 85 ............................................ 05.041
Animal Concerns Research & Education Society v
Tan Boon Kwee [2011] 2 SLR 146 (CA) .................... 05.019, 05.040, 05.042,
05.043, 05.044, 05.066, 05.068,
05.070, 05.071, 09.007
Annabel's (Berkeley Square) Ltd v G Shock [1972)
RPC 838 .............. ..................................................................................... 14.108
Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002)
211 CLR317 ............................................................................................ 04.123
Anos v Merton London Borough Council [1978)
AC 728 ............................................................. 03.024, 03.025, 03.026, 03.027,
03.052, 03.053, 03.062, 03.083,
03.084, 03.085, 03.086, 03.088,
04.073, 04.087, 04.089, 04.099,
04.176, 04.177, 05.039, 05.054
Antariksa Logistics Pte Ltd v McTrans Cargo (S) Pte
Ltd (2012) 4 SLR 250 ...................................... 11.011, 11.017, 11.028, 11.036
xxv
 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Antrim Truck Centre Ltd v Her Majesty The Queen Associated Provincial Pictui·e Houses, Ltd v
in Right of the Province of Ontario [2013] Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 ...................... ....... 04.172, 17.031, 20.023
1 SCR 594 ............................................................................................. ... 10.044 Astley v Austrust (1999) 197 CLR 1 ............. ......................... ...................... 05.024
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC Atkinson v Newcastle Waterworks Co (1877)
[2014] 3 SLR 761 ......................... ................................03.056, 03.057, 04. 102, 2 Ex D 441 ............................................................................................... 09.018
04.103, 04.185, 04.186, Attia v British Gas plc [1988) QB 304......................................................... 04.148
04.187, 05.013, 20.051 Attorney General v Blake [1998) Ch 439 (CA) .......................................... 16.080
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC Attorney General v Blake [2001) l AC 26& (HL) ...................................... 11.058
[2014) SGHC 234....................... .................... ....... ..................................20.036 Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2)
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Cho ng & Hue LLC [1990] 1AC109 ......................................................................... 16.029, 16.080
[2015] SGCA 49 .......................................... ............................................ 20.036 Attorney-General v Ho Tee M ing (1968-1970)
AOD, a minor suing by the litigation representative v SLR(R) 382 .............................................................. ............................... 04.170
AOE [2014] SGHCR 21 .......................................................................... 20.080 Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape L.t d [1976) .
Appleton v Garrett [1996) PIQR Pl ...................... ........................0 2.054, 20.013 QB 752 ...................................................................................................... 16.083
Araveanthan v Nippon Pigment (S) Pte Ltd [1992) Attorney-General v Lee Kwai Hou Howard, Xu Yuen
1SLR(R)167 ..............................................................................04.011, 09.033 Chen , Loh Hong Puey Andrew, Choo Zheng X i,
Archerv Brown [1985] QB 401 ..................................................... .14.020, 20.011 Lee Song Kwang and Ting Choon Meng [2015)
Archibald Nugent Robinson v Balmain New Ferry Co SGDC 114 .................................................... ............................... 02.084, 18.013
Ltd [1910] AC 295 ............................... ....... ........................ .......02.061, 02.063 Attorney-General v Observer Ltd (1990) I AC 109 ......... 16.020, 16.024, 20.110
Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Str 505 .... ............... ..........................11.023. 11.029 Attorney-General v PYA Quarries Ltd [ 1957]
Armstrong v Times Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [2006] 2 QB 169 ........................................................................... ....................... 10.033
1WLR2462 ............................................................................................. 12.045 Attorney-General v RAnpazhakan [1999]
Arnold Mann vThe Medicine Group Pty Ltd (1991) 3 SLR(R) 810 ............................................................... 06.027, 06.028, 06.040,
105 FLR419 (SC, ACT) ................................................... ....................... 12.067 18.005, 18.006
Arnold Mann, Re v The Medicine Group Pty Ltd Attorney-General v Tod Heatley [1897) 1 Ch 560 ..................................... 10.060
(1992) 38 FCR 400 (Fed Ct, Aust) .................................. ....................... 12.067 Attorney-General.at and by the Relation of
Aron Salomon v A Salomon & Co, Ltd [1897) AC 22 ............................... 18.041 Pesurohjaya lbu Kota (Commissioner of the
Arthur v Anker [1997] QB 564........................................................... ......... 10.031 Federal Capital), Kuala Lumpur v Wan Kam Fong
Arthur JS Hall & Co v Simons [2002) 1 AC 615 ............................ 04.181, 04.184 [1967] 2 MLJ 72 ...... ..................................... ....... ...................... .... .... ...... 10.033
Arthur V\Thite (Contractors) Ltd v Tarmac Civil Attorney General of the British Vil-gin Islands v
Engineering Ltd [1967] 1WLR1508 .................................................... 18.038 Hartwell [2004) 1WLR1273 ................................................................. 19.068
Arul Chandran v Chew Chin Aik Victor [2001) Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago v
I SLR(R) 86 ...................................................... 13.010, 13.065, 13.087, 13.141 Ramanoop (2006] I AC 328 .... .............................................................. 20.041
Arul Chandran v Gar tshore [2000] 1 SLR(R) 436 ..........c• •• •••• •• •• •• •••• ••••••••• 15.061 ATU v AT'l (2015] 4 SLR 1159 ..... ....................... 12.082, 13.140, 13.141, 20.015
Ashby v V\Thite (1703) 2 Raym Ld 938; 92 ER 126 ............09.040, 17.027 , 17.040 Au Mun Chew v Lim Ban Lee (1997] 1 SLR(R) 220 .... .... ........... 12.015, 13.128,
Ashley v Chief Const.able of Sussex Police [2008] 13.140, 13.141
1 AC 962 .......................................................................01.012, 01.064, 02.008, Austin v Commissioner o f Police of the Metropolis
0 2.068, 20.041 [20 08] QB 660 ............................................................................... ......... 02.070
Ashton vTurner [1981] QB 137 .......................................08.009, 08.010, 08.012 Auston International Group Ltd v Ng Swee Hua
Asia Beni Steel Industries Pte Ltd v Chua Chuan [2009] 4 SLR(R) 628 ................. ................................................... .......... 07.064
Leong Contractors Pte L td (1996) 3 SLR(R) 253 ... .................07.007, 19.022 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Lenah Game Meats
Asia Hotel Investments Ltd v Starwood Asia Pacific Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199; (2001) 185 ALR 1........... .......... 01.061, 16.037,
Management Pte Ltd [2005) 1 SLR(R) 661 .......................................... 07.061 16.038, 16.066, 16.072
Asia Pacific Publishing Pte Ltd v Pioneers & Leaders Australian Wool Innovation Ltd v Newkirk [2005)
(Publishers) Pte Ltd [2011] 4 SLR 381 .................................... 14.094, 14.097 \ FCA 290 ............................................... ............... ..................... ............... . 15.065
Asia Star, The [2010) 2 SLR 1154 ..................................................... ..........07.109 Auto Palace Pte Ltd v Sean L iew Cheng En [2013]
Asian Corporate Services (SEA) Pte Ltd v East:west ! SGDC 110 .... ......................... ..................................... .............................. 19.073
Management Ltd (Singapore Branch) [2006] .I Awan g bin Dollah v Shun Shing Construction &
I SLR(R) 901 .......................... ................................................................. 15.054 !
I
Engineering Co Ltd [ 1997] 2 SLR(R) 746................. 06.088, 06.091, 06.092,
Aspro Travel Ltd v Owners Abroad Group plc [1996) 09.030, 09.035, 09.057, 19.023
1WLR132 .................................................................................. 12.063, 13.009 AXA Ins urance S ingapore Pte Ltd v Chandran
Associated Newspapers Group pie v News Group s/o Natesan [2013) 4 SLR 545 ............ ............ 02.085, 02.086, 10.052, 16.058
Newspapers Ltd [1986] RPC 515 ........................................................... 16.008

xxvi xxvii
 Table of Cases
Para
B Lloyd's Rep PN 273; (2000) BCC 770 ................................................... 04.185
Bailey v Ministry of Defence [2009) 1WLR1052 .........................07.033, 07.047
Bakerv Asia Motor Co Ltd (1962] MLJ 425 ............................................... 14.012
Baker v Bolton (1808) 1Camp493; 170 ER 1033 ......................................04.110
Baker v Quantum Clothing Group Ltd [2011]
1\VLR1003 .............................................................................................09.036
Baker v T ~Hopkins & Son Ltd (1959) l WLR 966 .....................07.088, 08.036
Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 467 ......................07.065, 07.067, 07.068, 07.069
:alden v Shorter [1933] Ch 427 ................................................................. 14.045
allard v MPC (1983) 133 NLJ 1133 ...........................................................20.011
Ballett v Mingay (1943] KB 281 ................................................................... 18.025
Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson ( 1906)
4 CLR 379 ................................................................................................02.061
Bamford v Turnley (1862) 3 B & S 66; 122 ER 27.........................01.007, 10.043
Banco de Portugal v Waterlow and Sons, Ltd [1932]
AC 452 ..................................................................................................... 20.098
Bank of China v Asiaweek Ltd (1991] 1 SLR(R) 230 .................... 12.015, 12.019
Bank of Credit and Commerce (International)
(Overseas) Ltd v Price Waterhouse (No 2) [1998]
Ch 84 ........................................................................................................04.075
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Slatford
(1953) l QB 248 ...................................................................................... 19.013
Barber v Somerset County Council (2004)
1WLR1089 .................................................................. 04.015, 04.151, 06.024,
06.039, 19.087
Barclay v Penberthy (2012) 246 CLR 258 ......................................04.110, 05.024
Barings plc v Coopers & Lybrand (No 5) [2002]
EWHC 461 (Ch) ...................................................... ................................ 14.014
Barker v Corus (UK) Ltd (2006] 2 AC 572......................07.044, 07.045, 07.046,
07.047, 07.048, 07.049, 07.053
BarkervFurlong [1891] 2Ch 172 .............................................................. 11.016
Barkwayv South Wales Transport Co Ltd [1050]
AC 185; (1950] 1 All ER 392 ..................................................................06.087
BarleyvWalford (1846) 9 QB 197; 115 ER 1249 ....................................... 14.022
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital
Management Committee [1969] l QB 428 ...........................................07.018
Barr v Biffa Waste Services Ltd [2013) QB 455 ............................. 10.070, 10.072
Barrett v Enfield London Borough Council (2001)
2 AC 550 ........................................................................04.172, 05.074, 06.040
Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 1 WLR 1217 .....................................04.038
Bashford v Information Australia (Newsletters) Pty
Ltd [2001] NSWCA 470 .......................................................................... 13.065
Basil Anthony Herman v Premier Security
Co-operative Ltd [2010) 3 SLR 110 ............................ 12.053, 13.011, 13.022,
13.028, 13.037, 13.094, 13.095,
13.130, 13.140, 13.142
Bazley v Curry [1999] 2 SCR 534; (1999)
174 DLR (4th) 45 ............................................. 19.006, 19.039, 19.046, 19.069
BBMB Finance (Hong Kong) Ltd v EDA Holdings
Ltd [1990) 1WLR409 ............................................................... ll.054,11.058
xxviii
Tabl.e of Cases
Para
BDG Roof-Bond Ltd v Douglas [2000)
Beckett v New South Wales [2013) 248 CLR 432 ...................................... 17.014
Beckkett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG (2008)
2 SLR(R) 189 (HC) ...................................................... 15.064, 15.067, 15.069
Beckkett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG (2009)
3 S1:-R(R) 452 (CA) ................................................................................. 15.064
Beleggmg-en-Exploitaiemaatschappij Lavender BV v
Witten ~ndustrial Diamonds Ltd (1979] FSR 59 ................................... 18.028
Belmont Fmance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd
[1979) Ch 250 ............................................................................ 15.054, 15.056
Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd
(No 2) [ 1980) 1 All ER 393 ....................................................... 15.056 15 067
~eh.~oir ~inance Co Ltd vStapleton [1971) l QB 210 ............................. :.11:036
enJamm v Storr (1874) LR 9 CP 400 ........................................................ 10.039
~enn~tt v Tugwell (1971] 2 QB 267 ........................................................... 08.040
ennmgvWong (1969) 122 CLR 249........................................................ 10.082
Beoco Ltd v Alfa Laval Co Ltd [1995) QB 137........................................... 07.070
Berezovsky v Michaels [2000) 1 WLR l 004 ................................................ 20.127
Berkoffv Burchill [1997) EMLR 139; [1996)
4 All ER 1008 ............................................................................. .............. 12.026
Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd [ 1978]
QB479 ..................................................................................................... 10.007
Berry v British Transport Commission [1961]
1QB149 .................................................................................................. 17.007
Beryl Badger v The Ministry of Defence (2006)
3 All ER 173 ............................................................................................. 08.093
Bhagwan Singh v Chand Singh (1968-1970)
SLR(R) 50 ............................................................................................... 17.007
Biffa Waste Services Ltd v Maschinenfabrik Ernst
Hese GmbH [2009) @ 725...................................................... 19.096 19.097
Bik v Mirror Newspapers Ltd [1979) 2 NSWLR 679 ................................ :.12.078
Birch v University College London Hospital NHS
Foundation Trust (2008) 104 BMLR 168 .............................................. 06.049
Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742; 115 ER 668.................................... 02.044, 02.061
Bird v Pearce [1979) RTR 369 .......... .......................................................... 05.059
Bisset v Wilkinson [ 1927] AC 177 ............................................................... 14.007
BlackshawvLord (1984) QB 1 ................................................................... 13.111
Blackwater v Plint (2005] 3 SCR 3 .............................................................. 19.030
Blake v Galloway (2004] 1v\ILR2844 ............................................ 02.052, 06.022
Bloodworth v Gray (1844) 7 Man & G 334;
135 ER 140 .............................................................................................. 12.007
Blue Nile Co Ltd v Emery Customs Brokers (S) Pte
Ltd (1991) 2 SLR(R) 962 .......................................................... 19.061, 19.062
Blyth v The Company of Proprietors of the
Birmingham Waterworks (1856) 11 Exch 781;
156 ER 1047 ............................................................................................ 06.006
BNJ v SMRT Trains Ltd [20H] 2 SLR 7 ........................... 04.025, 06.087, 09.030
BNM v National University of Singapore [2014]
2 SLR 258 (HC) ............................................... 04.027, 06.037, 19.102, 19.103
BNM v National University of Singapore [2014]
4 SLR 931 (CA) ............................................................ 04.027, 06.037, 07.019,
19.015, 19.018
xxix
 Tab/,e of Cases
Para
Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onsho1·e Led [2010]
3 WLR654 .................................................................................. 10.006, 10.007
Body Corporate No 207624 v Nol"th Shore City
Council (2012] NZSC 83; [2013) 2 NZLR 297......................................04.091
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee
(1957) l WLR 582 ...........................................06.042, 06.043, 06.044, 06.046,
06.048, 06.049, 06.050, 06.051,
06.052, 06.053, 06.054, 06.055,
06.063, 06.077, 06.079, 07.074
Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998]
AC 232 ..........................................................................06.043, 06.044, 06.046,
06.048, 06.051, 06.052,
06.053, 06.054, 06.063,
06.076, 06.079, 07.018, 07.074
Bollinger v Costa Brava Wine Co Ltd [1960) RPC 116 .............................. 14.090
Bolton v Stone (1951) AC 850 ...........................................06.018, 06.026, 07.105
Bonnard v Perryman (1891) 2 Ch 269 ........................................... 13.149, 14.056
Bonnick v Morris (2003) 1 AC 300 ................................................ 13.099, 13.105
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw (1956) AC 613 ..... :............. 07.031, 07.032,
07.034, 07.047, 07.048
Bookbinder v Tebbit [1989) l \IVLR 640 .................................................... 13.006
Bordeaux v Jobs 1913 Ca.-swellAlta 86 ........................................................ 12.079
Borders (UK) Ltd v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis (2005) EWCA Civ 197 ..........................................................20.023
Bou Malhab v Diffusion Metrnmedia CMR inc 2011
sec 9; c20111 I scR 214 ........................................................................ 12.060
Boui.-goin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food (1986] QB 716 ...............................................................................09.003
Bowaterv Rowley Regis Corp (1944) KB 476 .............................................08.037
Boyce v Paddington Bornugh Council (1903]
1Ch109 ...................................................................................................09.017
Boyle v Kodak (1969] 2 All ER 439 ................................................09.069, 09.073
Bracewell v Appleby (1975] Ch 408 ............................................................20.046
Bradford v Robinson Rentals Ltd (1967] 1 WLR 337 ................................07.101
Bradford City Metl"opolitan Council v Arora [1991)
2 QB 507 .............. .................................................................................... 20.020
Bradley v Wingnut Films Ltd (1993] 1 NZLR 415...................................... 16.039
Brandeis Goldschmidt & Co Ltd v Western Transpon
Ltd [1981) QB 864 .................................................................................. 11.058
Branson v Bower (No 1) (2001) EMLR 32 .................................... 13.015, 13.018
Brent Walker Group pie v Time Out Ltd [1991]
2 QB 33 .................................................................................................... 13.026
Brice v Brown (1984] 1 All ER 997 ............................................................. 07.108
Bddges v Hawkeswonh (1851) 21 LJ QB 75 .............................................. 11.031
Bridlington Relay Ltd v Yorkshh'e Electricity Board
(1965) l Ch 436 ........................................... ........................................... 10.049
Brierly v Kendall (1852) 17 QB 937; 117 ER 1540 ........................ 11.020, 11.028
Bdmelow v Casson (1924) 1 Ch 302 ........................................................... 15.024
Brink's Global Services Inc v Igrox Ltd (2010]
EWCA 1207.............................................................................................. 19.064
Bristol Conservatories Ltd v Conservatories Custom
Built Ltd (1989) RPC 455 ............................................. 14.086, 14.098, 14.101
xxx
Tab/,e qf Cases
Para
Britestone Pee Ltd v Smith & Associates Far East, Led
[2007) 4SLR(R) 855 ................................................................. 07.014, 20.036
British American Tobacco Australia Ltd v Gordon
(2009] VSC 619 ....................................................................................... 15.065
British Celanese Ltd v AH Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd
(1969) 1WLR959......................................................... 10.037, 10.093, 10.105
British Columbia v Zastawny (2008) 1SCR27 .......................................... 08.008
British Crane Hfre Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd
[1975] QB 303 ........................................................................................ 08.043
British Motor Trade Association v Salvadori (1949)
Ch 556 ........................................................................................ 15.017, 20.095
British Railway Traffic and Electric Co, Ltd v The
CRC Co, Led [1922) 2 KB 260................................................................ 14.033
British Railways Boal"d v Herrington ( 1972) AC 877 ................................. 04.01 7
British Telecommunications pie v James Thomson &
Sons (Engineers) Ltd (1999] l WLR 9 .................................................. 05.033
British Telecommunications pie v One In A Million
Ltd (19991 1 WLR903 ................. ........................................................... l4.105
British Vacuum Cleaner Co, Ltd v New Vacuum
Cleaner Co, Ltd [1907] 2 Ch 312 .......................................................... 14.069
British Westinghouse Electtic and Manufacturing
Co, Ltd v Underground Electric Railways
Company of London, Ltd (1912) AC 673 ............................................. 20.098
Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001)
206 CLR 512 ............................................................................................ 05.061
Brnok Street Bureau (UK) Ltd v Patdcia Dacas
[2004) ICR 1437 ..................................................................................... 19.017
Brnoke v Boo! (1928] 2 KB 578 .................................................................. 18.028
Brook.field Multiplex Ltd v Owners Corporation
Strata Plan 61288 (2014) HCA 36 ............................... 05.015, 05.037, 05.088
Brooks v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
[2005) l v\TLR 1495................... ........ ...................................................... 03.072
Brown v Raphael (1958) Ch 636 ................................................................. 14.007
Brown v Rolls Royce Ltd (1960] I v\ILR 210 .............................................. 06.034
Brown v The Mount Bal"ker Soldiers' Hospital
Incorporated (1934} SASR 128.................... .......................................... 04.157
Brnwne v Thomson & Co (1912) SC 359 ................................................... 12.060
Brumder v Motornet Service and Repairs Ltd (2013}
I WLR 2783 ............................................. ................................................ 09.073
Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609 ................. 01.089, 04.090, 04.095, 05.015
Bryanston Finance Ltd v de Vries [1975} QB 703 ..................................... 13.083
Buchanan vJennings (2005) 1AC115 ....................................................... 13.045
Buckley v Dalziel (2007) 1 WLR 2933 ......................................................... 13.055
Buckley v Gross (1863) 3 B & S 566; 122 ER 213 ....................................... 11.049
Buckley and The Toronto Transportation
Commission v Smith Transport Led ( 1946)
4 DLR 721................................................................................................ 06.009
BuggevBrown [1919] 26CLR110 ........................................ .................... 19.066
Bunt v Tilley (2007] l WLR 1243................................................................ 13.115
Burnie Pon Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd (1994)
179 CLR 520; (1994) 120 ALR 42 ................... 01.075, 10.138, 10.139, 19.100
Burroughes v Bayne (1860) 5 H & N 296;
157 ER 1196 ................................... ......................................................... 11.004
xxxi
 Tabl.e of Cases Table <?{Cases

Para
Burstein v Times Newspapers Ltd (2001 ) 1 WLR 579 ............................... 13.147
Burstein of Leigh v Skyviews and General Ltd (1978)
QB 479 ..................................................................................................... 16.045
Business Computers International Ltd v Registrar of
Companies [1988) Ch 229 .....................................................................05.077
Bux v Slough Metals Ltd [1973) 1WLR1358 ............................................09.047
Byrne v Deane [1937] 1KB818 ........................... 12.021, 12.088, 12.089, 12.090
c Carr-Saunde1·s v Dick McNeil Associates Ltd (1986)
C (adult: refusal of medical treatment), Re [1994]
1 WLR 290 ...............................................................................................02.056
C v Holland (2012] 3 NZLR 672 ................................................................. 16.071
C Evans & Sons Ltd v Spritebrand Ltd (1985)
1WLR317; [1985) 2 All ER 415 ............................................... 18.028, 18.045
Cadam v Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd (1959}
1QB413 .................................................................................................. 13.009
Cadbury Schweppes Inc v FBI Foods Ltd (2000)
FSR 491 .................................................................................................... 16.078
CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Accidents Insw•mce
Board (2009) HCA47 .............................................................................04.039
Calix v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago
(2013) 1WLR3283 ................................................................................. 17.026
Calveley v Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police
(1989) AC 1228 .......................................................................................09.020
Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd (2009) Ch 330 ..........................07.121, 08.098
Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather pie
[1994) 2 AC 264 .............................................. 10.068, 10.109, 10.114, 10.124,
10.133, 10.135, 10.136, 10.139
Caminer v Northern & London Investment Trust,
Ltd (1951) AC 88 ....................................................................................06.058
Cammish v Hughes (2013) EMLR 13 ............................................ 12.027, 12.095
Campbell v MGN Ltd (2003) QB 633 (CA) ............................................... 16.075
Campbell v MGN Ltd (2004] 2 AC 457 (HL) .................01.080, 16.007, 16.033,
16.035, 16.036, 16.041, 16.042,
16.061, 16.062, 16.063, 16.066,
16.070, 16.075, 16.078
Canada Steamship Lines Ld v The King (1952)
AC 192 ..............................................................08.044, 08.045, 08.048, 08.050
Canadian National Railway Co v Norsk Pacific
Steamship Co [1992] 1 SCR 1021 ................................03.084, 04.089, 04.093
Canadian Pacific Railway Co v Lockhart (1942]
AC 591 .....................................................................................................19.067
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951) 2 KB 164...................... 03.023, 04.061
Candlewood Navigation Corp Ltd v Mitsui OSK Lines
Ltd (1986] AC 1 ......................................................................................04.029
Canterbury v Spence 464 F 2d 772 (1972) ....................................06.050, 06.044
Caparo Industries pie v Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 .....................03.025, 03.027,
03.030, 03.052, 03.077, 03.083,
03.086, 03.088, 04.073, 04.074,
04.076, 04.077, 04.079, 04.099,
04.133, 04.134, 05.050, 05.052,
05.079, 08.020
Para
Capital & Counties plc v Hampshire County Council
( 1997] QB 1004 ............................................... 04.036, 04.051, 05.055, 05.056
Capital Finance Co Ltd v Bray (1964) 1\VLR323 ..................................... 11.011
Capps v Miller (1989) 1WLR839 ............................................................... 08.087
Carlgarth, The (1927] P 93 ......................................................................... 10.019
Carmarthenshire County Council v Lewis (1955]
AC 549 ........................................................................... 06.021, 18.023, 19.093
Carnes v Thompson 48 SW 2d 903 at 904 ( 1932) ...................................... 02.023
1 WLR 922 ............................................................................................... 20.046
Carslogie Steamship Co Ld v Royal Nonvegian
Government (1952) AC 292 ................................................................... 07.070
Cartledge v EJopling & Sons Ltd (1963) AC 758 ...................................... 20.137
Cassell & Co Ltd v Broome (1972] AC 1027 ................... 13.143, 20.0ll, 20.019,
20.021, 20.024, 20.049
Cassidy v Daily Mirror Newspapers, Ltd (1929)
2 KB 331 ........................................:............................................ 12.011, 12.041
Cassidy v Ministry of Health (1951] 2 KB 343 .............................. 19.010, 19.091,
19.093, 19.094
Caswell v Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries, Ltd
(1940) AC 152 ............................................................... 09.055, 09.068, 09.069
Cattanach v Melchior (2003] 215 CLR 1....................................... 04.164, 04.166
Cavanagh v Ulster Weaving Co Ltd (1960] AC 145 ................... ................ 06.034
Cavenagh Investment Pte Ltd v Kaushik Rajiv (2013)
2 SLR 543 ...................................................................... 10.023, 10.027, 20.045
CBS Songs Ltd v Arnst.rad Consumer Electr0nics pie
[1988] AC 1013 ....................................................................................... 18.028
CDL Hotels International Ltd v Pontiac Marina Pte
Ltd (1998) l SLR(R) 975 ............................................ 14.063, 14.068, 14.069,
14.074, 14.077, 14.091, 14.093,
14.097, 14.099, 14.101, 14.106
Cekan v Haines (1990) 21NSWLR296 ...................................................... 06.016
Cellular Clothing Co, Ltd, The v Maxton & Murray
{1899) AC 326 .................. ....................................................... ................ 14.069
Century Insurance Co, Ltd v Northern Ireland Road
Transport Board (1942) AC 509 ............................................................ 19.065
Chadwick v British Railways Board (1967] l WLR 912 .............................. 04.141
Chai Chew Heng v Chung Su Chon (1983-1984)
SLR(R) 554 ......................................................... :................................... 19.025
Chai Kang Wei Samuel v Shaw Linda Gillian (2010]
3 SLR 587 ...................................................................... 20.056, 20.063, 20.064
Challenger Technologies Pte Ltd v Dennison
Transoceanic Corp (1997) 2 SLR(R) 618 .......................... :···· 14.034, 17.006,
17, 017, 17.024
Challenger Technologies Pte Ltd v Sheares Edwin
Charles Hingwee (1998) 2 SLR(R) 292 ................................................. 04.079
Chan Cheng Wah Bernard v Koh Sin Chong Freddie
(2012) 1 SLR 506 ............................................. 12.017, 12.033, 13.006, 13.097
Chan Chook Tim v Wong Kwok Hung (2003]
HK.CU 301 ................................................................................ ............... 13.099
Chan Shuk Kuen Helina v Ee Seek Tee Raymond
[1999] SGHC 153 ................................................................................... 13.066
Chandler v Cape plc (2012] 1 WLR 3111.. .................................... 04.010, 18.028

xxxii xxxiii
 Tab/,e of Cases Tab/,c of Cases

Para
Chandran a/I Subbiah v Dockers Marine Pte Ltd
(2009] 3 SLR(R) 995 (HC) ....................................................................09.030
Chandran a/I Subbiah v Dockers Marine Pte Ltd
[2010} 1 SLR 786 (CA) ................•................................04.011, 06.035, 06.036
Chang Ah Lek v Lim Ah Koon [1998] 3 SLR(R) 551 ................................ 20.063
Chang Mui Hoon v Lim Bee Leng (2013] SGHCR 17 ............................. 20.051,
20.054, 20.063
Channing v South African Financial Gazette (1966]
3 SA 470 (Vl) .............................................................................. 12.017, 12.023
Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 .......................................................... 07.026
Charing Cross Elect.r icity Supply Co v Hydraulic
Power Co (1914) 3 KB 772 ..................................................................... 10.115
Charles Dalton v Henry Angus & Co (1881)
6App Cas 740 .............................................................................01.090, 19.092
Charleston v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1995]
2 AC 65 ............................................................. 12.027, 12.036, 12.051, 14.041
Charrington v Simons & Co Ltd (1970] 1 WLR 725 .................................. 10.029
Chartered Electronics Industries Pte Ltd v Comtech
ITPteLtd (1998) 2SLR(R) 1010 ................... 11.053, 11.054, 11.059, 11.060
Chase v Newsgroup Newspapers Ltd [2003]
EMLR 11; (2003) EMLR 218 ....................................... 12.047, 12.048, 12.049,
12.050, 13.003, 13.011
Chatterton v Gerson (1981) QB 432 ..............................................02.054, 08.025
Chatterton v Secretary of State for India in Council
(1895) 2 QB 189 ......................................................................................13.060
Chaudhry v Prabhakar [1989} 1 v\ILR 29 ...................................................04.068
Cheang Peng Yew v Lim Chong Lin (2012] SGDC 86 .................. 10.081, 10.086
Chee Siok Chin v Minister for Home Affairs [2006]
1 SLR(R) 582 ..............................................................................02.091, 18.013
Chen Cheng v Central Christian Church (1995)
3 SLR(R) 806 .............................................................................. 12.012, 18.021
Chen C heng v Central Christian Church [1998)
3 SLR(R) 236 ................................................................ 12.015, 12.028, 13.013,
13.028, 13.111
Chen Qiangshi v Hong Fei COY ConstrUction Pte Ltd
[2014] SGHC 177 .............................................04.025, 09.070, 19.026, 19.027
Chenet Finance Ltd v Lim Poh Yen [2012)
SGHC 158 ................................................................................................ 17.006
Cheng Albert v Tse Wai Chun Paul [2000] 4 HKC 1 .................... 13.037, 13.092
Cheo Yeoh & Associates LLC v AEL (2015]
4 SLR 325 ..................................................................... ............................20.103
Cheong Ghim Fah v Murugian s/o Rangasamy
[2004) 1 SLR(R) 628 ....................................... 04.008, 06.096, 08.088, 08.101
Cheong Yoke Kuen v Cheong Kwok Kiong [1999]
1 SLR(R) 1126 ................................................................................ ......... 20.002
Cherry, The [2003] 1 SLR(R) 471 ....................... 07.006, 07.024, 11.020, 11.063
Chester v Afshar [2005) l AC 134 .................................... 01.084, 04.162, 06.045,
07.026. 07.027
Cheung Fung v Shanmugam Thanabal [2014]
SGHC 271 ................................................................................................04.008
Chew Kim Kee v Kertar & Co (2004] SCHC 95 ............................05.007, 07.091
Chew Kong Huat v Ricwil (Singapore) Pte Ltd
[1999) 3 SLR(R) 1167 .................................................. 15.046, 15.056, 15.068
Para
Chew Swee Hiang v Attorney-General (1990]
2 SLR(R) 215 ................................................................ 07.037, 19.009, 19.010
Chia Kok Leong v Prosperland Pte Ltd [2005)
2 SLR(R) 484 .......................................................................................... 20.140
Chia Peng Siang v Attorney-General [2011)
SGDC 311 ................................................................................................ 20.152
Chiaro See Tong v Ling How Doong [1996)
3 SLR(R) 942 ........•...................................................... 12.015, 12.021, 12.033,
13.019, 13.033, 13.146
Chiaro See Tong v Xin Zhang Jiang Restau1-ant Pte
Ltd [1995) l SLR(R) 856 ................................ 12.015, 12.022, 13.124, 16.006
Chiang Choong Loong v The Personal
Representative of Chua Meng I-Iwee.deceased
[2010) SGDC398 .................................................................................... 19.049
ChiarapurkJack v Haw Par Brothers International
Ltd {1993] 2 SLR(R) 620 .......................................................... 16.019, 16.082
Chien Tham Kong v Excellent Strategy Sdn Bhd
[2009] 7 l'vlLJ 261 .................................................................................... 06.050
Childs v Desormeaux [2006] 1SCR643 ....................................... 03.088, 04.052
Chin Bay Ching v Merchant Ventures Pte Ltd (2005]
3 SLR(R) 142 ................................................................ 13.150, 13.151, 14.056
China Construction (South Pacific) Development Co
Pte Ltd v Shao Hai (20041 2 SLR(R) 479 .............................................. 06.020
China Insurance Co Ltd v Woh Hup (Pte) Led
(1977-1978) SLR(R) 50 ......................................................................... 04.017
Chinese Calligraphy Society of Singapore, The v
Khoo Seng Kong [2008) SCHC 121 ...................................................... 14.068
Chong Hon Kuan Ivan v Levy Maurice [2004]
4 SLR(R) 801 ................................................................ 15.013, 15.056, 18.041
Chong Kim Bengv Lim Ka Poh [2015) 3 SLR 652 .................................... 18.031
Chong Kwai Choy v Lee Fung OnnJames (1998)
SGHC 63 .................................................................................................. 19.058
Chong Yeo and Partners v Guan Ming Hardware and
Engineering Pte Ltd [1997) 2 SLR(R) 30 .................. 04.181, 04.182, 04.183,
06.071, 07.020
Choo Kok Lin v Management Corporation Strata
Title Plan No 2405 [2005] 4SLR(R) 175 .............................................. 10.029
Chow Ching Ling Adelene v Chew Ping (2009}
SGDC 395 ................................................................................................ 10.024
Chow Khai Hong v Tham Sek Khow [19911
2 SLR(R) 670 .......................................................................................... 20.063
Choy Kuo Wen Eddie v Soh Chin Seng (2008)
SGHC 113 ............ .................................................................................... 20.064
Christie v Davey (1893] 1 Ch 316................................................... 01.070, 10.046
CHS CPO GmbH vVikas Goel [2005] 3 SLR(R) 202 ................... 07.105, 20.019
Chu Said Thong v Vision Law LLC [2014) 4 SLR 375 ... 01.062, 03.038, 03.057,
03.059, 14.011, 14.013
Chua Chye Leong Alan v Grand Palace De-luxe Nite
Club Pte Ltd (1993) 2 SLR(R) 420 ........................................... 06.088, 19.024
Chua Kee 4rn v Moksha (2009] 3 SLR(R} 1010....................................... 08.102
Chua Kwee Chen v Koh Choon Chin (2006}
3 SLR(R) 469 ............................................................................. 14.023, 15.055

xxxiv xxxv
 Table of Cases
Para
Chua Teck Chew v Goh Eng Wah (2009)
4 SLR(R) 716 ........................................................................................... 20.146
Chuan Bee Realty Pte Ltd v Teo Chee Yeow Aloysius
(1996) 2 SLR(R) 134 .............................................................................. 14.009
Chuan v\Tu v Body Corporate 366611 and Theta
Management Ltd (SC 20/2013) (2014) NZSC 137 .............................. 10.016
Chuang Uming (Pte) Ltd v Setron Ltd (1999)
3 SLR(R) 771 ........................................................................................... 18.029
Chun Cheng Fishery Enterprise Pte Ltd v Chuang · Constantine v Imperial Hotels, Ltd [1944) 1 I<B 693 ................................ 20.036
Hern Hsiung (2008] SGHC 135............................................................. 15.054
Cinnamond v British Airports Authority [1980]
1\\l'LR582 ............................................................................................... 10.009
City Chain Stores (S) Pte Ltd v Louis Vuitton
Malletier [2010] l SLR 382 ....................................................... 14.064, 14.093
City Developments Ltd v Chief Assessor [2008)
4SLR(R) 150 ..............................................................................04.172, 17.031
City of London Corp v Appleyard ( 1963] 1 WLR 982 .................. 11.029, 11.030
Clark Fixing Ltd v Dudley Metropolitan Borough
Council (2001) EWCA Civ 1898 .............................................................04.048
Clal'kjonathan Michael v Lee Khee Chung (2010)
1 SLR 209 ................................................................................................. 20.069
Clarke v Norton [1910] VLR 494 ................................................................ 13.015
Class One Enterprises Pte Ltd v Motherland Movies
(S) Pte Ltd [1999) 1 SLR(R) 424 ........................................................... 11.041
Clayton vLe Roy (1911] 2KB1031 ............................................................ 11.067
Clearlab SC Pte Ltd v Ting Chong Chai (2015]
l SLR 163 .............: ...................................................................... 16.023, 16.081
Clements v Clements (2012] 2 SCR 181; 2012 SCC 32 ................. 07.017, 07.035
Clift v Slough Borough Council [2011) 1 WLR 1774 ................................ 13.070
Clift v Welsh Office (1999) 1 WLR 796....................................................... 10.039
Clough v First Choice Holidays and Flights Ltd
(2006) PIQR P22 .....................................................................................07.039
Clunis v Caxnden and Islington Health Authority
[1998) QB 978 .............................................................. 05.077, 07.090, 08.008,
08.015, 09.071
Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969) RPG 41 ....................... 16.018, 16.020,
16.021, 16.025
Cohen v Daily Telegraph [1968) l WLR 916 .......... ................................... 13.011
Colbeam Palmer Ltd v Stock Affiliates Pty Ltd (1968)
122 CLR 25 ..............................................................................................20.109
Cole v De Trafford (No 2) [1918) 2 KB 523 ..............................................04.011
Cole v Turner (1704) 6 Mod 149 ................................................................02.025
Colgate-Palmolive Ltd v Markwell Finance Ltd
[1989) RPC 497 ....................................................................................... 14.103
Collins vWilcock (1984) 1WLR1172 ..............................02.015, 02.024, 02.026
Collins Stewart Ltd v The Financial Times Ltd (2006)
EMLR 5 ....................................................................................... 13.140, 20.015
Colls v Home & Colonial Stores Ltd (1904) AC 179.................................. 10.036
Columbia Picture Industries Inc v Robinson [1987]
Ch 38 ........................................................................................................ 20.015
Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Barclays
Bank pie [2005) 1 WLR 2082 (CA) ........................................................03.036
xxxvi
Table of Cases
Para
Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Barclays
Bank plc [2007) 1AC181; (2006) 3 WLR 1 (HL) ................. 03.033, 03.036,
05.012, 05.055, 05.056
Commissioners of Inland Revenue, The v Muller &
Co's Margarine, Ltd [1901) AC 217 ...................................................... 14.061
Commonwealth v Introvigne (1982) 150 CLR 258 .... ................................ 19.093
Condon v Basi (1985) l WLR 866............................................................... 06.007
Consolidated Co v Curtis & Son (1892) 1 QB 495........... 11.012, 11.013, 11.016
Contra AG v RAnpazhakan (1999) 3 SLR(R) 810 .................................... 04.170
Control Risks Ltd v New English Library Ltd (1990]
l '\o\'LR183 ............................................................................................... 13.014
Conway v George Wimpey & Co Ld {1951) 2 KB 266 ............................... 19.066
Cook v Alexander [1974) QB 279............................................................... 13.080
CookvCook (1986) 162 CLR376 ................................................. 06.010, 06.011
Cook v Lewis (1951) SCR 830 ........................................................ 07.025, 07.043
Cooke v MGN (2014) EWHC 2831 (QB) .....................: ............................. 12.027
Cooper v Hobart [2001) 3 SCR 537................................. 03.053, 03.084, 04.089,
05.054, 09.052
Cooper v Railway Executive [1953) 1VvLR223 ......................................... 09.033
Cooperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank
BA (trading as Rabobank International),
Singapore Branch v Motorola Electronics Pte Ltd
[2011] 2 SLR 63 ...................................................................................... 07.014
Coopers & Lybrand v Singapore Society of
Accountants [1988) l SLR(R) 590 ........................................... 13.062, 16.056
Cope v Sharpe (No 2) (1912) I KB 496 ..................................................... 10.021
Corby Group Litigation, Re [2009) Q.B 335.................................. 10.083, 10.131
Cornelius v De Taranto [2001] EMLR 329 ................................................ 16.078
Corporation of Greenock v Caledonian Railway Co
[1917) 1AC556 ...................................................................................... 10.128
Corrv IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008) 1 AC 884 ..................................... 07.089, 08.078
Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire
Constabulary [2001) 1WLR1437................... 11.032, 11.033, 11.034, 11.035
Couch v The Attorney-General (2010] 3 NZLR 149;
[2010) NZSC 27 ............................................... 20.029, 20.030, 20.031, 20.032
Council of the Shire of Sutherland v Heyman ( 1985)
157 CLR 424 ................................................................. 01.089, 03.025, 03.029,
03.053, 03.062, 04.112,
04.172, 04.176, 05.039
Cox v Ministry ofjustice (Rev 2) (2014) ICR 713 ...................................... 19.033
Coxall v Goodyear Great Britain Ltd (2003)
1 '\o\'LR 536 ............................................................................................... 06.039
Cramaso LLP v Ogilvie-Granl, Earl ofSeafield [2014)
UKSC g .................................................................................................... 04.084
Crawford Adjusters v Sagicor General Insurance
(Cayman) Ltd (2013] 3 WLR 927 ............................................. 17.006, 17.007
Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee (2005) 1AC253 ..................................... 16.084
Credit Industriel et Commercial v Teo Wai Cheong
(2010] 3SLR1149 .................................................................................. 05.006
Gr-edit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Export
Credits Guarantee Deparunent [1998]
1 Lloyd's Rep 19 (CA) ............................................................................ 15.062
xxxvii
 Table of Cases
Para
Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Export
Credits Guarantee Department (2000)
l AC 486 (HL) ............................................................................ 18.028, 19.035
Creutzfeldt:Jakob Disease Litigation (2000)
54BMLR85 (CA); (1998) 41 BMLR157 (QBD) .................................04.149
Crimmins v Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee
(1999) 200CLR1 .......................................................................05.061, 05.082
Cristofori Music Pte Ltd v Robert Piano Co Pte Ltd
[1999) 1 SLR(R) 562 .............................................................................. 12.015
Crocker v Sundance Northwest Resorts Ltd (1988)
1SCR1186 .............................................................................................. 04.040
Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co, Ltd v Veitch
(1942) AC 435 .................................................. 15.053, 15.058, 15.059, 15.070
Crook v Derbyshire Stone Ltd (1956] 1WLR432 ..................................... 19.059
Crookes v Holloway (2008) 77 BCLR (4th) 201.. ... .................................... 12.084
Crookes v Newton (2011) 3 SCR................................................................. 12.093
Cross v Kirkby (2000) EWCA Civ 426 ......................................................... 08.012
Crown Rivers Cruises Ltd v Kimbolton Fireworks Ltd
(1996) CLC 1214 ..................................................................................... 10.038
Cruise v Express Newspapers pie [1999) QB 931.. ..................................... 13.007
CST Cleaning & Trading Pte Ltd v National Parks
Board [2009) 1 SLR(R) 55 ...........................................08.050, 18.039, 18.040
Cullen v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster
Constabulary [2003) 1WLR1763 ................................09.023, 09.040, 09.041
Curistan v Times Newspapers Ltd (2008]
l WLR 126 (QB) ..................................................................................... 12.050
Curistan v Times Ncwspapei:-s Ltd [2009] QB 231;
[2009) 2 WLR 149 (CA) ............................................... 12.047, 12.049, 13.081
Curlender v Bio-Science Laboratories
165 Cal Rptr 477(1980) ..........................................................................04.169
Curran v Northern Ireland Co-ownership Housing
Association Ltd [1987) AC 718 ..............................................................03.026
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co (1951)
1KB805 ...................................................................................................08.043
Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium Ld [1949] AC 398 .........................09.018, 15.042
Cycle & Carriage Motor Dealer Pte Ltd v Hong
Leong Finance Ltd (2005) 1 SLR(R) 458 ............................................. 11.044
D Delaware Mansions Ltd v Westminster City Council
D v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust
(2005) 2 AC 373 .........................................................................03.012, 05.076
D v Kong Sim Guan (2003) 3 SLR(R) 146 ......... 03.003, 13.046, 13.050, 13.053,
13.056, 13.077, 20.096
D v L (2004) EMLR 1 ................................................................................... 16.083
D & F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for
England [1989) AC 177 ..........................................................................04.087
D CThomson & Co Ld v Deakin [1952) Ch 646 ............ 15.012, 15.013, 15.015,
15.016, 15.030
D W Moore and Co Ltd v Ferrier (1988) 1WLR267 ...................... .......... 20.129
Daily Office Cleaning Contractors v Shaffard [1977)
RTR 361 ................................................................................................... 20.099
xxxviii
Table of Cases
Para
Daniels v British Broadcasting Corp [2010)
EWHC 3057............................................................................................. 12.027
Dann v Hamilton (1939] I KB 509 ...................... 08.030, 08.031, 08.032, 08.090
Danns vThe Department of Health [1996) PIQR P69 ............................. 09.027
Darbishire v Warran [1963) 1WLR1067 ...................................... 20.085, 20.099
Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim v Dato' Seri Dr Mahathir
Mohamad (2001) 2 MLJ 65 .................................................................... 13.107
David Murray v Big Pictures (UK) Ltd [2008)
EWCA Civ 446 ............................................................................ 16.064, 16.065
David Stuart v Tania Kirkland-Veenstra (2009)
HCA 15 .................................................................................................... 09.032
Davidson v Chief Constable of North Wales [1994)
2 All ER 597 ................................................................................ 02.038, 17.011
Davidson v Hebeeb [2011) EWHC 3031 ...................... :............................. 12.089
Davie v New Merton Board Mills Ltd [ 1959) AC 604 ................................ 19.090
Davies v Solomon (1871) LR 7 QB 112 ...................................................... 12.006
Davis vTaylor [1974) AC 207 ...................................................................... 07.061
Daw v Swaine (1668) 1 Sid 424 ................................................................... 17.007
Dawson & Co v Bingley Urban District Council
[1911] 2 KB 149 ...................................................................................... 09.018
Day v High Performance Sports Ltd [2003)
EWHC 197 ............................................................................................... 04.050
DBS Bank Ltd v Carrier Singapore (Pte) Ltd (2008)
3 SLR(R) 261 .......................................................................................... 14.030
D'Conceicao Jeanie Doris v Tong Ming Chuan
[2011] SGHC 193 ........................................................ 06.046, 06.047, 06.049,
06.065, 07.027
De Beers Abrasive Products Ltd v International
General Elecuic Co of New York Ltd (1975)
l WLR 972 .................................................................................. 14.036, 14.038
De Cotta v Tan Hock Lee (1971-1973) SLR(R) 475 .................... 08.082, 08.086
De Cruz Andrea Heidi v Guangzhou Yuzhitang
Health Products Co Led [2003] 4 SLR(R) 682 ........................ 18.047, 20.069
De Souza Tay & Goh v Singapore Press Holdings Ltd
[2001) 2 SLR(R) 201 .................................................... 12.035, 12.036, 12.051
Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79 CLR 370 ................................................ 19.068
DelaneyvPickett [2012) l \VLR2149 ........................................................ 08.017
Delaney v TP Smith Ltd (1946) KB 393 ..................................................... 10.015
(2002] 1 AC 321 ......................................................................... 10.036, 10.081
Demarco v Ungaro (1979) 95 DLR (3d) 385 ............................................. 04.184
Denis Matthew Harte v Dr Tan Hun Hoe [2000)
SGHC 248 ................................................................................................ 19.011
Dennis v Ministry of Defence (2003) Env LR 34 ....................................... 10.087
Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers Ltd
[1993) AC 534 ............................................................................ 01.091, 18.013
Derry v Handley (1867) 16 LT 263 ........ ...................... ............................... 12.079
Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 ............................................. 14.012, 14.014
Design P rogression Ltd v Thurloe Properties Ltd
(2005] 1WLR1 ....................................................................................... 20.024
Deutsche Bank AG v Chang Tse Wen [2013]
4 SLR 886 ...................................................................... 04.082, 06.061, 08.053
xxxix
 Table a/Cases
Para
De u tz Far Ease (Pee) Ltd v Pacific Navigation Co Pee
Ltd (1989) 2 SLR(R) 392... .....................................................................04.028
Devenish Nutrition Ltd v Sanofi-Aventis SA [2009)
3WLR198 ..................................................................................20.048, 20.106
DeweyvWhite (1827) M&.M56; 173ER1079 ......................................... 10.021
DFTvTFD (2010) EWHC2335 (QB) ........................................................ 16.085
DHKW Marketing v Nature's Farm Pte Ltd [1998)
3 SLR(R) 774 ................................................... 12.064, 13.141, 13.144, 14.048,
14.049, 14.054, 14.058
Didier Coudrat v Commissioners of Her Majesty's
Revenue and Customs (2005] EWCA Civ 616 ....................................... 17.019
Dingle v Associated Newspapers Ltd [1964] AC 371 ................................. 18.029
Diva XL Pee Ltd v Goenka Mahesh Kumar (2004)
3 SLR(R) 506 ........................................................................................... 15.006
Dobson v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2009)
3All ER319 ..................................................... ........................................ 10.081
Doctor's Associates Inc v Lim Eng VV'ah (2012]
3 SLR 193 ................................................................................................. 14.079
Dodd Properties Ltd v Canterbury City Council
(1980] 1WLR433 ......................................................... 10.025, 10.081, 20.084
Doe vYahoo!7 Pty Ltd (2013] QDC 181.. ................................................... 16.038
Dolphina, The (2012) 1SLR992 ......................... 08.023, 15.062, 15.063, 18.015
Donaghey v Boulton & Paul Ltd (1968) AC 1 ............................................ 09.044
Donselaar v Donselaar (1982] 1 NZLR 97 ..................................................20.029
Dorsey James Michael v World Sport Grnup Pte Ltd
(2013] 3 SLR 354 ....................................................................................05.046
D'Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid (2005)
223 CLR 1 ................................................................................................ 04.184
Dought)• v Turner Manufacturing Co Ltd [1964]
1QB518 .................................................................................................. 07.103
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (2001) QB 967 ............................................. 16.024, 16.034
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) (2003) 3 All ER 996 (Ch) ............................... 15.033
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) (2006) QB 125 (CA) .................................... 15.033
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) (2008) 1AC1 ............................................... 15.046
DouglasvTucker [1952] 1 SCR275 ........................................................... 12.080
Dow Jones & Co Inc v Gutnick (2002) 210 CLR 575 ................................. 12.077
Downs v Chappell [1997] 1WLR426 ............................................ 14.015, 18.036
Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd (1969) 2 QB 158 ...................... 14.026, 14.025
Doyle v Wallace (1998] PIQR Ql46 ............................................................ 07.061
Dramatico Entertainment Ltd v British Sky
Brnadcasting Ltd [2012) RPC 27 ......................... .... .............................. 18.028
Drane v Evangelou (1978) 1WLR455 ............................. 10.028, 20.011, 20.021
Dresna Pty Ltd v Misu Nominees Pty Ltd (2004]
FCAFC 169 ............................................................................................... 15.065
Drinkwater v Kimber [1952) 2 QB 281 ....................................................... 18.030
Drummond:Jackson v British Medical Association
(1970] 1WLR688 ...................................................................... 12.017, 12.019
DSG Retail Ltd v Comet Group plc (2002] FSR 58.................................... 14.038
Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam (2003) 2 AC 366 ................... 19.055, 19.085
Duchess of Argyll v Duke of Argyll (1967) Ch 302 ..................................... 16.062
Duck v Mayeu [1892) 2 QB 511 .................................................................. 18.034
Duke of Brunswick v Harmer (1849) 14 QB 185;
117 ER 75 .................................................................................... 12.071, 20.127
xl
Tabk a/Cases
Para
Du lieu v White & Sons [ 1901] 2 KB 669 .................................................... 04.140
Dumbell v Roberts [1944) 1 All ER 326 ..................................................... 02.017
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co, Ltd v David Moseley &.
Sons, Ltd (1903) 1 Ch 612 ..................................................................... 18.028
Durham v BAI (Run Off) Ltd [2012) 1WLR867 ...................................... 07.045
Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council
( 1972) 1 QB 373 ..................................................................................... 03.032
E
E v English Province of Our Lady of Charity (2013)
QB 722 ..................................................................................................... 19.032
EHul ton&Covjones [1910) AC20 ............................................ 12.056, l2.058
EastvMaurer [1991) 1 WLR461 ................................................................ 14.025
East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent (1941]
AC 74 ....................................................................................................... 04.036
Eaton Mansions (Westminster) Ltd v Stinger
Compania de Inversion SA [2013] EWCA Civ 624;
(2014] HLR4 ............................................................................. 13.140, 20.015
EC-Asia International Ltd v PricewaterhouseCoopers
[2011) 2 SLR 607 ............................................ ........................................ 08.023
Eden Refuge Tn.ist v Hohepa (2011] 3 NZLR 273 .......... .......................... 20.029
Edgeworth Construction Ltd v ND Lea & Associates
Ltd (1993) 107 DLR (4th} 169 ................................................. 05.031, 05.032
Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459 ........................................... 14.008
Ediger v Johnston [2013] 2 SCR 98; 2013 SCC 18 ......................... ............ 07.018
Edward Wong Finance Co Ltd v Johnson Stokes &
Master (1984] AC 296 .................................................. 06.035, 06.052, 06.077
Edwards v Law Society of Upp er Canada (2001)
3 SCR 562 ................................................................................... 05.084, 09.052
Edwin Hill and Partners v First National Finance
Corp plc (1989) 1WLR225 .................................. .................... 15.009, 15.025
EFT Holding, Inc v Marinteknik Shipbuilders (S) Pte
Ltd (2010) 1SLR860 .................................................. 15.001, 15.041, 15.053,
15.054, 15.062, 15.064, 15.065,
15.066, 15.069, 15.070, 15.073,
15.074, 15.075, 15.076
Egger v Viscount Chelmsford [1965] 1 QB 248 ......................................... 13.098
Electrical, Electronics, Telecommunication and
Plumbing Union v Times Newspapers Ltd [1980)
QB 585 ..................................................................................................... 18.021
Electro Cad Australia Pty Ltd v Mejati RCS Sdn Bhd
(1998) 3 MLJ 422 .................................................................................... 11.041
Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis (1995) QB 335 ........................................... 03.072, 05.077, 17.034
Elino il-Hellenic Petroleum Co SA v Wee Ramayah &
Partners (1999) 1 SLR(R} 977 ............................................................... 06.070
Ellis v Home Office [1953] 2 QB 135 ......................................................... 06.027
Elwes v Brigg Gas Co (1886) 33 Ch D 562 ........................ 10.006, 11.030, 11.031
Emanuele v Hedley (1998) 179 FCR 290 ................................................... 17.016
Emeh v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster
Area Health Authority (1985) QB 1012 ................................................ 07.085
xii
 Table of Cases
Para
Emerald Construction Co Ltd v Lowthian (1966]
1 WLR691 ............................................................................................... 15.0ll
EMI Records Ltd v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd
(2013) FSR31 .......................................................................................... 18.028
Emma l'v!aersk, The (2006] SGHC 180 .......................................................06.032
Endurance l, The ( 1998) 3 SLR(R) 970 ....................................... 11.060, 11.066
Endurance l, The, ex Tokai Maru [2000]
2 SLR{R) 120 .............................................................................. 11.004, 11.028
Environment Agency v Empress Car Co (Abertillery)
Ltd [1999] 2 AC 22 .................................................................................07.010
Epolar System Enterprise Pte Ltd v Lee Hock Chuan
[2003) 2 SLR(R) 198 .................................................... 10.050, 10.051, 10.055
Erven Wamink BV v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd
(1979] AC 731 ..............: ......................................................................... .20.113
Esanda Finance Corp Ltd v Peat Marwick
Hungerfords (1997) 188 CLR 241 ......................................................... 04.073
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Southport Corp [1956]
l AC 218 ........................................................................................ .... ...... 10.012
Esso Singapore Pte Ltd v Ang Chuah Nguan [1998)
1 SLR(R) 165 ........................................................................................... 15.068
Estate of Tan Kow Quee, Re (2007) 2 SLR(R) 417.................................... 20.148
Euro-Diam Ltd v Bathurst (1990) 1 QB 1 ...................................................08.008
Evangelismos, The (1858) 12 Moo PC 352; 14 ER 945 .............................. 17.006
Evans v London Hospital Medical College
(University of London) (1981) 1v\ILR184........................................... 13.055
Everett v Comojo (UK) Ltd (2012] 1 WLR 150 .........................................04.053
E..x Parte Island Records Ltd (1978] Ch 122.................................. 09.012, 09.019
Excelsior Pee Ltd v Excelsior Sport (S) Pte Ltd
(1985-1986] SLR(R) 81 ......................................................................... 14.096
Exclusiv Auto Services Pte Ltd v Chan Yong Chuan
Eric (1995] 3 SLR(R) 728 ....................................................................... 11.044
F Foo Siang Him v Attorney-General (1983-1984)
F (mental patient: sterilisation). Re [1990] 2 AC 1 ......................02.026, 02.066
F v Chan Tanny [2003] 4 SLR(R) 231 ........................................... 06.046, 06.097
Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler (1987) Ch 117 ......................................... 16.023
Fagan v Commissioner of Metropolitan Police (1969)
l QB 439 ..................................................................................................02.020
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd (2003]
1 AC 32 .........................................................................07.038, 07.039, 07.041,
07.043, 07.044, 07.045, 07.047,
07.048, 07.049, 07.050, 07.053
Fairchild Shipping Corp v Adamson (1975] QB 180 ................................. 18.042
Fairmacs Shipping & Transport Services Pte Ltd v
Harikutai Engineering Pte Ltd (2015] l SLR 904 ................................ 11.060
Fairman v Perpetual Investment Building Society
(1923] AC 74 ........................................................................................... 04.017
Farquharson Brnthers & Co v C King & Co (1902]
AC 325 ..................................................................................................... 11.048
Farraj v King's Healthcare NHS Trust (2010)
l WLR 2139 ............................................................................................. 19.094
xiii
Table of Cases
Para
Farrell v Avon Health Authority (2001)
Lloyd's Rep Med 458 ................................................................. 02.075, 04.155
Farrier's Case, The (1372) .......................................................................... 01.006
Fayed v Al-Tajir [1988) QB 712 ................................................................... 13.060
Feng Hang, The (2001) 3 SLR(R) 864 .......................................... 07.006, 07.023
Ferguson v British Gas Trading Ltd [2010)
l WLR 785 ............................................................................................... 02.088
Ferguson v John Dawson & Partners (Contractors)
Ltd (1976) 1v\l'LR1213 .......................................................................... 19.016
Fieldingv Variety Incorporated (1967) 2 QB 841 ..................................... 14.053
Fima Construction Pte Ltd v Neo & Neo Brothers Pte
Ltd [1991) 1SLR(R)156 ....................................................................... 10.029
Firth v State of New York 775 NE 2d 463
(CtApp 2002) ......................................................................................... 20.127
Fish v Kelly (1864) 17 CB NS 194; 144 ER 78 ............................................ 04.068
Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK [2012)
2 Lloyd's Rep 409 (QB) .......................................................................... 18.028
Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK (2013)
1v\TLR3700 (CA) ...................................................................... 15.062, 18.028
Fitzgerald v Lane [1987] QB 781 (CA) ...................................................... 07.043
Fitzgerald v Lane [1989] AC 328 (HL) ......................................... 07.043, 18.036
Fletcher v Rylands (1866) LR 1 Exch 265 ..................................... 10.098, 10.100
Flewster v Role ( 1808) 1 Camp 187; 170 ER 924 ....................................... 02.038
Flood v Times Newspapers Ltd [2012) 2 WLR 760 ................................... 13.099
Flying Fish, The (1865) 2 Moo PC NS 77; 16 ER 29 .................................. 20.104
Foaminol Laboratories, Ltd v British Artid Plastics,
Ltd (1941] 2 All ER 393 ......................................................................... 13.127
Fong Maun Yee v Yoong Weng Ho Robert (1997)
l SLR(R) 751 ............................................................... 04.185,06.076, 06.077,
08.084, 08.097, 08.103
Fontaine v British Columbia (1998) 1SCR424......................................... 06.092
Foo Fio Na v Dr Soo Fook Mun (2007] 1 MLJ 593 .................................... 06.050
SLR(R) 586 ................................................................................ 04.170, 08.083
Forrester v Tyrrell (1893) 9 TLR 257 ......................................................... 12.008
Forsikringsaktieselskapet Vesta v Butcher [1989]
AC 852 ..................................................................................................... 08.084
Forster v Outred & Co (1982] l WLR 86 ...................................... 20.129, 20.130
Forsyth-Grant v Allen (2008) Env LR 41 .................................................... 20.106
Fouldes v Willoughby (1841) 8 M & W 540................................... 11.006, 11.010
Fowler v Hollins (1872) LR 7 QB 616......................................................... 11.047
Fowlerv Lanning (1959) l QB 426 ............................................................ 02.006
Frank Reddaway v George Banham (1896) AC 199 ..................... 14.067, 14.068
Franklin v Gramophone Co Ltd (1948) 1 KB 542 ..................................... 09.047
Fraser v Evans [1969) 1 QB 349 .................................................................. 16.081
Fraser & Neave Ltd v Yeo Hiap Seng Ltd
[1981-1982) SLR(R) 279 .................... ................................................... 14.070
Freeman v Home Office (No 2) [1984] QB 524........................... 02.052, 02.053
Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Propei:ties
(Mangal) Ltd [1964) 2 QB 480 ....................................... ....................... 19.079
Froom v Butcher [1976) QB 286 .............. ........... 08.078, 08.081, 08.087, 08.089
xliii
 Table of Cases
Para
Fullowka v Pinkerton's of Canada Ltd (2010)
1 SCR 132; (2010) 4 v\l'WR 35;
71 CCLT (3d) 1 (SC, Can) ...........................................04.053, 05.060, 06.031
Furniss v Fitchett (1958) NZLR 396 ............................................................04.157
Future Enterprises Pte Ltd v Tong Seng Produce Pte
Ltd (1997) 3 SLR(R) 797........................................................... 14.075, 14.095
Fytche v Wincanton Logistics plc [2004] 4 All ER 221 .............................. 09.043
G SLR(R) 779 ............................................................................................. 07.007
Gabriel Peter & Paru1ers v Wee Chong Jin [ 1997]
3 SLR(R) 649 ................................................................ 12.015, 18.028, 18.044,
18.045, 18.049
Gadsden v Barrow (1854) 9 Exch 514; 156 ER220 .................................... ll.049
Calashiels Gas Co Ld v O'Donnell (1949) AC 275 ....................................09.033
Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd [2006] EMLR 11 ................................... 13.103
Galoo Ltd v Bright Grahame Murray (1994) ·
1WLR1360 .............................................................................................04.074
Garden Cottage Foods Ltd v Milk Marketing Board
(1984) AC 130 ............................................................................01.088, 09.003
Gartside v Outram (1857) 26 LJ Ch. 113 ..................................................... 16.031
Geetha v Hong Kong Teakwood Works (S) Pte Ltd
[1991) 1 SLR(R) 852 ..............................................................................09.069
General and Finance Facilities Ltd v Cooks Cars
(Romford) Ltd [1963] l WLR644 ........................................... 11.051, 11.067
General Cleaning Contractors Ld v Christmas [1953]
AC 180 ..................................................................................................... 04.014
George v Skivington (1869) LR 5 Ex 1 ....................................................... 03.018
Giannarelli vWraith (1988) 165 CLR 543 ..................................................04.184
Giller v Procopets [2008) VSCA 236 .............................................. 16.038, 16.078
Gillick v West Norfolk & Wisbech Area Health
Authority (1986) AC 112 ........................................................................02.059
Gillingham Borough Council v Medway (Chatham)
Dock Co Ltd (1993) QB 343 ..................................................... 10.072, 10.073
Girardy v Richardson (1793) 1 Esp 13; 170 ER 265 ................................... 08.011
Giullietta Galli-Atkinson v Sudhaker Seghal [2003]
Lloyd's Rep Med 285 ..............................................................................04.129
CKE Warehousing and Logistics Pte Ltd v Raajit
Singh [2005) SCDC 67 ........................................................................... 19.064
Glamorgan Coal Co, Ltd v South Wales Miners'
Federation (1903] 2 KB 545 ................................................................... 15.023
Glasgow Corp v Muir (1943] AC 448 ..........................................................06.007
Gleaner Co Ltd, The v Abrahams (2004) 1 AC 628 ...................... 13.134, 13.135
Glen v Korean Airlines Co Ltd [2003] QB 1386 ........................................ 10.084
Glinski v Mciver [1962] AC 726 .................................................................. 17.019
Co Dante Yap v Bank Austria Creditanstalt AC
(2011] 4 SLR 559 .........................................................04.081, 05.007, 05.018,
05.020, 06.001, 06.061
Godfrey v Demon Internet Ltd [2001] QB 201 ............................ 12.005, 13.115
Goh Chok Tongv Chee Soonjuan (2003]
3 SLR(R) 32 ................................................................................ 12.015, 15.045
Goh Chok Tong v Jeyaretnamjoshua Benjamin
(1997] 3 SLR(R) 46 (HC) ............................................ 12.045, 12.081, 12.082
xliv
Tabw of Cases
Para
Goh Chok Tong v Jeyaremamjoshua Benjamin
(1998] 2 SLR(R) 971 (CA) .......................................... 12.029, 12.041, 12.043,
12.044, 12.045, 13.142
Goh Chok Tong v Tang Liang Hong (1997]
l SLR(R) 811 .......................................................................................... 12.015
Goh Eng Hong v Management Corporation of
Textile Centre (2003] l SLR(R) 209 ..................................................... 20.054
Goh Geok Buay v Edward Iq (1971-1973)
Goh Pin Yi Cindy v Mahmod Fadzuli bin Mahnor
(2009) SGHC 94 ..................................................................................... 08.101
Goh Sin Huat Electrical Pte Ltd v Ho See Jui (2012)
3 SLR 1038 .............................................................................................. 18.038
Gold v Essex County Council (1942) 2 KB 293 .......................................... 19.094
Gold" Haringey Health Authority (1988] QB 481.. .................................. 06.051
Golden Season Pte Ltd v Kairos Singapore Holdings
Pte Ltd (2015] 2 SLR 751.. ........................................... 12.083, 13.140, 20.015
Colden Way Holdings Pte Ltd v Sadique Marican
(2008) SGDC 252 .................................................................................... 19.055
Goldsmith v Bhoyrul [1998) QB 459 .......................................................... 18.013
G o o d will v British Pregnancy Advisory Service (1996]
1WLR1397 ............................................................................. ................ 04.158
Goodwill Building Resources Pte Ltd v Yue Cheong
Kuan t/a Ben Design Architects (2006) SGDC 240 ............................. 05.029
Gordon v Harper (1796) 7 TR 9; 101 ER 828 ............................... 11.020, 11.028
Gordon v Selico Ltd (1986) 18 HLR 219 ...................................... ............. 14.006
Gordon BerkeleyJones v ClementJohn Skelton
(1963] l WLR 1362 ................................................................................. 12.033
Gore v Stannard [2013] 3 WLR 623 ........................................................... 10.117
Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough
Council [2004) l WLR 1057 ....................................... 05.048, 05.059, 09.046,
09.048, 09.049
Gorris v Scott (1874) LR 9 Exch 125 .......................................................... 09.043
Gough v The Chief Constable of the West Midlands
Police (2004] Pol LR 164 ............................................. 11.032, 11.033, 11.035
Gough vThorne [1966] 1WLR1387 ......................................................... 08.104
Gould vVaggelas (1985) 157 CLR 215 ....................................................... 14.029
Couriet v Union of Post Office Workers [ 1978]
AC 435 ........................................................................................ 10.033, 15.042
Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran v The
Barakat Galleries Ltd (2009] QB 22 ...................................................... 11.038
Governors of the Peabody Donation Fund v
Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co Ltd [1985) AC 210 ......... 03.025, 03.026, 03.075
Grnham v Commercial Bodyworks Ltd [2015)
'INLR(D) 50; (2015] ICR 665 .................................................................. 19.069
Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan (2002)
211CLR540 ....................................... ........................... 03.034, 05.082, 09.046
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936] AC 85 ......................................... 04.009
Grant v Torstar Corp 2009 SCC 61; (2009) 3 SCR 640 ........... ...... 13.099, 13.104
Grappelli v Derek Block (Holdings) Ltd [1981]
1 WLR 822 ............................................................................................... 12.042
Gravil v Ca1Toll [2008) EWCA Civ 689 ....................................................... 19.067
Gray v Jones (1939] 1 All ER 798 ................................................................ 12.007
xiv
 Table of Cases
Para
Gray v Motor Accident Commission (1998)
196 CLR 1 ............................................................... ............. .......20.025, 20.035
Gray v Richards (2014] HCA 40 .................................................................. 20.072
GrayvThames Trains Ltd [2009] 1AC1339 ...................07.067, 07.090, 08.016
Greatorex v Greatorex (2000] 1'WLR1970 ...............................................04.147
Green v Chelsea Waterworks Co (1894) 70 LTR 547;
10 TLR 259 .............................................................................................. 10.129
Green v Gaul (2007] 1WLR591 ................................................................. 20.148
Greene v Associated Newspapers Ltd [2005) QB 972................................ 13.149
Greers Ltd v Pearman and Corder Ltd (1922)
39 RPC 406 ............. ............. .................................................................... 14.046
GreggvO'Gara (2008] EWHC658 ............................................................ 12.085
Gregg v Scott (2005) 2 AC 176 .............................07.045, 07.057, 07.058, 07.059
Gregoryv Piper (1829) 9 B & C 591; 109 ER 220 ...................................... 10.011
Gregory v Portsmouth City Council (2000) 1AC419 ............................... 17.007
Grimmer v Carleton Road Industries Association
2009 NSSC 169; 282 NSR (2d) 159 (NSSC) ............................. 12.073, 13.121
Griswold v Connecticut 381 US 479 (1965) ............................................... 16.004
Grobbelaar v News Group Newspape1·s Ltd [2002]
l WLR 3024 .............................................................................................20.040
Grosse v Purvis [2003] QDC 151 ................................................................. 16.038
Groves v Wimborne (1898) 2 QB 402 ..................09.019, 09.022, 09.055, 09.057
Guan Ming Hardware & Engineering Pte Ltd v
Chong Yeo & Partners (1996) 2 SLR(R) 382 ........................................06.010
Cul Chandiram Mahtani v Chain Singh (1998)
2 SLR(R) 801 ...........................................................................................20.051
GWK Ltd v Dunlop Rubber Co Ltd (1926)
42 TLR 376 .............................................................................................. 15.015
H Hegarty v E E Caledonia Ltd [ 1997)
H West & Son Ltd v Shepha1·d [1964 ] AC 326 ........................................... 20.053
Hadleyv Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341; 156ER145 ........................ .........07.105
Hady Hartanto vYee Kit Hong (2014] 2 SLR 1127 ......... 13.068, 13.069, 13.122
Hale v Jennings Bros [1938] 1 All ER 579 .................................................. 10.131
Haley v London Electricity Board (1965) AC 778................. .....................06.019
Halifax Building Society v Thomas [1996] Ch 217 ....................................20.048
Hall v Hebert [1993] 2 SCR 159.................................................................. 08.008
Halsey v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd [1961] l v\TLR 683 .................... 10.036, 10.040,
10.045, 10.081, 10.086,
10.118, 10.133, 20.113
Hambrook v Stokes Brothers [1925) 1 KB 141 ..........................................04.140
Hampshire Waste Services Ltd v Intending
Trespassers upon Chineham Incinerato1· [2004)
Env LR 9 .................................................................................................. 10.030
Hao Wei (S) Pte Ltd v Rasan Selvan [2009]
l SLR(R) 142 .............................................................................. 04.010, 04.012
Harnett v Bond [1925) AC 669 ...................................................... 02.038, 02.044
Harris v Evans (1998) 1v\TLR1285 ........................................................ .....05.081
Harrison v Duke of Rutland [1893] 1QB142 ....................................... .... 20.002
Harrison v Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co (1891]
2 Ch 409 ................................................................................................... 10.039
Harriton v Stephens (2006) 226 CLR 52 .................................................... 04.169
xlvi
Table of Cases
Para
Harrods Led v Harrodian School Ltd [1996] RPC 697 ............................ 14.081,
14.091, 14.097
Ha1veyvRGO'DellLtd [1958] 2QB78 .................................................... 19.106
Harwood vWyken Colliery Co [1913] 2 KB 158 ........................................ 07.067
Hasan bin Datolah v Kerajaan Malaysia [2010]
2 MLJ 646 ................................................................................. ............... 06.050
Hasnul bin Abdul Hadi v Bulat bin Mohamed [1978]
l MLJ 7!i .................................................................................................. 12.038
Hatton v Sutherland (2002] 2 All ER 1 ........................................ 04.015, 04.151,
06.024, 06.039, 19.087
Haugesund Kommune v Depfa ACS Bank (2011]
PNLR 14 ..................................................................................... 07.113, 20.103
Haughey v Moriarty (1999] 3 IR 1 .............................................................. 16.059
Haward v Fawcetts [2006] 1WLR682 ........................................................ 20.141
Hawley v Luminar Leisure plc (2006] EWCA Civ 30 ................................. 19.024
Hay or Bourhill vYoung [1943) AC 92 .............. 03.020, 03.023, 03.042, 03.044,
04.122, 06.019, 07.105
Hayes vWilloughby [2013] 2 Cr App R 11; [2013)
UKSC 17 ................................................................................................. . 02.096
Haynes v Harwood [1935] l KB 146 .................... 04.047, 07.072, 07.088, 08.036
Heaton v AXA Equity and Law Life Assm·ance Society
p!c (2002] 2 AC 329 ................................................................................ 18.035
Heaven v Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503 ....... .................................... 03.018, 03.020
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd
(1964] AC 465; [1963] 3 WLR 101 ............................. 03.022, 03.061, 04.061,
04.062, 04.063, 04.065, 04.066,
04.067, 04.070, 04.072, 04.074,
04.078, 04.085, 04.102, 04.106,
05.011, 05.060, 08.041, 14.002
2 Lloyd's Repo1·t 259 ............................................................................... 04.141
HegartyvShine (1878) 14 Cox CC 145.................................................. .... 08.018
Helen Palsgrafv The Long Island Railroad Co
248 NY 339 (1928) ................. ................................................................. 03.043
Hellewell v Chief Constable of Derbyshire [1995]
1v\TLR804 ............................................................................................... 16.031
Hende1·son v Henry Ejenkins & Sons [1970) AC 282 .............................. 06.092
Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Led [1995) 2 AC 145 ............... 01.020, 01.025,
03.031, 04.072, 05.007,
05.008, 08.084
Hepburn vTCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (1983]
2 NSWLR 682 .. ........................................................................................ 12.023
Hercules Managements Ltd v Ernst & Young [ 1997]
2 SCR 165 ......................................................... 03.084, 04.073, 04.089, 05.050
Herd vWeardale Steel, Coal and Coke Co Ltd [1915)
AC 67 ......... ................................................................................. 02.062, 02.063
Herring v Boyle (1834) l Cr M & R 377; 149 ER 1126 .............................. 02.045
Hewison v Meridian Shipping Services Pm Ltd
(2003] ICR 766 ..... : ................................................. ................................ 09.072
Hicks v Faulkner (1878) 8 QBD 167 ........ ......................... 17.015, 17.019, 17.021
HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase
Manhattan Bank [2001) CLC 1853 ....................................................... 14.031
xlvii
 Table ofCases
Para
Hilder v Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers
Ltd (1961) 1WLR1434 ........................................... ............................... 06.018
Hill v Chief Constable ofWestYorkshire [1989]
AC 53 ....................................................................................................... 03.071
Hill v Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Services
Board (2007) 285 DLR (4th) 620 ..........................................................06.040
Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159 ............................................................04.109
Hills v Potter (1984) 1WLR641; (1983] 3 All ER 716 ..............................02.054
Hiltz & Seamone Co v Nova Scotia
(Attorney General) (1999) 172 DLR ( 4d1) 488 .................................... 13.140
Hin Hup Bus Service v Tay Chwee Hiang [2006)
4 SLR(R) 723 ........................................................................................... 19.061
Hiort v Bott (1874) LR 9 Ex 86 ...................................................................11.005
HL v United Kingdom (2005) 40 EHRR 32 ...............................................02.046
HL Motorworks v Alwahbi (1977) RTR 276 ...............................................20.099
Ho Kang Peng v Scimronix Corp Ltd (2014)
3 SLR 329 .•.................................................................................. 18.015, 18.017
Ho See Jui v Liquid Advertising Pte Ltd (2011)
SGHC 108 ...................................................................... 06.031, 10.037, 10.107
Ho See Jui v Liquid Advertising Pte Ltd [2012]
SGHCR 11 ............................................................................................. ..20.085
Ho Soo Fong v Standard Chartered Bank [2007)
2 SLR(R) 181 ................................................................07.105, 07.110, 07.112,
20.066, 20.100
Ho Yeow Kim v Lai Hai Kuen (1999) 1 SLR(R) 1068 ................................20.076
Holbeck Hall Hotel Ltd v Scarborough Borough
Council (2000) QB 836 .......................................................................... 10.064
Holden v Chief Constable of Lancashire (1987]
QB 380 ................................................................................. ....................20.020
Holland Leedon Pte Ltd v C & P Transport Pte Ltd
(2013) SGHC 281 .................................................................................... 08.045
Hollebone v Midhurst and Fernhurst Builders Ltd
(1968) l Lloyd's Rep 38..........................................................................20.084
Hollins v Fowler (1875) LR 7 HL 757 .................. 01.076, 11.003, 11.016, 11.047
Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 ................................................... 19.077
Hollywood Silver Fox Fa.r m, Ltd v Emmett (1936)
2 KB 468............................................................................ .......... 10.036, 10.046
Holman vjohnson (1775) l Cowp 341; 98ER1120..................................08.007
Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd (2000]
3 All ER 421 ................................................................................07.034, 07.043
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd (1970) AC 1004.....03.021, 03.064, 04.043,
04.047, 04.049, 07.078
Hon Ying v Buildmart Industries Pte Ltd [2014]
SGHC 136 ................................................................................................05.063
Honeywill and Stein, Ltd v Larkin Brothers
(London's Commercial Photographers), Ltd
(1934] 1 KB 191 ...................................................................................... 19.095
Hong Huat Development Co (Ptc) Ltd v Hiap
Hong & Co Pte Ltd [2000) SGHC 131 .............................. .................... 05.029
Hong Lam Marine Pte Ltd v Koh Chye Heng (1998)
3 SLR(R) 526 .................................................... 13.059, 13.062, 13.063, 16.056
Hong Leong Finance Ltd v Cycle & Carriage Motor
Dealer Pte Ltd (2004] SGDC 105 ........................................................... 11.044
xlviii
Table of Cases
Para
Hong Leong Holdings Ltd v Sun bird (Pte) Ltd
(1990] 1 SLR(R) 677 .............................................................................. 14.035
Hong Realty Pte Ltd v Chua Keng Mong [1994]
2 SLR(R) 90 ............................................................................................ 08.045
Hook v Cunard Steamship Co (1953] l v\TLR 682 ..................................... 02.048
Hooper v Lane (1857) 6 HL Case 443........................................................ 05.084
Hooper v Rogers [1975] Ch 43 ................................................................... 20.121
Hopkins v Kay 2014 ONSC 321; 237 ACWS (3d) 362;
119 OR (3d) 251 ..........................: ....................................... :.................. 16.043
Hopper v Reeve (1817) 7 Taunt 698; 129 ER 278 ..................................... 02.017
Horrocks v Lowe (1975) l AC 135 ................................................. 13.089, 13.093
Horsley v MacLaren [1970] 2 OR 487;
11 DLR (3d) 277 (CA) .................................................... ....................... 04.050
Horsley v MacLaren (1972] SCR 441 (SC) ................................................ 04.050
Horton v Taplin Contracts Ltd [2003) ICR 179 ........................... 09.033, 09.039
Hosking v Runting (2005] 1NZLR1 ............................... 16.039, 16.040, 16.041,
16.042, 16.047, 16.063,
16.066, 16.074, 16.084
Hospitality Group Pty Ltd v Australian Rugby Union
Ltd (2001) 110FCR157 ......................................................................... 20.106
Hotel Cipriani SRL v Cipriani (Grosvenor Street) Ltd
[2010) Bus LR 1465 ................................................................................ 14.079
Hotel De L'Europe Ltd VW D Currie-Fryer (1955)
MC l ........................................................................................................ 14.007
Hotel Royal @ Queens Pte Ltd v J M Pang & Seah
(Pte) Ltd (2014) 3 SLR 967 ........................................ 05.021, 06.033, 06.059,
07.087, 08.103
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Aud1ority
(1987) AC 750 .................................................. 07.032, 07.055, 07.057, 07.059
Howard Marine and Dredging Co Ltd" A Ogden &
Sons (Excavations) Ltd (1978] QB 574................................................. 04.085
HRH Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
(2008) Ch 57 ........................................................................................... 16.062
HSBC Bank plc v 5th Avenue Partners Lid (2009)
E'VJCA Civ 296 ......................................................................................... 19.085
Hsu Ann Mei Amy v Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp
Ltd [2011] 2 SLR 178 ............................................................................. 06.062
Hucks v Cole (1993) 4 Med LR 393 ............................................... 06.048, 06.052
Hudson v Ridge Manufactming Co Ltd [1957]
2 QB 348 .................................................................................................. 06.038
Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963) AC 837 ....................................... 07.102, 07.103
Hunt vSevers (1994) 2 AC 350 ................................................................... 20.051
Hunt v The Star Newspaper Co, Ltd (1908) 2 KB 309 ................. 13.017, 13.025
Hunter and New England Local Health District v
McKenna; Hunter and New England Local Health
District v Simon [2014) HCA 44 ..................................... ....................... 05.081
Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd (1997) AC 655 ....... 10.036, 10.045, 10.052, 10.082,
10.083, 10.133, 16.045, 16.047
Hunter v Chief Constable of the West Midlands
Police (1982] AC 529 .............................................................................. 04.181
Hunter v Southam Inc (1984] 2 SCR 145 .................................................. 16.059
Hussain v Chief Constable of West Mercia
Constabulary [2008) EWCA Civ 1205 ...................................... .............. 17.041
xlix
 Table of Cases
Para
Hussain v Lancastet· City Council [2000) QB 1 .......................................... 10.056
Hussain v New Taplow Paper Mills Ltd (1988)
AC 514 ..................................................................................................... 20.051
Hutcheson v News G1·oup Newspapers Ltd [2011]
11 EWCA Civ 808; [2012] EMLR 2 ........................................... ............. 16.061
Hutchinson vYork, Newcastle and Berwick Railway
Co (1850) 5 Exch 343; 155 ER 150 ........................................................ 19.002
_Huth v Huth (1915] 3 KB 32 ....................................................................... 12.076
Hygeian Medical Supplies Pte Ltd v Tri-Star Rotary
Screen EngravingW01·ks Pte Ltd [1993)
2SLR(R) 411 .................................................... 10.037, I0.067, 10.110, 19.090
Hytech Builders Pte Ltd v Goh Teng Poh Kat·en
[2008] 3 SLR(R) 236 ................................................... 13.020, 13.073, 13.092,
. 13.093, 13.096, 14.044
Hytech Builders Pte Ltd vTan Eng Leong [1995)
1 SLR(R) 576 .................................................................... .......................08.065 _
I JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham (2003) 1 AC 419 ...................................... 11.025
IBM vWeb-Sphere Ltd (2004] EWHC 529 (Ch);
[2004) FSR 39 ........... ... ............................................................................ 14.048
Ife Fund SA v Goldman Sachs International [2007]
2 Lloyd's Rep 449 .................................................................................... 05.006
Ikumene Singapore Pte Ltd v Leong Chee Leng
(1993) 2 SLR(R) 480 .......................................03.086, 04.077, 05.052, 05.079
llkiw v Samuels [1963] l WLR 991.. ............................................................ 19.066
Illustrated Newspapers, Ltd v Publicity Services
(London), Ltd [1938] Ch 414................................................................ 14.108
lmbree v McNeilly [2008) HCA 40 ................................................06.010, 06.011
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Shat1vell [1965)
AC 656 ..............................................................08.029, 08.037, 09.066, 19.034
Imperial Gas Light & Coke Co v Broadbent (1859)
LR 7 HL 600; 11ER239 .............. ...........................................................20.113
Incledon v Watson (1862) 2 F & F 841; 175 ER 1312 ................................ 14.005
Indata Equipment Supplies Ltd v ACL Ltd (1998)
FSR 248 .................................................................................................... 15.046
Indemaurv Dames (1866) LR l CP 274 ..................................................... 04.017
Industrial Commercial Bank v Tan Swa Eng (1995]
2 SLR(R) 385 ...........................................................................................04.017
Info-communications Development Authority of
Singapore v Singapore Telecommunications Ltd
(No 2) (2002) 2 SLR(R) 136 ..................................................................01.021
Initial Services Ltd v Putterill [1968] l QB 396.......................................... 16.031
Innes v Wylie (1844) 1 Car & K 257; 174 ER 800 .......................................02.019
Integrated Information Pte Ltd v CD-Biz Directories
Pte Ltd (1999) 2 SLR(R) 301 ................................................................. 14.052
Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual
Programmes Ltd (1989] QB 433 ............................................................08.043
International Factors Ltd v Rodriguez D 979] QB 351 ................. 11.037, 11.038
Intraco Ltd v Multi-Pak Singapore Pte Ltd [1994]
3 SLR(R) 1064 ........................................ .............. ................................... 15.067
Invenpro (M) Sdn Bhd v JCS Automation Pte Ltd
[2014] 2 SLR 1045 ........................................... 12.052, 16.021, 16.025, 16.027
Table of Cases
Para
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin [1996] AC 624;
[1994] 3 NZLR513 ....................................................... 0l.089, 04.089, 05.059
Inverugie Investments Ltd v Hackett (1995]
1 WLR 713 .................................................................................. 10.026, 20.045
Investors in Industry Ltd v South Bedfordshire
District Council (1986] AC 1034 ........................................................... 05.049
Iqbal v Dean Manson Solicitors (2011] IRLR 428;
[2011] CP Rep 26 ...................................................................... 02.088, 02.091
Iqbal v Prison Officers Association [2010] 1 QB 732 .................. 02.038, 02.039,
02.040, 17.035
Irene Fernandez v Utusan Melayu (M) Sdn Bhd
(2008] 2 CLJ 814..................................................................................... 13.099
Irvine v Talksport Ltd (2002] 1 WLR 2355 ................................................ 14.110
J
J&E Hall, Ltd v Barclay [1937] 3 All ER 620 .............................. ................ 11.060
Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2005]
1vVLR37 ................................................................................................. 07.105
Jacobi v Griffiths (1999] 2 SCR 570 ............................................................ 19.039
Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549 ........................................................ 04.129
Jag Shakti, The [1985-1986] SLR(R) 448 ..................................... 11.053, 11.060
Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 1WLR269 ................................. 10.030, 10.091, 20.122
Jain v Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009]
1AC853 ....................................................................................... ........... 05.078
Jameel (Mohammed) v Wall Streetjournal Europe
Sprl [2007] 1AC359 ................................................... 12.013, 13.100, 13.103,
13.133, 18.014
Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005)
QB 946 ........................................................................... 12.027, 12.094, 12.096
James v Campbell (1832) 5 Car & P 372; 172 ER 1015 ............................. 02.023
James v Hepworth & Grandage Ltd [1968] 1QB94 ....................... .......... 07.028
James Andrew Robinson v P Ejones (Contractors)
Ltd [2011] EWCACiv9 .......................................................................... 05.018
James McNaughton Paper Group Ltd v Hicks
Ande1·son & Co (1991] 2 QB 113 .................................... ...................... 04.074
James Rhodes v OPO (2015) 2 WLR 1373; (2015)
UKSC 32 ........................................................................ 02.074, 02.079, 02.080
Jane Doe v Australian Broadcasting Corp (2007)
vcc 281 ................................................................................................... 16.038
Janvier v Sweeney [1919) 2 KB 316 ......................................... .................... 02.077
JanrisvWilliams (1955) 1 WLR71 ................................................. ll.037,ll.038
Jason Carlos Francisco v Dr L M Thng (1999)
SGHC 206 ................................................................................................ 06.046
JD Ltd v Comptroller of Income Tax (2006)
1 SLR(R) 484 .......................................................................................... 17.031
JEB Fasteners Ltd v Marks, Bloom & Co [1983)
1 All ER 583 ............................................................................................. 14.017
Jefford v Gee [1970) 2 QB 130.................................................................... 20.082
Jeffries v The Great Western Railway Co (1856)
5 El & BI 802, 119 ER 680.......................................................... 11.023, 11.049
li
 Tabl.e of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Jet Aviation (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Jet Maintenance JSI Shipping (S) Pte Ltd v Teofoongwonglcloong
Pte Ltd (1998) 1 SLR(R) 713 ........ .... ..................................................... 14.076 (2007] 4 SLR(R) 460 ................................................... 06.012, 06.035, 06.053,
Jet Holding Ltd v Cooper Cameron (Singapore) Pte 06.078, 06.079, 06.080, 06.081,
Ltd (2005) 4 SLR (R) 417 (HC) .................................................... ........ 04.029 06.082, 07.012, 07.023, 07.028,
Jet Holding Ltd v Cooper Cameron (Singapore) Pte 07.062, 07.116, 08.066
Ltd (2006] 3 SLR(R) 769 (CA) .......................08.082, 08.084, 08.085, 10.023 JT Stratford & Son Ltd v Lindley (1965] AC 269 ......................... 15.010, 15.015,
Jetivia SA v Bilta (UK) Ltd [2015) 2 WLR 1168; 15.016, 15.030
[2015) UKSC 23 ................................................................... .... ............... 18.016 JU v See Tho Kai Yin (2005] 4 SLR(R) 96 ..................................... 04.167, 06.046
JeyaretnamJoshua Benjamin v Goh Chok Tong Jumbo Seafood Pte Ltd v Hong Kong Jumbo Seafood
(1983-1984) SLR(R) 745 .......................................................... 12.015, 12.028 Restaurant Pte Ltd [1997) 3 SLR(R) 878 ................................. 14.065, 14.075
JeyaretnamJoshua Benjamin v Lee Kuan Yew (1992] Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd (1983] l AC 520 ................................. 04.096
1 SLR(R) 791 ....................................................... ....................... 12.002, 13.041 Jurong Port Pte Ltd v Huationg Inland Transport
Jeyasegaram David v Ban Song Long David (2005) Service Pte Ltd [2009) 4 SLR(R) 53 ......................................... 08.050, 18.040
2 SLR(R) 712 ................................................... 12.015, 12.020, 12.051, 13.011, Jurnng Primewide Pte Ltd v Moh Seng Cranes Pte
13.024, 13.029, 13.089 Ltd (2014] 2 SLR 360 ................................... ............... 05.028, 05.035, 05.045,
Jinsung Construction Co Ltd Singapore Branch v 05.062, 05.063, 05.079, 05.080,
Roko Trading Pte Ltd (2012} SGHC 50 ................................................ 18.047 05.086, 05.087, 06.032, 08.102
jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982) AC 794 ..........................07.067, 07.068, Jurong Town Corp v Wishing Star Ltd [2005)
07.069, 07.070 3 SLR(R) 283 ............................................................................. 14.015, 14.029
John v MGN Ltd [1997] QB 586 ....................................... 13.135, 13.143, 20.106 Just v British Columbia (1990)
John Doe v Bennett (2004] 1SCR436 .......................................... 19.005, 19.038 64 DLR (4th) 689 (SCC) ........................................................................ 04.176
John Holland Construction and Engineering Pc.y Ltd v
Majorca Projects Pc.y Ltd (2000) 16 Const LJ 114 ................................. 05.029 K
John Rylands v Thomas Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 ................01.007, 03.003,
10.001, 10.042, 10.098, 10.099, K v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2011] 1WLR1827 .............................. 16.083
10.104, 10.116, 19.092 Kalaba v Commonwealth of Australia [2004]
.John Summers & Sons Ld v Frost (1955] AC 740 ...................................... 09.033 FCA 763 ................................................................................................... 16.038
Johnson &Johnson v Uni-Charm Kabushiki Kaisha Kamal Shashikant Shah v Bharat Dharmadas Kalwani
(2007] 1 SLR(R) 1082 ....................................... ........... ......... ................. 14.068 (2014] SGMC 2 ....................................................................................... 02.086
Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] Kamloops v Nielsen (1984] 2 SCR 2 .............................................. 03.084, 04.089
QB 333 .....................................................................................................08.040 Kannan s/o Kunjiraman v Public Prosecutor (1995]
Jolley v Sutton London Borough Council (2000] 3 SLR(R) 294 .......................................................................................... 15.051
I WLR 1082 .............................................................................................07.102 Karagozlu v Commissioner of Police of the
Jones v Kaney (2011) 2 WLR 823 ................................................................04.184 Metropolis [2007) 1 WLR 1881 ................................... .......................... 17.041
Jones v Livox Quarries Ld (1952] 2 QB 608 .....................08.079, 08.080, 08.081 Karuppan Bhoomidas v Port of Singapore Authority
Jones v Manchester Corp [1952) 2 QB 852 ................................................ 19.106 [1977- 1978] SLR(R) 204 .......................................................... 19.021, 19.025
Jones v Ruth (2012) 1 WLR 1495 ................................................................02.089 Kasapis v Laimos Bros Ltd (1959] 2 Lloyd's Rep 378 ................................ 04.011
Jones v Stones [1999] 1WLR1739 ............................................................. 10.019 Kay Swee Pin v Singapore Island Counu-y Club
Jones v Swansea Cic.y Council (1990] 1'VJLR1453 ..................................... 17.034 [2010] 4 SLR 288 .......................................................... 12.016, 13.039, 13.071
Jones vTsige 2012 ONCA 32, 108 OR (3d) 241........................... 16.043, 16.070, KayevRobertson [1991] FSR62 ......................... 02.017, 14.034, 14.039, 14.044,
16.071, 16.079 16.045, 16.046, 16.057
Jones Bros (Hunstanton) Ld v Stevens (1955) KD v Chief Constable of Hampshire [2005)
l QB 275 .................................................................................................. 15.020 EWHC 2550 .... ......................................................................................... 20.014
Jo1·dan House Ltd v Menow ( 1974] SCR 239 ......................... .................... 04.040 Kea Holdings Pte Ltd v Gan Boon Hock (2000)
Joseph v Spiller (2010) 3 WLR 1791 ... ........................................................ 13.025 2 SLR(R) 333 .................................................... ...................................... 14.021
Joseph Smith v Charles Baker & Sons (1891] AC 325 ............................... 08.037 Kearns v General Council of the Bar (2003]
Joyce v Motor Surveys Ltd [1948] Ch 252 ............. ... .................................. 14.043 1WLR1357 ................................................................................ 13.066, 13.105
Joyce v O'Brien [2014] l WLR 70 ..................................... 08.010, 08.011, 08.017 Keating v Bromley London Borough Council ( 1995]
Joyce v Sengupta [1993) 1WLR337 .................................... .......... 14.046, 14.053 2 AC 633 ........................................................................................... ....... 09.027
Keller Piano Co (Pee) Ltd v Management
Corporation Strata Title Plan No 1298 (1994)
3 SLR(R) 965 .......................................................................................... 06.090

Iii I iii
 Table of Cases
Para
Kelly v Tinling (1865) LR 1 QB 699 ............................................................ 13.032
Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co (of Great Britain and
Ireland) Ltd (1957) 2 QB 334 ....................... ............................ 10.029, 20.115
Kemmy v Ireland [2009) IEHC 178 (HC, Ireland) .................................... 18.007
Kemsley v Foot (1952) AC 345 ....................................................... 13.015, 13.019
KennawayvThompson (1981) QB88 ........................................... 10.086, 20.113
Kenso Leasing Pte Ltd v Hoo Hui Seng (2010]
SGMC 8 .................................................................................................... 11.044
Kent v Griffiths [2001) QB 36 ........................................................04.051, 05.055
Keppel Singmarine Dockyard Pte Ltd v Ng Chan
Teng [2008) 2 SLR(R} 839.....................................................................08.077
Kesavan Engineering & Construction Pte Ltd v SP
Powerassets Ltd [2011) SGDC 179............................................ 12.071, 12.096
Khashoggi v IPC Magazines Ltd (1986) 1WLR1412 ................................ 13.007
KhodaparastvSh ad (2000] l WLR618 ......................................... 14.055, 20.011
Khoo Bee Keong v Ang Chun Hong (2005)
SGHC 128 ................................................................................................ 08.082
Khoo James v Gunapathy d/o Muniandy (2002]
1 SLR(R) 1024 .................................................06.044, 06.046, 06.047, 06.048,
06.049, 06.050, 06.051, 06.052,
06.053, 06.055
Khoo Ting Hong v Sim Guan Soon [1968-1970)
SLR(R) 391 .............................................................................................. 04.017
Khorasandjian v Bush (1993) QB 727 .............................. 10.052, 16.045, 16.047
Khusvinder Singh Chopra v Mooka Pillai Rajagopal
(1999) 1 SLR(R) 130 ..............................................................................07.110
Kiam v MGN Ltd [2003] QB 281 ................................................................ 13.134
Kickapoo (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v T h e Monarch
Beverage Co (Europe) Ltd [2010] 1SLR1212 ........................ 14.083, 14.085
Kiddle v City Business Properties, Ltd [1942]
l KB 269................................................................................................... 10.127
Kiku Pacific, The [1999] 2 SLR(R) 91.. ...................................................... 17.006
Kim Anseok v Shi Sool Hee (2010) SGHC 124 ................04.008, 20.053, 20.076
King v Lake (1667) Hardres 470; 145 ER 552 ................... .........................01.007
King vTelegraph Group Ltd [2005] 1WLR2282 ..................................... 13.011
King Fish vWee Meng Tugboat Service (1994)
3 SLR(R) 950 ...........................................................................................07.015
Kirk v Gregory (1876) 1 Ex D 55 ................................................................. 11.069
Kirkham v Boughey (1958) 2 QB 338 .........................................................20.104
Kirkham v Chief Constable of the Greater
Manchester Police (1990] 2 QB 283 ..............03.072, 04.041, 07.089, 08.008,
08.011, 08.018. 08.038
Ki1vek Management and Consulting Services Ltd v
Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago (2002)
1 \.\7LR 2792 .............................................................................................09.024
Knapp v Railway Executive (1949) 2 All ER 508 ........................................09.013
Knightley v Johns (1982) 1WLR349 .............................................07.079, 07.081
Knupfferv London Express Newspaper, Ltd [1944)
AC 116 .............................................................. 12.054, 12.060, 12.061, 12.066
Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005)
222 CLR 44 .................................................................................04.151, 05.038
Koh Chai Kwang v Teo Ai Ling (2011) 3 SLR 610 ........................20.064, 20.078
Koh Poh Seng v Low Leong Meng [2010) SGDC 256 ............................... 12.042
liv
Table of Cases
Para
Koh Sin Chong Freddie v Chan Cheng Wah Bernard
(2013) 4 SLR 629 ............................................. 12.060, 13.134, 13.139, 20.010
Konskier v B Goodman, Ltd (1928) 1KB421 ........................................... 10.008
Kota Bakti, The (1993) l SLR(R) 229 ........................................... 11.010, 11.068
Kota Sejarah, The (1990) 1 SLR(R) 747 ....................................... 11.012, 11.068
Koursk, The [ 1924) P 140 .............................................................. 18.028, 18.030
Kralj v McGrath (1986) 1 All ER54 ............................................................ 20.012
Kriti Palm, The [2007) I All ER (Comm) 667 ........................................... 14.010
Kua Kok Kim v Ernst & Young [1999) 3 SLR(R) 1184 .............................. 06.054
Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire
Constabulary (2002) 2 AC 122 .................................... 17.042, 20.020, 20.023,
20.024, 20.027, 20.033
Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co
(Nos4and5) [2U02] 2AC883...................... ll.004, 11.006, ll.007, ll.Oll,
11.051, 11.054, 11.058,
11.061, 11.063, 11.065
L
L v G (2002) DCR 234 ................................................................................. 16.039
Ladas v Apple Inc 2014 BCSC 1821 .............................................. .............. 16.043
Lagden v O'Connor (2004) l AC 1067 ......................................... 07.112, 20.100
Lai v Chamberlains (2007) 2 NZLR 7 ...................................................... ... 04.184
Lai Wai Keong Eugene v Loo Wei Yen (2014)
3 SLR 702 ................................................................................................ 20.059
Lamb v Camden London Borough (1981) QB 625................................... 07.105
Lamine v Don-ell (1705) 2 Raym Ld 1216; 92 ER 303............................... 20.047
Land Securities pie v Fladgate Fielder (2010]
2v\TLR 1265 ............................................................................................. 17.006
Lane v Holloway (1968) l QB 379 .............................................................. 02.069
Lange v Atkinson [2000] 3 NZLR 385 ........................................................ 13.107
Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corp (1997)
189 CLR 520 ............................................................................................ 13.107
Langridge v Levy (1837) 2 M & W 519; 150 ER 863 ..................... 14.016, 14.020
Latimer v AEC Ltd (1953) AC 643.............................................................. 06.025
Lau Peng Cheng David v Tan Boon Heng [2013)
l SLR 783 ................................................................................................ 20.058
Laurentide Motels Ltd v City of Beaufort (1989)
1 SCR 705 ................................................................................................ 05.059
Law Debentures Trust Corp v Ural Caspian (1995)
Ch 152 ..................................................................................................... 15.018
Law Society of Singapore v Tan Guat Neo Phyllis
(2008) 2 SLR(R} 239 .................................................... 17.002, 17.006, 17.008
Lawrence v Fen Tigers Ltd (2014) 2 WLR 433 ............... 10.041, 10.070, 10.071,
10.072, 10.073, 10.076, 10.077,
10.078, 10.079, 10.091, 10.092
Lawrence v Fen T igers Ltd (No 2) (2014] 3 'WLR 555 .............................. 10.058
Lawrence v Horton (1890) 59 LJ Ch 440 ................................................... 20.115
Le Fanu v Malcolmson (1848) l HLC 637; 9 ER 910 ................................ 12.060
Le Lievre v Gould (1893) 1 QB 491 .................................. 03.018, 04.061, 14.002
Leake v Loveday and Brooks (1842) 4 Man & G 972;
134 ER 399 ...................... ........................................................................ 11.049
lv
 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para
Leakey v National Trust for Places of Histodc
Interest or Natural Beauty (1980) 1 QB 485 ............................ 10.062, 10.097
Lee Chang-Rung v Leonard Loo LLP (2012)
SGHC 174 ...................................................................................06.070, 07.063
Lee Feng Steel Pte Ltd v First Commercial Bank
[1996] 3 SLR(R) 64 ................................................................... 19.062, 19.063
Lee Hsien Loong v Review Publishing Co Ltd (2009]
l SLR(R) 177 ................................................... 12.015, 12.016, 12.029, 12.038,
13.075, 13.106, 13.134, 18.013
Lee Hsien Loong v Roy NgerngYi Ling [2014]
SGHC 230 ..................................................................... 12.002, 12.033, 12.038,
12.083, 13.152
Lee Hsien Loong v Singapore Democratic Party
(2007] 1 SLR(R) 675 ................................................... 12.038, 12.059, 13.106,
13.107, 18.013, 20.113
Lee Hsien Loong v Singapore Democratic Party
[2009] 1 SLR(R) 642 .................................................... 13.141, 13.147, 13.152
Lee Kuan Yew v Davies Derek Gwyn [ 1989]
2 SLR(R) 544 ................................................... 12.059, 13.012, 13.021, Ut025,
13.030, 13.075, 13.090,
13.098, 13 .108, 13.141
Lee Kuan Yewv Jeyaremamjoshua Benjamin (1990]
l SLR(R) 709 ................................................................. 13.014, 13.018, 13.107
Lee Kuan Yew v Nair Devan (1990) 2 SLR(R) 51 ...................................... 13.007
Lee Kuan Yew v Nair Devan (1992) 3 SLR(R) 757 .................................... 12.080
Lee Kuan Yew v Seow Khee Leng [1988)
2 SLR(R) 252 ........................................................................................... 13.141
LeeKuanYewvVinocurjohn (1996) lSLR(R) 840 .................... 13.138, 13.141
Lee Ngiap Hoon v Teo Sin (1991] 2 SLR(R) 131 .........................20.053, 20.058
Lee Say Sugar Factory Pte Ltd v Deep-Freeze
Refrigeration Pte Ltd [1997) SGHC 149 ...............................................06.084
Lee Siew Chun v Sourgrapes Packaging Products
Trading Pte Ltd (1993] 3 SLR(R) 855 .....................................04.185, 06.070,
08.099, 19.105
Lee Ting San gv Chung Chi-Keung (1990) 2 AC 374 ................................ 19.015
Lee Wei Kong v Ng Siok Tong [2010) SGHC 371 ..................................... 20.056
Lee Wei Kong v Ng Siok Tong [2012] 2 SLR 85 (CA) ................20.058, 20.063,
20.065, 20.070
Lee Yoke Yam v Chin Keat Seng [2013) 1MLJ145 ................................... 13.056
Leerdam v Noori [2009) NSWCA 90 .......................................................... 17.034
Leichhardt Municipal Council v Montgomery (2007)
230 CLR 22 .............................................................................................. 19.100
Leigh v Gladstone (1909) 26 TLR 139 ........................................................02.067
Leigh and Sillavan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co Ltd
(1986) AC 785 ..................................................... ....................... 03.026, 04.029
Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd v Fox (2009) HCA 35 .................................06.035
Lemos v Kennedy Leigh Development Co Ltd (1961)
105 Soljo 178 .......................................................................................... 20.121
Lennard's Carrying Co, Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co,
Ltd (1915) AC 705 .................................................................................. 18.017
Leon Engineering & Construction Co Ltd v Ka Duk
Investment Co Ltd (1989) 47 BLR 139 .................................................. 05.029
Para
Leong Chin Kum v Selco (Shipyard) Pte Ltd
(1981-1982] SLR(R) 619 ....................................................................... 07.007
Les Laboratoires Se1vier v Apotext Inc [2014]
3 WLR 1257 ................................................................................ 08.008, 08.011
L'Estrange v F Graucob, Ltd [1934) 2 KB 394 ........................................... 08.043
Letang v Cooper [1965] l QB 232 ...................... ............. 02.007, 02.008, 02.009,
02.043, 03.003, 20.135
Lewis v Daily Telegraph Ltd [1963] l QB 340; [1962)
3 WLR 50 ................................................................................................. 12.032
Li Siu Lun v Looi Kok Poh (2013) SGHCR 27 ............................. 20.0ll, 20.020
Li Siu Lun v Looi Kok Poh [2015) 4 SLR 667.............................. 15.061, 20.010,
20.011, 20.013
Lian Kok Hong v Ow Wah Foong (2008)
4 SLR(R) 165 ............................................................... 20.128, 20.132, 20.139,
20. 141, 20.142, 20.143
Lifestyle 1.99 Pte Ltd v S$1.99 Pte Ltd [2000)
1 SLR(R) 687 ........................... :.................................... 14.066, 14.069, 14.096
Lim Eng Hock Peter v Lin Jian Wei (2009)
2 SLR(R) 1004 (HC) ................................................... 12.015, 12.016, 12.040,
13.042, 13.065, 13.072,
13.086, 13.088, 13.136
Lim Eng Hock Peter v Linjian Wei [2010]
4 SLR 331 (CA) ....................................................... :..... 12.040, 13.087, 13.088
Lim Eng Hock Peterv Linjian Wei (2010) 4 SLR 357 ............... 12.013, 13.134,
13.141, 13.142
Lim Fook Lau v Kepdrill International Inc SA [1992]
3 SLR(R) 244 .......................................................................................... 20.059
L im Hong Seng v East Coast Medicare Centre Pte
Ltd [1994] 3 SLR(R) 680 .......................................................... 10.020, 10.078
Lim Kok Koon v Tan Cheng Yew [2004]
3 SLR(R) 111 .......................................................................................... 19.055
Lim Kok Lian v Lee Paukia [2015) 1 SLR 1184........................................ 17.007
Lim Leong Huat v Chip Hup Hup Kee Construction
Pte Ltd [2009) 2 SLR(R) 318 ................................................................. 15.056
Lim Meng Suang v Attorney-General [2015]
1 SLR 26 .................................................................................................. 16.014
Lim Poh Choo v Camden and Islington Area Health
Authority (1980) AC 174 .............................................. 20.053, 20.061, 20.066
Lim Poh Eng v Public Prosecutor (1999)
1 SLR(R) 428 ............................................................................. 03.004, 06.069
Lim Seow Wah v Housing & Development Board .
(1990) 2 SLR(R) 760 .............................................................................. 04.017
Limpus v London General Omnibus Co (1862)
1 H & C 526; 158 ER 993 ........................................................................ 19.066
Lincoln v Daniels [1962) 1 QB 237 ..................... 13.047, 13.051, 13.052, 13.053
Lines International Holding (S) Pte Ltd v Singapore
ToudstPromotionBoard (1997) I SLR(R) 52.......... 04.172, 15.012, 17.029,
17.031, 17.032, 17.038
Ling Kee Ling v Leow Leng Siong (1994)
3 SLR(R) 395 ..................................................................... .... ................. 20.076
Lion Laboratories Ltd v Evans (1985) QB 526 ............................. 16.031, 16.073
Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548 ...................................... 01.021

lvi lvii
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cutting in a whale way astern. I expected eventually to be hoisted into one
of the tops and cook aloft. Any well regulated galley is placed amidships,
where there is the least motion. This is an important consideration for a sea
cook. At best he is often obliged to make his soup like an acrobat, half on
his head and half on his heels and with the roof of his unsteady kitchen
trying to become the floor. My stove was not a marine stove. It had no rail
around the edges to guard the pots and kettles from falling off during extra
lurches. The Henry was a most uneasy craft, and always getting up extra
lurches or else trying to stand on her head or stern. Therefore, as she flew
up high astern when I was located in that quarter, she has in more than one
instance flung me bodily, in an unguarded moment, out of that galley door
and over that quarter-deck while a host of kettles, covers, and other culinary
utensils, rushed with clang and clatter out after me and with me as their
commander at their head. We all eventually terminated in the scuppers. I
will not, as usual, say “lee scuppers.” Any scupper was a lee scupper on that
infernal vessel. I endeavored to remedy the lack of a rail about this stove by
a system of wires attaching both pots and lids to the galley ceiling. I
“guyed” my chief culinary utensils. Still during furious oscillations of the
boat the pots would roll off their holes, and though prevented from falling,
some of them as suspended by these wires would swing like so many
pendulums, around and to and fro over the area of that stove.
That was the busiest year of my life. I was the first one up in the
morning, and the last save the watch to turn in at night. In this dry-goods
box of a kitchen I had daily to prepare a breakfast for seven men in the
cabin, and another for eleven in the forecastle; a dinner for the cabin and
another for the forecastle; likewise supper for the same. It was my business
to set the aristocratic cabin table, clear it off and wash the dishes three times
daily. I had to serve out the tea and coffee to the eleven men forward. The
cabin expected hot biscuit for breakfast, and frequently pie and pudding for
dinner. Above all men must the sea cook not only have a place for
everything and everything in its place, but he must have everything chocked
and wedged in its place. You must wash up your tea things, sometimes
holding on to the deck with your toes, and the washtub with one hand, and
wedging each plate, so soon as wiped, into a corner, so that it slide not away
and smash. And even then the entire dish-washing apparatus, yourself
included, slides gently across the deck to leeward. You can’t leave a fork, or
a stove-cover, or lid-lifter lying about indifferently but what it slides and
sneaks away with the roll of the vessel to some secret crevice, and is long
lost. When your best dinner is cooked in rough weather, it is a time of trial,
terror, and tribulation to bestow it safely on the cabin table. You must
harbor your kindling and matches as sacredly as the ancients kept their
household gods, for if not, on stormy mornings, with the drift flying over
the deck and everything wet and clammy with the water-surcharged air of
the sea, your breakfast will be hours late through inability to kindle a fire,
whereat the cook catches it from that potentate of the sea, “the old man,”
and all the mates raise their voices and cry with empty stomachs, “Let him
be accursed.”
One great trial with me lay in the difficulty of distinguishing fresh water
from salt—I mean by the eye. We sea cooks use salt water to boil beef and
potatoes in: or rather to boil beef and pork and steam the potatoes. So I
usually had a pail of salt water and one of fresh standing by the galley door.
Sometimes these got mixed up. I always found this out after making salt-
water coffee, but then it was too late. They were particular, especially in the
cabin, and did not like salt-water coffee. On any strictly disciplined vessel
the cook for such an offence would have been compelled to drink a quart or
so of his own coffee, but some merciful cherub aloft always interfered and
got me out of bad scrapes. Another annoyance was the loss of spoons and
forks thrown accidentally overboard as I flung away my soup and grease-
clouded dishwater. It was indeed bitter when, as occupied in these daily
washings I allowed my mind to drift to other and brighter scenes, to see the
glitter of a spoon or fork in the air or sinking in the deep blue sea, and then
to reflect that already there were not enough spoons to go around, or forks
either. Our storeroom was the cabin. Among other articles there was a keg
of molasses. One evening after draining a quantity I neglected to close the
faucet tightly. Molasses therefore oozed over the cabin floor all night. The
cabin was a freshet of molasses. Very early in the morning the captain,
getting out of his bunk, jumped both stockinged feet into the saccharine
deluge. Some men will swear as vigorously in a foot-bath of molasses as
they would in one of coal-tar. He did. It was a very black day for me, and
life generally seemed joyless and uninviting; but I cooked on.
The Henry was full of mice. These little creatures would obtrude
themselves in my dough wet up for fresh bread over night, become bemired
and die therein. Once a mouse thus dead was unconsciously rolled up in a
biscuit, baked with it, and served smoking hot for the morning’s meal aft. It
was as it were an involuntary meat-pie. Of course the cabin grumbled; but
they would grumble at anything. They were as particular about their food as
an habitué of Delmonico’s. I wish now at times I had saved that biscuit to
add to my collection of odds-and-endibles. Still even the biscuit proved but
an episode in my career. I cooked on, and those I served stood aghast, not
knowing what would come next.
After live months of self-training I graduated on pies. I studied and
wrought out the making of pies unassisted and untaught. Mine were sea
mince pies; material, salt-beef soaked to freshness and boiled tender, dried
apples and molasses. The cabin pronounced them good. This was one of the
few feathers in my culinary cap. Of course, their goodness was relative. On
shore such a pie would be scorned. But on a long sea-voyage almost any
combination of flour, dried fruit and sugar will pass. Indeed, the appetite,
rendered more vigorous and perhaps appreciative by long deprivation from
luxuries, will take not kindly to dried apples alone. The changes in the
weekly bill of fare at sea run something thus: Sundays and Thursdays are
“duff days”; Tuesday, bean day; Friday, codfish and potato day; some
vessels have one or two special days for pork; salt beef, hardtack, tea and
coffee are fluids and solids to fall back on every day. I dreaded the making
of duffs, or flour puddings, to the end of the voyage. Rarely did I attain
success with them. A duff is a quantity of flour and yeast, or yeast-powder,
mixed, tied up in a bag and boiled until it is light. Plum-duff argues the
insertion of a quantity of raisins. Plain duff is duff without raisins. But the
proper cooking of a duff is rather a delicate matter. If it boils too long the
flour settles into a hard, putty-like mass whereunto there is neither
sponginess, lightness, nor that porousness which delights the heart of a cook
when he takes his duff from the seething caldron. If the duff does not boil
long enough, the interior is still a paste. If a duff stops boiling for ever so
few minutes, great damage results. And sometimes duff won’t do properly,
anyway. Mine were generally of the hardened species, and the plums
evinced a tendency to hold mass meetings at the bottom. Twice the hands
forward rebelled at my duffs, and their Committee on Culinary Grievances
bore them aft to the door of the cabin and deposited them there unbroken
and uneaten for the “Old Man’s” inspection. Which public demonstration I
witnessed from my galley door, and when the duff deputation had retired, I
emerged and swiftly and silently bore that duff away before the Old Man
had finished his dinner below. It is a hard ordeal thus to feel one’s self the
subject of such an outbreak of popular indignation. But my sympathies now
are all with the sailors. A spoiled duff is a great misfortune in the forecastle
of a whaler, where neither pie nor cake nor any other delicacy, save boiled
flour and molasses sauce, come from month’s end to month’s end.
In St. Bartholomew’s or Turtle bay, as the whalers call it, where for five
months we lay, taking and curing abalones, our food was chiefly turtle. This
little harbor swarmed with them. After a few hours’ hunt one of our
whaleboats would return with five or six of these unwieldy creatures in the
bottom, some so large and heavy as to require hoisting over the side. Often
the green fat under the callipee, or under shell, lay three inches in thickness.
I served up turtle fried, turtle stewed, quarters of turtle roasted and stuffed
like loins of veal, turtle plain boiled and turtles’ flippers, boiled to a jelly
and pickled. A turtle is a variously flavored being. Almost every portion has
a distinct and individual taste. After all, old Jake, our black boat-steerer,
showed us the most delicate part of the turtle, and one previously thrown
away. This was the tripe, cleansed of a thin inner skin. When the cabin table
had once feasted on stewed turtle tripe they called for it continuously. After
many trials and much advice and suggestion, I learned to cook acceptably
the abalone. The eatable part of this shellfish when fresh is as large as a
small tea saucer. There are two varieties, the white and black. The white is
the best. Cut up in pieces and stewed, as I attempted at first, the abalone
turned out stewed bits of gutta percha; fried, it was fried gutta percha. Then
a man from another vessel came on board, who taught me to inclose a
single abalone in a small canvas bag and then pound it to a jelly with a
wooden mallet. This process got the honey out of the abalone. The remains
of four or five abalones thus pounded to a pulp, and then allowed to simmer
for a couple of hours, would make a big tureen of the most delicious soup
man ever tasted, every drop of which, on cooling, hardened to the
consistency of calves’-foot jelly. When my cabin boarders had once become
infected with abalone soup they wanted me to keep bringing it along. The
Americans do not know or use all the food in the sea which is good.
I was an experimental cook, and once or twice, while cutting-in whale,
tried them with whale meat. The flesh lying under the blubber somewhat
resembles beef in color, and is so tender as easily to be torn apart by the
hands. But whale meat is not docile under culinary treatment.
Gastronomically, it has an individuality of its own, which will keep on
asserting itself, no matter how much spice and pepper is put upon it. It is a
wild, untamed steed. I propounded it to my guests in the guise of sausages,
but when the meal was over the sausages were there still. It can’t be done.
Shark can. Shark’s is a sweet meat, much resembling that of the swordfish,
but no man will ever eat a whale, at least an old one. The calves might
conduct themselves better in the frying-pan. We had many about us whose
mothers we had killed, but we never thought of frying them. When a whaler
is trying out oil, she is blackened with the greasy soot arising from the
burning blubber scraps from stem to stern. It falls like a storm of black
snow-flakes. They sift into the tiniest crevice. Of all this my cookery got its
full share. It tinged my bread and even my pies with a funereal tinge of
blackness. The deck at such times was covered with “horse pieces” up to
the top of the bulwarks. “Horse pieces” are chunks of blubber a foot or so in
length, that being one stage of their reduction to the size necessary for the
try-pots. I have introduced them here for the purpose of remarking that on
my passage to and fro, from galley to cabin, while engaged in laying the
cloth and arranging our services of gold plate and Sèvres ware, I had to
clamber, wade, climb, and sometimes, in my white necktie and swallow-tail
coat, actually crawl over the greasy mass with the silver tureen full of
“consommé” or “soup Julien,” while I held the gilt-edged and enamelled
menu between my teeth. Those were trying-out times for a maritime head
butler.
The cook socially does not rank high at sea. He stands very near the
bottom round of the ladder. He is the subject of many jests and low
comparisons. This should not be. The cook should rank next or near to the
captain. It is the cook who prepares the material which shall put mental and
physical strength into human bodies. He is, in fact, a chemist, who carries
on the last external processes with meat, flour, and vegetables necessary to
prepare them for their invisible and still more wonderful treatment in the
laboratory which every man and woman possesses—the stomach—whereby
these raw materials are converted not only into blood, bone, nerve, sinew,
and muscle, but into thoughts. A good cook may help materially to make
good poetry. An indigestible beefsteak, fried in grease to leather, may, in the
stomach of a General, lose a battle on which shall depend the fate of
nations. A good cook might have won the battle. Of course, he would
receive no credit therefor, save the conviction in his own culinary soul, that
his beefsteak properly and quickly broiled was thus enabled to digest itself
properly in the stomach of the General, and thereby transmit to and through
the General’s organism that amount of nerve force and vigor, which, acting
upon the brain, caused all his intelligence and talent to attain its maximum,
and thereby conquer his adversary. That’s what a cook may do. This would
be a far better and happier world were there more really good cooks on land
and sea. And when all cooks are Blots or Soyers, then will we have a
society to be proud of.
 CHAPTER VII.

SIGHTS WHILE COOKING.

St. Bartholomew or Turtle Bay is a small, almost circular, sheet of

water and surrounded by some of the dreariest territory in the world. The
mountains which stand about it seem the cooled and hardened deposit of a
volcano. Vegetation there is none, save cactus and other spined, horned, and
stinging growths. Of fresh water, whether in springs, rivulets, or brooks,
there is none. Close by our boat-landing was the grave of a mother and
child, landed a few years previous from a wreck, who had perished of thirst.
Coyotes, hares, and birds must have relieved thirst somewhere, possibly
from the dews, which are very copious. Our decks and rigging in the
morning looked as though soaked by a heavy shower. Regularly at night the
coyotes came down and howled over that lone grave, and the bass to their
fiend-like yelping were furnished by the boom of the Pacific surges on the
reef outside. To these gloomy sounds in the night stillness and blackness,
there used for a time to be added the incessant groaning of a wretched
Sandwich Islander, who, dying of consumption, would drag himself at night
on deck to avoid disturbing the sleep of the crowded forecastle. Small hope
for help is there for any thus afflicted on a whaler. There is no physician but
the Captain, and his practice dares not go much beyond a dose of salts or
castor-oil. The poor fellow was at last found dead, early one evening, in his
bunk, while his countrymen were singing, talking, laughing, and smoking
about him. It was a relief to all, for his case was hopeless, and such misery,
so impossible to relieve, is terrible to witness on a mere fishing-schooner so
crowded as ours. The dead man was buried at sea without any service,
much to the disgust of one of our coopers, who, although not a “professor,”
believed that such affairs should be conducted in an orthodox, ship-shape
fashion. Some one, after the corpse had slid overboard, remarked, “Well,
he’s dead and buried,” whereat the cooper muttered, “He’s dead, but he
ain’t what I call buried.” I don’t think the Captain omitted the burial service
through any indifference, but rather from a sensitiveness to officiate in any
such semi-clerical fashion.
 Some rocks not far from our anchorage were seen covered at early dawn
every morning with thousands of large black sea-birds. They were thickly
crowded together and all silent and immovable, until apparently they had
finished some Quaker form of morning devotion, when they commenced
flying off, not all at once, but in series of long straggling flocks. In similar
silence and order they would return at night from some far-off locality.
Never during all the months of our stay did we hear a sound from them.
Morning after morning with the earliest light this raven-colored host were
ever on their chosen rocks, brooding as it were ere their flight over some
solemnity peculiar to their existence.
The silent birds gone, there came regularly before sunrise a wonderful
mirage. Far away and low down in the distant seaward horizon there
seemed vaguely shadowed forth long lines one above and behind the other
of towers, walls, battlements, spires and the irregular outline of some weird
ancient city. These shapes, seemingly motionless, in reality changed from
minute to minute, yet the movement was not perceptible. Now it was a long
level wall with an occasional watch-tower. Then the walls grew higher and
higher, and there towered a lofty, round, cone-shaped structure, with a
suggestion of a flight of circular steps on the outside, as in the old-
fashioned Sunday-school books was seen pictured the tower of Babel. It
would reveal itself in varying degrees of distinctness. But when the eye,
attracted by some other feature of the spectacle, turned again in its direction
it was gone. A haze of purple covered as with a gauzy veil these beautiful
morning panoramas. Gazed at steadily it seemed as a dream realized in
one’s waking moments. It was sometimes for me a sight fraught with
dangerous fascination, and often as I looked upon it, forgetting all else for
the moment, have I been recalled disagreeably to my mundane sphere of
slops, soot, smoke and dish-rags, as I heard the ominous sizzle and splutter
of the coffee boiling over, or scented on the morning air that peculiar odor,
full of alarm to the culinary soul, the odor of burning bread in the oven. ’Tis
ever thus that the fondest illusions of life are rudely broken in upon by the
vulgar necessities and accidents of earthly existence.
There were ten Sandwich Islanders in the forecastle of the Henry, one
big Jamaica negro, who acted as a sort of leader for them, and no white
men. These Kanakas were docile, well-behaved, could read in their own
language, had in their possession many books printed in their own tongue,
and all seemed to invest their spare cash in clothes. They liked fish, very
slightly salted, which they would eat without further cooking, plenty of
bread, and, above all things, molasses. Molasses would tempt any of these
Islanders from the path of rectitude. When not at work they were either
talking or singing. Singly or in groups of two or three they would sit about
the deck at night performing a monotonous chant of a few notes. This they
would keep up for hours. That chant got into my head thirty-three years ago
and it has never got out since. Change of scene, of life, of association,
increase of weight, more morality, more regular habits, marriage, all have
made no difference. That Kanaka chant, so many thousand times heard on
the Southern Californian coast, will sometimes strike up of its own accord,
until it tires me out with its imagined ceaseless repetition. It’s there, a
permanent fixture. Recollection will wake it up.
So unceasing was the gabble of these Kanakas that one day I asked Jake,
the negro boat-steerer, who understood their language, what they found to
talk so much about. “Oh, dey talk about anyting,” said he; “dey talk a whole
day ’bout a pin.” Whereat I retired to my maritime scrubbery and kitchen
and varied my usual occupation midst my pots, pans, and undeveloped
plum duffs with wondering if the simpler, or, as we term them, the inferior
races of men are not more inclined to express their thoughts audibly than
the superior. I do not think an idea could present itself to a Kanaka without
his talking it out to somebody.
But some of these simple children of the Pacific isles used to pilfer hot
biscuits from my galley when I was absent. In vain I set hot stove covers in
front of the door for them to step on and burn their bare feet. I burned
myself on the iron I had prepared for my recently civilized, if not converted,
heathen brother. Both the superior and inferior races often went barefooted
on the Henry while in the lower latitudes.
At times, leaving a portion of the crew at the St. Bartholomew’s bay
station to collect and cure abalone, the schooner cruised about the coast for
sea-elephant. Not far from the bay are the islands of Cedros (or Cedars),
Natividad and some others. The first we saw of Cedros was her tree-
covered mountain-tops floating, as it were, in the air above us on a sea of
fog. This lifting, we were boarded by a boat containing two men. They
proved to be two Robinson Crusoes, by name Miller and Whitney, who had
been alone on the island nearly six months. They, with others, had fitted out
in San Francisco a joint-stock vessel and were left with a supply of
provisions on Cedros to seal. Their vessel was long overdue, their
provisions down to the last pound of biscuits, and they were living largely
on fish and venison, for though Cedros is many miles from the main land,
deer have got there somehow, as well as rattlesnakes. Their vessel never did
return, for their Captain ran away with her and sold her in some South
American port. Miller and Whitney joined our crew and made the
remainder of the voyage with us. They brought on board all their worldly
goods in two small trunks; also, a kettleful of boiled venison, a treat which
they were very glad to exchange for some long-coveted salt pork. They
reported that a “stinker” was lying among the rocks ashore. A “stinker” in
whaleman’s parlance is a dead whale. In giving things names a whaleman is
largely influenced by their most prominent traits or qualities, and the
odorous activity of a dead whale can be felt for miles. They told us, also,
that they had nineteen barrels of seal oil stored on the island of Natividad.
Natividad is but a bleached-topped, guano-covered rock. We sailed thither
but found no oil. The Captain who had stolen their vessel also included the
oil. Miller and Whitney proved very useful men. Whitney was a powerful
talker. Miller never spoke unless under compulsion. Whether in their six
months of Cedros isolation such a pair had been well mated is a matter on
which there may be variance of opinion. Perhaps from a colloquial
standpoint some if not many long-married men can best tell. Miller was a
Vermonter, and had spent seventeen years of his life roaming about among
seldom-visited South Sea islands. Could his tongue have been permanently
loosened and his brain stimulated to conversational activity, his might have
been a most interesting story. Once in a great while there came from him a
slight shower of sentences and facts which fell gratefully on our parched
ears, but as a rule the verbal drought was chronic. He had an irritating
fashion also of intonating the first portions of his sentences in an audible
key and then dying away almost to a whisper. This, when the tale was
interesting, proved maddening to his hearers. He spoke once of living on an
island whose natives were almost white, and the women well formed and
finer looking than any of the Polynesian race he had ever seen. Polygamy
was not practised; they were devoted to one wife; and their life, cleanliness
and manners, as he described them, made, with the addition of a little of
one’s own imagination, a pleasing picture. Miller’s greatest use to mankind
lay in his hands, in which all his brainpower concentrated instead of his
tongue. From splicing a cable to skinning a seal, he was an ultra proficient.
Others might tell how and tell well, but Miller did it. Talking seemed to
fatigue him. Every sentence ere completed fell in a sort of a swoon.
In St. Bartholomew’s, alias Turtle, Bay, we lay four months, taking
abalones. All hands were called every morning at four o’clock. Breakfast
was quickly dispatched, their noon lunch prepared, and everybody save
myself was away from the vessel by five. That was the last I saw of them
until sunset, and I was very glad to be rid of the whole gang and be left
alone with my own thoughts, pots, pans, and kettles. The abalone clings to
the surf-washed rocks by suction. It has but one outer shell. San Francisco
is very familiar with their prismatic hues inside, and the same outside when
ground and polished. Heaps of those shells, three feet in height and
bleached to a dead white by the sun, lay on the beaches about us. Of
unbleached and lively-hued shells we took on board several tons. They
were sent to Europe, and there used for inlaid work. The live abalone must
be pried off the rock with stout iron chisels or wedges. It was rough work
collecting them from the rocky ledges in a heavy surf. Carried to the curing
depot on shore, the entrails were cut away and the round, solid chunk of
meat left was first boiled and then dried in the sun. An inferior pearl is often
found within the body of the abalone. Our one Chinaman, Ah Sam, was
chef of the abalone-curing kitchen on shore. He was shipped for that
purpose. One live abalone will cling to the back of another too tightly to be
pulled off easily by hand, and you may in this way pile them on top of one
another, and thus erect a column of abalone as many feet in height as you
choose to build. These fish were intended for the Chinese market, and the
projectors of the voyage expected to get forty cents per pound for them in
San Francisco. When some forty tons had been cured we heard from a
passing steamer that the English had instituted another of their Christian
wars with China, for which reason abalones in San Francisco brought only
ten cents per pound. Then we stopped cooking abalones, hauled up our
anchor and hunted the sea-lion and the whale.
But while in St. Bartholomew’s Bay I was left alone on the vessel all day
with no companions save the gulls in the air and the sharks in the water.
Both were plentiful. The gulls made themselves especially sociable. They
would come boldly on board and feast on the quarters of turtle-meat hung
up in the rigging. Once I found one in the cabin pecking away at the crumbs
on the table. His gullible mind got into a terrible state on seeing me. I
whacked him to my heart’s content with the table-cloth. He experienced
great trouble in flying up the cabin stairway. In fact, he couldn’t steer
himself straight up stairs. His aim on starting himself was correct enough,
like that of many a young man or woman in commencing life; but instead of
going the straight and narrow path up the companionway he would bring up
against a deck beam. There is no limit to the feeding capacity of those
Pacific-coast gulls. The wonder is where it all goes to. I have
experimentally cut up and thrown in small pieces to a gull as much fat pork
as would make a meal for two men, and the gull has promptly swallowed it
all, waited for more, and visibly got no bigger. They never get fat.
Sometimes I tied two bits of meat to either end of a long string and flung it
overboard. Barely had it touched the water when the meat at either end was
swallowed by two of these bottomless scavengers, and they would fly away,
each pulling hard at the latest received contents of the other’s stomach. The
picture reminded me of some married lives. They pulled together, but they
didn’t pull the right way.
At low tide the shore would be lined with these birds vainly trying to fill
themselves with shellfish and such carrion as the waters had left. It couldn’t
be called feeding; a Pacific-coast gull does not feed, it seeks simply to fill
up the vast, unfathomable space within. Eternity is, of course, without end,
but the nearest approach to eternity must be the inside of a gull; I would say
stomach, but a stomach implies metes and bounds, and there is no proof that
there are any metes and bounds inside of a gull. It was good entertainment
to see the coyotes come down and manœuvre to catch the gulls. There was a
plain hard beach, perhaps a quarter of a mile wide, between coyote and gull.
Of course coyote couldn’t walk across this and eat gull up. So he went to
work to create an impression in gull’s mind that he was thereon other
business, and was quite indifferent, if not oblivious, to all gulls. He would
commence making long straight laps of half a mile on the beach. At the end
of each lap he would turn and run back a few feet nearer gull; back another
lap, another turn, and so on. But he wasn’t looking for a gull. He didn’t
know there was a gull in the world. He had some business straight ahead of
him which banished all the gulls in the world from his mind. He kept
forgetting something and had to run back for it. And the gull on the water’s
edge, trying to fill its void where men imagined a stomach to be, had no
fears of that coyote. It realized the momentous and all-absorbing character
of coyote’s business. There was no danger. So coyote, getting a little nearer
and a little nearer at each turn, suddenly shot out of his lap at a tangent, and
another gull was forever relieved of the impossible task of trying to fill
itself.
 CHAPTER VIII.

WHALING IN MARGUERITA BAY.

Marguerita Bay lies on the Mexican coast about 200 miles north of
Cape St. Lucas. On arriving the schooner was “kedged” up the lagoons
running parallel with the coast fully one hundred miles. This took two
weeks. We passed, as it were, through a succession of mill-ponds, filled
with low, green islands, whose dense shubbery extended to the water’s
edge. The trunks of a small umbrella-shaped tree were washed by the tides
to the height of several feet, and thickly incrusted with small oysters. When
we wanted oysters we went on shore and chopped down a boatload of trees.
Is it necessary to remark that the trees did not grow the oysters. The oysters
grew on the trees, and they were as palatable as so many copper cents,
whose taste they resembled. When cooked, the coppery taste departed. The
channel through these lagoons was very crooked. It was necessary to stake
out a portion at low water, when it ran a mere creek through an expanse of
hard sand, sometimes a mile from either shore. At high water all this would
be covered to a depth of six or seven feet. The Henry grounded at each ebb,
and often keeled over at an angle of forty-five. From our bulwarks it was
often possible to jump on dry ground. This keeling-over process, twice
repeated every twenty-four hours, was particularly hard on the cook, for the
inconvenience resulting from such a forty-five-degree angle of inclination
extended to all things within his province. My stove worked badly at the
angle of forty-five. The kettle could be but half-filled, and only boiled
where the water was shallowest inside. The cabin table could only be set at
an angle of forty-five. So that while the guests on the upper side had great
difficulty in preventing themselves from slipping off their seats on and over
that table, those on the lower side had equal difficulty in keeping
themselves up to a convenient feeding distance. Captain Reynolds, at the
head of the board, had a hard lot in the endeavor to maintain his dignity and
sitting perpendicularly at the same time on the then permanent and not
popular angle of forty-five. But I, steward, butler, cook, and cabin boy, bore
the hardest tribulation of all in carrying my dishes across the deck, down
the cabin stairs, and arranging them on a table at an angle of forty-five. Of
course, at this time the rack used in rough weather to prevent plates and
platters from slipping off was brought into permanent use. Transit from
galley to cabin was accomplished by crawling on two legs and one arm,
thus making of myself a peripatetic human triangle, while the unoccupied
hand with difficulty bore aloft the soup-tureen. It was then I appreciated the
great advantages afforded in certain circumstances by the prehensile caudal
termination of our possible remote ancestors. With such a properly
equipped appendage, the steward might have taken a close hitch round an
eyebolt, and let all the rest of himself and his dishes safely down into the
little cabin. It is questionable whether man’s condition has been physically
improved by the process of evolution. He may have lost more than he has
gained. A monkey can well afford to scorn the relatively clumsy evolutions
of the most skilful human brother acrobat.
Marguerita Bay was the nursery of the female whales, or in whaler’s
parlance, “cows.” The long, quiet lagoons, fringed with green, their waters
warmed by the sun to a most agreeable temperature, were the resort during
the spring months of the mother whales to bring forth and nurse their
young. The bulls generally remained outside. The cows were killed with
tolerable ease in the shoal waters of the bay. Outside they have, on being
struck, the reputation of running out all the line a boat can spare and then
demanding more. Grant could never have fought it out on one line with a
“California Gray.” In the lagoons, so long as the calf was uninjured, the
mother would slow her own pace, so as to remain by her young. Thus she
became an easy sacrifice. If the calf was wounded, woe to the boat’s crew.
The cow seemed to smell the blood the moment it was drawn from its
offspring. The first time this happened—the boat-steerer accidentally
slipping his lance into the calf—the cow turned and chased the boat ashore.
The tables were turned. The miserable pigmies, who dared strike
Leviathan’s child, were saved because their boat could float where Mrs.
Whale couldn’t. She drew at least seven feet of water. A whale is one of the
few things read of that is bigger than it looks. The pigmies hauled the boat
upon the beach, while the whale for full half an hour swam to and fro where
her soundings were safe, and embargoed them. It was, with her, “Come off
if you dare.” But they didn’t care to dare, and finally she went away
unkilled. She managed, at the start to give the boat one crack, enough to fill
it with water. But whaleboats are made to be broken. A few hours’ work
and the insertion of a few bits of wood in the light clinker-built sides will
restore a whaleboat which, to an inexperienced eye, looks fit only for
kindling-wood. A whale is much more of an animal than people generally
imagine. There’s a great deal of affection somewhere in that big carcass. I
have seen them close aboard from the schooner’s deck play with their
young and roll and thrash about in mammoth gambols. They knew the
doors to these lagoons leading out into the ocean as well as men know the
doors to their houses. When struck, though miles distant, they made straight
for that door, and if not killed before reaching it they escaped, for no boat,
when fast, could be towed through the huge Pacific breakers. Pigmy man in
such case sullenly cut his line and sulkily rowed back to his crowded little
schooner to growl at the cook.
We filled up in six weeks. Our luck was the envy of the eleven other
vessels in Marguerita Bay. This luck was mainly due to “Black Jake,” a
huge Jamaica negro, with the face of a Caliban, the arm of a Hercules and a
stomach greater than an ostrich’s for rum. When we left San Francisco he
had a tier of twenty-five bottles, full, stored under his bunk, and not a soul
was ever the wiser for it until all were emptied. He kept his own head level,
his own counsel, and lying in his berth in the early evening hours of his
watch below, would roll over, turn his back to the noisy, chattering Kanaka
audience of the forecastle, and put the bottle, but not to his neighbors’ lips.
He was king of the forecastle, king of the Kanaka crew, and king of the
whaleboat when after a “muscle-digger.” He could throw a harpoon twice
as far as an ordinary man, and it was to this force of muscle, added to a
certain knack of his own in working up to the “grayback,” before striking,
and managing the boat after, that we owed our successful voyage. Great
was his fame as a whale-killer in Marguerita Bay. Many were the offers
made by masters of other vessels to bribe him from us. He remained true to
us. Hard were the knocks the cows gave their boats and sometimes their
crews. One well-appointed schooner lying near us had her boats stove
twenty-six times during our stay. Twelve men out of the fleet were more or
less injured. “Dese yere whale,” Jake would remark to his audiences in the
night yarns when one or two other boats’ crews from other vessels came on
board, “dey aint’ like oder whales. Dar ways are ’culiar, and ye got to mind
sharp how ye get onto ’em.” But nobody ever solved Jake’s “ ’culiar way o’
getting onto ’em.”
 A harpoon was not a toasting-fork to throw in the days when men
oftener threw the iron by muscle instead of powder. It is a shod, with a
heavy wooden pole five or six feet in length fastened into the socket of the
iron barb. This, with the line attached, makes a weight requiring for the cast
the use of both arms, and strong arms at that. A man would not care to carry
a harpoon more than a mile in a hot day. Its own weight, as much as the
impelling force, is depended on to bury itself in the floating mound of
seemingly polished India-rubber which constitutes a whale above water.
And when it first buries itself, there is for a few seconds some vicious
splashing and ugly flirting of fluke or fin. A whale’s tail is an instrument of
offence of about one hundred horse power, and well adapted to cutting
through a boat as a table knife goes through an egg shell. The two fins
suggest members between paddles and rudimentary arms. It is also a
member very capable of striking out from the right or left shoulder, and
striking very hard. When a half-dozen men are within six feet of these
weapons, controlled by an enormous black sunken mass, eighty or one
hundred feet long, they are apt to look a trifle wild and their eyes have a
tendency to bulge. There are stories among whalemen of boat-steerers who
have had all the grit permanently taken out of them by the perils and
catastrophes of that moment. A New Londoner once had the cap swept from
his head by the sweep of the whale’s tail over it, and he was too nervous for
boat service ever afterward. It is no skulking fight, like shooting lions and
tigers from the shelter of trees or rocks. It’s a fair standup combat between
half a dozen men in an egg-shell of a boat on the open sea, and sometimes
on heavy ocean billows, and 500 tons of flesh, bone, and muscles, which, if
only animated by a few more grains of sense, could ram the whaleship
herself as effectually as an ironclad. As a murderous spectacle the capture
and killing of a whale, as seen even by a sea-cook from the galley window,
is something ultra-exciting. It makes one’s hair stand upon both ends.
There is the whaleboat, the men sitting motionless in their seats, the long
oars apeak, shooting through the water, towed by the whale unseen
underneath the surface. Sometimes two or three boats hitch on, for the more
the whale has to drag the sooner he becomes exhausted. Now they haul in
on him and carefully coil the wet line in the tubs. Closer and closer they
near him, the passage of the great mass under water being marked by swirls
and eddies on the surface. Our herculean king, “Black Jake,” is at the bow,
the round, razor-edged, long-handled lance lying by him, his back to the
crew, his eye on the eddies, his great bare black arms, now the right, now
the left—moving first in one direction, then another, as thus he signals to
the steersman the direction in which to keep the boat’s head; for although
we are being towed as a tug would tow a skiff, we must be kept as near as
possible in a line with the submerged motive power, and then, with a swash
and snort, out of the water six feet ahead comes twenty, may be forty feet of
that great black mass! It is astonishing how much there is of him. And he is
down and under, with his great gulp of air, in less time than it takes to write
or even speak these last twenty words, but not before the lance is out of
Jake’s hands, driven three feet into his side, and hauled aboard again by the
light, strong line attached. Suddenly the whale line slacks. The boat ceases
its rush through the water. The eddy and swirl ahead cease. Now look out
for squalls. This is one of Mrs. Grayback’s peculiar tricks. She is ambushed
somewhere below. She designs coming up under the boat’s bottom, and
constituting herself into a submarine island of flesh, bobbing up like a
released cork. She is resolving herself into a submarine earthquake, and
proposes to send that boat and crew ten feet into the air, or capsizing them
off her India-rubber back. One hundred or five hundred tons of wicked
intelligence is thus groping about in the unseen depths for the purpose of
attaining the proper position, and, as it were, exploding herself like an
animated torpedo. Every seat in the boat is an anxious seat. There is no
talking, but a great deal of unpleasant anticipation. Those who have seen
the thing done before, await in dread suspense the shock and upset. It’s very
much like being over a powder-magazine about to explode. To keep up the
interest let us leave his particular boat and situation in statu quo. Your
imagination may complete the catastrophe or not, as you choose. Final
consummations are not desirable in a thrilling tale, and this tale is meant to
be thrilling. Therefore, if you’ve got a thrill in you, please thrill.
From the schooner’s deck, a mile and a half away, Captain, cook, and
cooper—the head, tail, and midriff of the ship’s company—we perceive that
the white puff of spray from the whale’s blowholes has changed to a darker
color. “Spouting blood,” we remark. The boat is lying quite near by. At
intervals of a few minutes a circular streak of white water is seen breaking
the smooth surface of the lagoon. He’s in his “flurry.” He is dying. It is a
mighty death, a wonderful escape of vitality and power, affection, and
intelligence, too, and all from the mere pin’s prick of an implement in the
hands of yon meddlesome, cruel, audacious, greedy, unfeeling pigmies.
Spouting blood, bleeding its huge life away, shivering in great convulsions,
means only for us forty barrels more of grease, and a couple of hundred
pounds of bone to manufacture death-dealing, rib-compressing, liver-
squeezing corsets from. And all the while the calf lingers by the dying
mother’s side, wondering what it is all about. Dead and with laborious
stroke towed to the vessel, the calf swims in its wake. Made fast alongside,
its beautifully symmetrical bulk tapering from head to tail in lines which
man copies in the mould of his finest yachts, the body remains all night, and
in the still hours of the “anchor watch” we can hear the feeble “blow” of the
poor calf, as it swims to and fro.
In the morning the mass which last night was but a couple of feet out of
water, has swollen and risen almost to the level of the low bulwark’s top,
while the gas generated by the decomposition within escapes from each
lance puncture with a faint sizzle. With the earliest light the crew are at
work. Skin and fat are torn off in great strips and hoisted on board. Round
and round the carcass is slowly turned, with each turn another coil of
blubber is unwound and cut off. The sharks are busy, too. Monsters (I use
the term “monsters” merely for the sake of euphony, not liking to repeat the
word “shark” so often) fifteen and eighteen feet long rush up to the carcass,
tear off great pieces of the beefy-looking flesh and then quarrel with each
other for its possession, flirting the water with nose and fin, and getting
occasionally a gash from a sharp whale-spade which would take a man’s
head off. Amid all this, men shouting, swearing, singing, the windlass
clanking, fires under the try-pots blazing, black smoke whirling off in
clouds, sharks grabbing and fighting and being fought, the motherless calf
still swims about the mutilated carcass, and when cast adrift, a whity-
yellowish mass of carrion, swept hither and thither by wind and tide, it still
keeps it company until dead of starvation or mercifully devoured by the
“monsters.” Madame, every bone in your corset groans with the guilt of this
double murder.
After a whale had been “cut in,” or stripped of his blubber, an operation
somewhat resembling the unwinding of a lot of tape from a long bobbin, the
whale answering for the bobbin as he is turned round and round in the
water, and the blubber for the tape as it is windlassed off, the whity-
yellowish, skin-stripped carcass was then cast adrift, and it floated and
swelled and smelled. Day after day it swelled bigger and smelled bigger. It
rose out of the water like an enormous bladder. It would pass us in the
morning with the ebb tide and come back with the flood. A coal-oil refinery
was a cologne factory compared to it. Sometimes two or three of these
gigantic masses would be floating to and fro about us at once. Sometimes
one would be carried against our bows and lodge there, the rotten mass
lying high out of the water, oozing and pressing over our low bulwarks on
deck. We had a fight with one of these carcasses for half an afternoon trying
to pry it off with poles, oars, and handspikes. It was an unfavorable mass to
pry against. Of course it smelt. For a dead mass it was extremely lively in
this respect. There are no words in which to describe a powerful smell so
closely as to bring it to the appreciation of the senses. It is fortunate there
are none, for some talented idiot to make his work smell and sell would be
certain to use them. The gulls used to navigate these carcasses on their
regular trips up and down the lagoons. They served these birds as a sort of
edible ferry-boat. You might see forty or fifty feeding and sailing on a
single carcass. But they seemed downcast—the dead whale was too much
for them. Not that they ever got full of the carrion, but they exhausted
themselves in the effort. The supply was unlimited; ditto the void within the
gull, but there were limits to his strength.