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Full Chapter Small Animal Dermatology A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide 4Th Edition Keith A Hnilica PDF
Full Chapter Small Animal Dermatology A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide 4Th Edition Keith A Hnilica PDF
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KEITH A. HNILICA
ADAM P. PATTERSON
EDITION 4
SMALLDERMATOLOGY
ANIMAL
A COLOR ATLAS AND THERAPEUTIC GUIDE
A DAM P. P ,
ATTERSON DVM, DACVD
Chief of Dermatology
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biological Sciences
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
Chapter 14 by Amy Leblanc is the work of US Government employee. Hence, chapter 14 is in public
domain.
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
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own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the
best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Printed in China
v
Favorite quotes from Keith’s children and Keith
To have pursued your dreams and fail is better than to have never pursued your dreams at all.
Max T.
Promise me that you will not spend so much time treading water and trying to keep your head
above the waves that you forget, truly forget how much you have always loved to swim.
Tyler Knott Gregson
Sam T.
It’s not about the size of the dog in the fight, it’s about the size of the fight in the dog.
Mark Twain
Caleb M.
I’ve seen a look in a dog’s eyes, a quickly vanishing look of amazed contempt, and I am con-
vinced that basically that dogs think humans are nuts.
John Steinbeck
Caroline M.
From its conception, this textbook was designed to be a practi- Also new in the fourth edition are critical updates on MRS
cal color atlas that also included current treatments for each infections and new ground-breaking therapies for the treat-
disorder. Great effort has gone into making this book an easy- ment of allergy. We have expanded the useful pattern-based
to-use reference for practicing small animal veterinarians and approach concept with additional outlines, charts, and graph-
students alike. This atlas began as a companion text for Muller ics. A breed predilection list has been incorporated for fast
and Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology; however, it has grown in reference, and disease topographies have been added for the
use and popularity and become a useful, stand-alone textbook most common diseases to simplify the diagnostic process.
in its own right. Expanded Author’s Notes were incorporated to provide a
New to this fourth edition is Dr. Adam P. Patterson, who contemporary feeling for the most important issues surround-
has provided a fresh and enhanced perspective to the science ing select disorders. The Author’s Notes are ultimately the
and skill of practical veterinary dermatology. opinion of the authors; however, the information has been
A key feature of this text is the relevant clinical images. collected from many sources over many years and reflects an
Numerous new images have been added to provide a useful endless pursuit of practical knowledge, which truly makes a
perspective of the most common lesions and patterns caused difference in the diagnosis and treatment of each disease.
by each disease. By reviewing all of the images for a given I hope you find the special efforts taken to provide a practi-
disease, the practitioner should acquire a working knowledge cal approach to veterinary dermatology useful.
of the most common presentations for that disease. Dermatol-
ogy relies heavily on the identification of patterns in the Keith A. Hnilica, DVM, MS, MBA, DACVD
patient’s signalment, history, lesion type, and pattern. The TheItchClinic.com
images in each disease section were selected not for their
extreme nature but rather because each image demonstrates a
common feature of the disease.
ix
Acknowledgments
Keith A. Hnilica
Adam P. Patterson
xi
C H A P T E R || 1
Differential Diagnoses
■ Essential Questions ■ Papules
■ Ten Clinical Patterns ■ Miliary Dermatitis
■ What Are the Infections? ■ Plaques
■ Why Are They There? ■ Follicular Casts
■ Differentials Based on Body Region ■ Epidermal Collarettes
■ Diseases Primarily Limited to the Face ■ Comedones
■ Diseases of Nasal Depigmentation ■ Lichenification
■ Diseases with Oral Lesions ■ Inflammatory or Pruritic Alopecic Diseases
■ Ear Margin Dermatitis ■ Noninflammatory or Nonpruritic Alopecic Diseases
■ Nasodigital Hyperkeratosis ■ Cellulitis and Draining Lesions
■ Interdigital Pododermatitis ■ Nodular Diseases
■ Diseases of the Claw ■ Pruritic Diseases
■ Diseases of the Footpads ■ Seborrheic Diseases
■ Differentials Based on Primary and Secondary ■ Hyperpigmentation
Lesions ■ Hypopigmentation
■ Vesicular and Pustular Diseases ■ Breed Predispositions to Select Skin Conditions in
■ Erosive and Ulcerative Diseases Dog and Cats
Almost all dermatology patients have a primary or underlying After the origin of a patient’s dermatosis is known, it is a simple
disease that causes secondary infections. These infections must matter of therapeutic follow-through to resolve the problem.
be eliminated and prevented but will recur rapidly unless the Recognition of basic patterns allows a practical approach
primary disease is identified and controlled. to most of the common skin diseases.
Most skin cases seen in a veterinary practice can be success-
fully managed if two essential questions can be answered: Ten Clinical Patterns
(1) What are the secondary infections? and (2) Why are these What are the secondary infections? (always secondary)
secondary infections there? 1. Folliculitis: Folliculitis is the most common “pattern” of
disease mimicking other patterns. However, it is common
Essential Questions for it to be concurrent with other disease patterns (e.g.,
1. What are the infections? yeast dermatitis). The major differentials to consider for fol
■ Folliculitis liculitis are superficial staphylococcal pyoderma or bacterial
– Pyoderma folliculitis, demodicosis, and dermatophytosis. Pyoderma
– Demodex is the mostly likely cause in the dog, with demodicosis a
– Dermatophyte close second if not a concurrent factor. Juvenile-onset
■ Pododermatitis demodicosis may affect the patient in a symmetric fashion.
– Bacterial A good rule of thumb is to consider all dermatologic
– Yeast patients to have folliculitis until proven otherwise and
■ Otitis then search for predisposing underlying diseases (e.g.,
– Bacterial allergy, endocrinopathy, cornification disorder or defect).
– Yeast 2. Pododermatitis: Always scrape the dorsal pedal surface
■ Malassezia yeast dermatitis when it is alopecic because both demodicosis and allergic
2. Why are they there? skin disease may cause pododermatitis; steroids are not
■ Allergies appropriate for the former. Hemorrhagic bullae are mani-
– Atopy festations of deep pyoderma; therefore, they should be
– Food allergy cultured. A lesion on the paw pads is usually an indica-
– Scabies tion to biopsy. P3 digit amputation is rarely needed
■ Endocrinopathy to make a diagnosis of symmetric lupoid onychodystro-
– Hypothyroidism phy because the history with typical clinical findings is
– Cushing’s sufficient for a firm tentative diagnosis.
1
2 CHAPTER 1 ■ Differential Diagnoses
■ Single paw: trauma, foreign body, infection (e.g., bac- exfoliative dermatitis, plaques, nodules, depigmentation,
teria, yeast), localized demodicosis, cutaneous horn, +/- lesions affecting nonhaired skin, consider cutaneous
neoplasia, arteriovenous pedal fistula T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and biopsy.
■ Multiple paws: infection (e.g., bacteria, yeast, hook- Distribution patterns and differential diagnoses for
worms, distemper, leishmaniasis), generalized demo pruritus:
dicosis, allergic skin disease, split paw pad disease, ■ Dorsum: pediculosis, cheyletiellosis, flea allergy der-
palmar or plantar interdigital comedones and follicu- matitis (FAD), +/- AD in terriers
lar cysts, autoimmune- or immune-mediated dermato- ■ Face, ears, paws, axillae, inguinum, and perineum: cuta-
sis (e.g., pemphigus foliaceus, vasculitis, symmetric neous adverse food reaction (CAFR), AD
lupoid onychodystrophy or onychomadesis), dermato- ■ Pinnal margins, elbows, hocks, and ventral trunk: sarcop-
myositis, metabolic dermatosis (e.g., hepatocutaneous tic mange
syndrome, zinc-responsive dermatosis, nasodigital ■ Rear or perineum: anal sacculitis, trichuriasis, FAD,
hyperkeratosis), and sometimes neoplasia (e.g., cuta- CAFR, AD, psychocutaneous disorder
neous lymphoma, subungual small cell carcinoma or ■ Sparsely haired body regions: allergic contact dermatitis
melanoma in heavily pigmented dogs) (rare)
3. Otitis: Because the ear is just an extension of the skin, 6. Nonpruritic alopecia (endocrine): Always exclude fol-
a good dermatologic examination of the skin may pro liculitis when confronted with alopecia (especially when
vide clues (other “patterns”) about potential causes of other typical lesions are present) because it is the most
ear disease. Resolution of otitis externa is achievable if common reason for it and often a resultant feature of
primary causes are identified and managed. Similarly, other diseases within the pattern of “nonpruritic sym-
otic cytology should be used on every case to initially metrical alopecia.” Consider an endocrinopathy as a
determine the infection(s) present, as well as monitor cause of recurring infection when pruritus resolves with
response to therapy during reexaminations. By and large, infection control. Exclude castration- or neuter-responsive
correctly administered topical antimicrobial treatments dermatosis, hypothyroidism, and hyperadrenocorticism
(volume and duration) are more effective for infected before considering alopecia X. Many alopecic conditions
canals than systemic therapy. Rigid palpable canals (ossi- have breed predilections, so consult a text for a listing of
fied) are usually beyond medical resolution and would these associations.
be better removed (total ear canal ablation and bulla ■ Endocrinopathy: hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorti-
osteotomy). cism, sex hormone–related dermatoses
Is the pinna or canal affected? ■ Follicular dysplasias: color dilution alopecia, black hair
■ Pinnae: trauma, aural hematoma, sarcoptic mange, fly follicular alopecia, canine recurrent flank alopecia
bite or strike hypersensitivity, allergic skin or ear (CRFA), breed-related follicular alopecia
disease, ear margin seborrhea or dermatosis, vasculitis ■ Hair cycle arrest: Alopecia X, CRFA, defluxions, canine
or other autoimmune dermatoses, neoplasia pattern alopecia or baldness
■ Otitis externa: facets and differentials (chart below) 7. Autoimmune- or immune-mediated skin disease: Hepa-
4. Malassezia yeast dermatitis: The pattern is characteristic tocutaneous syndrome, zinc-responsive dermatosis, der-
of Malassezia yeast, but any chronic pruritic skin disorder matomyositis, eosinophilic dermatitis with edema (Well’s
may resemble it, including folliculitis (superficial pyo- syndrome), mucocutaneous pyoderma, and some forms
derma, demodicosis, dermatophytosis), ectoparasitism, of dermatophytosis may mimic this pattern of disease.
and allergic skin disease. Yeast dermatitis is often over- Skin biopsy is useful to correctly diagnose the disease so
looked as a cause of pruritic skin disease. The author’s a reasonable prognosis can be offered to the client and a
favorite way to find yeast is with the use of acetate tape treatment plan tailored to the patient can be developed
cytology. Just the finding of a single yeast from rep- (some autoimmune- or immune-mediated diseases do
resentative lesions is significant (yeast hypersensitivity?) not require systemic glucocorticoids).
and warrants topical or systemic (or both) treatment based Distribution patterns and differential diagnoses for
on the severity of pruritus. However, if cytology is “nega- autoimmune- or immune-mediated dermatoses:
tive” for yeast when confronted with this pattern, assume ■ Face, pinnae, or nasal planum: pemphigus foliaceus,
they are there, treat accordingly, and search for predispos- pemphigus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythemato-
ing underlying diseases (e.g., allergy, endocrinopathy, cor- sus, vasculitis, uveodermatologic syndrome, drug
nification defect). reaction, vitiligo
Why are they there? (the key to preventing relapse of ■ Oral cavity +/- other body areas: pemphigus vulgaris,
infections) subepidermal blistering dermatosis, systemic lupus
5. Pruritus (allergies, mites, fleas): When confronted with erythematosus, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, drug
pruritus, always exclude infection and parasites first! reaction
Many times pruritus is reassessed after controlling for ■ Pads and elsewhere on the body: basically any of the
microorganisms before determining the “next step.” aforementioned diseases
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a clinical diagnosis based on 8. Keratinization defects: Exclude secondary reasons for a
the exclusion of other causes of pruritus; “allergy tests” scaling disorder before considering primary ones. Some
do not diagnosis it. If you see pruritic erythroderma, hereditary cornification defects are tardive, not being
So, What Is the Solution? 3
confronted with this pattern of disease because some ■ When is a fecal examination performed (before the doc-
present. Acral lick dermatitis (lick granuloma) is a form ■ Does the clinic charge for the fecal examination?
of deep pyoderma; tissue culture (deep dermis with epi- The answers to these questions should be the same for skin
dermis removed) is helpful. cytology: The minimum dermatologic database (skin scrap-
■ Infectious inflammatory: bacterial, atypical bacterial, ings, impression smears, tape preps, and otic swabs).
mycobacterial, fungal, oomycete, parasite The practical solution for determining the best method
■ Noninfectious inflammatory: cyst, xanthoma, hygroma, by which to answer the question, “What are the infections?”
cutaneous histiocytosis, pyogranuloma or granuloma is to implement a minimum database infection screening
syndrome, sterile nodular panniculitis, perianal procedure to be performed by the technician before the veteri-
fistula narian examines the patient. Every dermatology patient should
■ Neoplasia: benign, malignant undergo otic cytology, skin cytology (an impression smear or
■ Mineral deposition: calcinosis circumscripta, calcinosis a tape prep), and a skin scrape at every examination (initially
cutis and at every recheck visit). The three-slide technique (Figure
10. Weirdopathies: Commonly, this pattern is an unusual 1-1) can be performed easily and interpreted by a technician
manifestation of an aforementioned “pattern” or is before the doctor completes an evaluation, which is exactly
formed by several overlapping ones. After “folliculitis” how diarrhea and fecal examinations are handled in most
has been excluded, skin biopsy (± culture) is usually clinics. Moving the cytologic evaluation to the beginning of
warranted when confronted with an “oddopathy.” Several the dermatology appointment and thereby empowering the
skin biopsies of representative lesions will help better technical staff to accomplish the evaluation optimizes the
categorize the disease process—infectious, allergic,
autoimmune- or immune-mediated, endocrine or fol
licular abnormality, cornification defect, congenital, or
neoplasia—assuming the proper technique is used and
the pathologist is provided a detailed history with clinical
findings. Ideally, a dermatopathologist should be sought.
Calcinosis cutis often appears as an oddopathy. A patient
with an oddopathy might be best examined by a
dermatologist.
cultures because dogs can acquire MRS from humans. need the most aggressive diagnostic workup and treat-
If family members are immunosuppressed, monitor ments achievable to protect the entire family from con-
the patient for MRS pseudintermedius and MRS tagion and zoonosis. In these families, avoid the use of
schleiferi, which can be a source of contagious infection steroids or fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which can
to at-risk, immunosuppressed people. These patients increase the risk of MRS.
Text continued on p. 12
6 CHAPTER 1 ■ Differential Diagnoses
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
Please check any that describe your dog and circle problem areas on the drawing.
Hair loss
Foul odor
Inflammation or redness
Itching/Scratching CIRCLE PROBLEM AREAS
(Itching, hair loss, lesions, etc.)
Otitis (ear infections)
Licking/Chewing
Skin lesions (sores)
Changes in skin (reddish brown stains, discolorations and/or areas that are thick and leathery)
Other
• Has your dog ever had ear problems? Yes No
• Does your dog have any chronic gastrointestinal signs like diarrhea or vomiting? Yes No
SEVERITY OF SCRATCHING/LICKING/CHEWING
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No signs Severe
FIGURE 1-2 Medical History and Information Forms (A–F) to be Filled Out by Owners. (Courtesy Novartis Animal Health US, Inc.)
Novartis Animal Health is now Elanco.
Why Are They There? 7
DIETARY EVALUATION
• What pet food are you feeding?
• Do you feed the same food all the time or provide a variety? ❑ Always same ❑ Variety
• Have you changed his or her diet recently? ❑ Yes ❑ No
• Do you give your dog packaged treats? ❑ Yes ❑ No
• Do you feed your dog “human” food? ❑ Yes ❑ No
ACTIVITY LEVEL
Inactive Much less active Somewhat less active No change
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Unsocial A lot less social Somewhat less social No change
RELATIONSHIP CHANGES
Fewer walks No longer sleeps in bed/same room Interacts less with family
PRIOR TREATMENTS
• Has your dog been treated for itching before? ❑ Yes ❑ No
• Indicate previous treatments administered to your dog: (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)
❑ Steroids ❑ Shampoos ❑ Sprays ❑ Ointments ❑ Antibiotics ❑ Hypoallergenic food
❑ Essential fatty acids ❑ Antihistamines ❑ Immunotherapy
❑ Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)
Next Steps
Laboratory Testing:
Physical Exam:
Ear Swab–To identify any infections in the ear including yeast
A thorough physical evaluation and/or bacteria.
of your dog will help us
Skin Scrape/Hair Pluck–To detect scabies or demodex mites.
identify obvious problems and
conditions like parasites. Impression Smear/Tape Prep–To detect other parasites and
check for presence of yeast and/or bacteria.
DERMATOLOGY WORK-UP
SEVERITY OF ITCHING PET’S NAME:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minor Severe
C. PERIANAL DERMATITIS
S D. FFOOT LICKING
Food Allergy: (less common but
ut Atopic
A
Atop Dermatitis:
1-5 increase probability) (1-5 are highly reliable)
(1-
1. Perianal dermatitis 1. Started at
2. GI symptoms; more than 6 months – 3 years of age
ting,
3 BM/day, diarrhea, vomiting, 2. Front feet affected
3. Inner ear pinnae erythema
3. Less than 1 year or older than
5 years at onset 4. Lives indoors
4. Labradors and German Breeds may 5. Ruling out Scabies (ear margin
be predisposed dermatitis) and Flea Allergy
(lumbar dermatitis)
5. Variable response to steroids
6. Seasonal symptoms progressing
Hypothyroidism: (can mimic allergic dermatitis) to year-round
1. Recurrent infection may cause pruritus
2. Lethargy, weight gain, dry coat, hypotrichosis
3. Nonpruritic when infections are resolved
2 PATTERN RECOGNITION
Flea Allergy Atopy Scabies
3
Food Allergy Yeast (Malassezia) Pyoderma (Bact)
4
Allergy Vaccine
Atopy
Atopica® (Cyclosporine
capsules, USP) MODIFIED
Thyroid Supplementation bid
© 2011 Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. 3-Slide Technique is a trademark of Novartis AG. ATO110020A
Keep track of how itchy your dog is for the next 30 PET’S NAME:
days. Measure the severity of itch on a scale of 1-10,
PET OWNER:
1 being mild and 10 being the most severe. Bring this
report card back on your next visit. START DATE:
SEVERITY OF ITCHING
DAY 1 1
Minor
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Severe
DAY 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SEVERITY OF ITCHING
DAY 16 1
Minor
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Severe
DAY 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAY 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cats
Indolent ulcers
Eosinophilic granuloma
Pemphigus vulgaris
FIGURE 1-3 Facial Dermatitis. Bullous pemphigoid
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Cutaneous drug reaction
Diseases of Nasal Depigmentation Contact dermatitis
Dogs Vasculitis
Erythema multiforme or toxic epidermal necrolysis
Contact dermatitis Squamous cell carcinoma
Pemphigus erythematosus Epitheliotropic lymphoma
Pemphigus foliaceus
Pemphigus vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Discoid lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Uveodermatologic syndrome
Vitiligo
Neoplasia (cutaneous lymphoma)
Differentials Based on Body Region 13
Cats
Atopy
Food allergy
Mosquito bite hypersensitivity
Eosinophilic plaque
Feline scabies
Vasculitis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Pemphigus vulgaris FIGURE 1-7 Nasal Keratosis.
Bullous pemphigoid
Systemic lupus erythematosus Interdigital Pododermatitis
Drug reactions
Solar dermatitis
Dogs
Squamous cell carcinoma Bacterial infections
Malassezia
Dermatophytosis
Demodicosis
Trombiculiasis
Hookworm dermatitis
Pelodera dermatitis
Atopy
Food hypersensitivity
Contact dermatitis
Interdigital pyogranuloma
Neoplastic tumor
14 CHAPTER 1 ■ Differential Diagnoses
Cats
Plasma cell pododermatitis
Mosquito bite hypersensitivity
FIGURE 1-8 Interdigital Pododermatitis. Contact dermatitis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Diseases of the Claw Pemphigus vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Dogs Systemic lupus erythematosus
Trauma Vasculitis
Bacterial infections Hepatocutaneous syndrome
Dermatophytosis
Leishmaniasis Cutaneous Horn
Vasculitis
Symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Cats
Trauma
Bacterial infections
Dermatophytosis
Vasculitis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Squamous cell carcinoma
Trombiculiasis
Pediculosis
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection
Atopy
Food hypersensitivity
Flea allergy dermatitis
Contact dermatitis
Cutaneous drug reaction
Pemphigus foliaceus
Pemphigus erythematosus
Pemphigus vulgaris
Cutaneous drug reaction
Epidermolysis bullosa
Squamous cell carcinoma
Early neoplasia
FIGURE 1-12 Ulcer Erosion.
Miliary Dermatitis
Papules
(Nonspecific lesions caused by a cellular infiltrate)
Cats
Superficial pyoderma
Dogs Dermatophytosis
Demodicosis
Chin pyoderma
Cheyletiellosis
Superficial pyoderma
Ear mites
Impetigo
Atopy
Dermatophytosis
Food hypersensitivity
Canine scabies
Flea allergy dermatitis
Cheyletiellosis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Ear mites
Lupus
Trombiculiasis
Cutaneous drug reaction
Pediculosis
FIV infection
Atopy
Flea allergy
Food allergy
Contact dermatitis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Pemphigus erythematosus
Pemphigus vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Cutaneous drug reaction
Epidermolysis bullosa
Canine familial dermatomyositis
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
Calcinosis cutis
FIGURE 1-13 Miliary Dermatitis.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Early neoplasia
Plaques
Cats (Larger lesions that usually are formed by numerous papules
Superficial pyoderma that coalesce)
Dermatophytosis
Demodicosis Dogs
Canine scabies Dermatophytosis
Cheyletiellosis Contact dermatitis
Ear mites Cutaneous drug reaction
Differentials Based on Primary and Secondary Lesions 17
Calcinosis cutis
Squamous cell carcinoma
Early neoplasia
Cats
Dermatophytosis
Demodicosis
Cheyletiellosis
Ear mites
Trombiculiasis
FIV infection
Contact dermatitis
Cutaneous drug reaction
Squamous cell carcinoma
FIGURE 1-16 Follicular Cast.
Epidermal Collarettes
(Specific lesions that develop subsequent to a pustule or
vesicle; most often found in association with folliculitis)
Dogs
Superficial pyoderma
Impetigo
Demodicosis
Dermatophytosis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Follicular Casts
(Specific lesions often associated with primary keratinization
defects)
Dogs
Primary seborrhea
Vitamin A–responsive dermatosis
Sebaceous adenitis
Comedones
(Specific lesions that are caused by plugging of the hair
follicles)
Dogs
Chin pyoderma
Demodicosis
Dermatophytosis
Canine hyperadrenocorticism
Schnauzer comedone syndrome
Vitamin A–responsive dermatosis
Hairless breeds
Color dilution alopecia
FIGURE 1-15 Excoriation. Follicular dysplasias
18 CHAPTER 1 ■ Differential Diagnoses
Dogs
Superficial pyoderma
Mucocutaneous pyoderma
Pyotraumatic dermatitis
Malasseziasis
Canine scabies
Cheyletiellosis
Ear mites
Trombiculiasis
Pediculosis
Hookworm dermatitis
Pelodera dermatitis
Atopy
Food hypersensitivity
Flea allergy dermatitis
FIGURE 1-18 Comedone.
Contact dermatitis
Pemphigus foliaceus
Acral lick dermatitis
Lichenification Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
(Characteristic lesion of yeast dermatitis in dogs but can also Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
be caused by chronic inflammatory disease) Hepatocutaneous syndrome
Dogs Cats
Malasseziasis Superficial pyoderma
Chronic inflammation Pyotraumatic dermatitis
Parasitic infections Malasseziasis
Hypersensitivities Feline scabies
Keratinization diseases Cheyletiellosis
Ear mites
Trombiculiasis
Pediculosis
Atopy
Food hypersensitivity
Flea allergy dermatitis
Contact dermatitis
Idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats
Psychogenic alopecia
Feline lymphocytic mural folliculitis
Eosinophilic plaque
Idiopathic ulcerative dermatosis
Feline paraneoplastic alopecia
Hepatocutaneous syndrome
Dogs Dogs
Hyperadrenocorticism Deep pyoderma
Hypothyroidism Actinomycosis
Sex hormone imbalance Nocardiosis
Alopecia X Opportunistic mycobacteriosis
Recurrent flank alopecia Tuberculosis
Congenital hypotrichosis Pythiosis
Color dilution alopecia Lagenidiosis
Black hair follicular dysplasia Zygomycosis
Canine pattern baldness Blastomycosis
Idiopathic bald thigh syndrome of greyhounds Coccidiomycosis
Anagen and telogen defluxion Juvenile cellulitis
Postclipping alopecia Blepharitis
Traction alopecia Perianal fistulae
Injection reaction
Alopecia areata Cats
Subcutaneous abscess
Cats Actinomycosis
Allergic alopecia L-form infection
Hyperadrenocorticism Nocardiosis
Congenital hypotrichosis Opportunistic mycobacteriosis
Feline preauricular and pinnal alopecia Tuberculosis
Anagen and telogen defluxion Plague
Injection reaction Phaeohyphomycosis
Alopecia areata Pythiosis
Feline lymphocytic mural folliculitis Lagenidiosis
Sporotrichosis
Zygomycosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidiomycosis
Blepharitis
Anal sac disease
20 CHAPTER 1 ■ Differential Diagnoses
Cats
Botryomycosis
Actinomycosis
Nocardiosis
Opportunistic mycobacteriosis
Subcutaneous abscess
Feline leprosy
FIGURE 1-22 Cellulitis. Plague
Tuberculosis
Nodular Diseases Dermatophytosis
Eumycotic mycetoma
(Nonspecific lesions caused by any cellular infiltrate; most
Phaeohyphomycosis
often associated with neoplasia or infection)
Protothecosis
Pythiosis
Dogs Lagenidiosis
Botryomycosis Sporotrichosis
Actinomycosis Zygomycosis
Nocardiosis Blastomycosis
Opportunistic mycobacteriosis Coccidiomycosis
Subcutaneous abscess Cryptococcosis
Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis
Canine leproid granuloma syndrome Cuterebra
Dermatophytosis Dracunculiasis
Eumycotic mycetoma Feline cowpox
Phaeohyphomycosis Viral papillomatosis
Protothecosis Leishmaniasis
Pythiosis Cutaneous neosporosis
Lagenidiosis Sterile nodular panniculitis
Sporotrichosis Eosinophilic granuloma
Zygomycosis Neoplastic tumors
Blastomycosis Follicular cyst–intraepidermal inclusion cyst
Coccidiomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Cuterebra
Dracunculiasis
Viral papillomatosis
Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous neosporosis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Cutaneous vesicular lupus erythematosus
Sterile nodular panniculitis
Idiopathic sterile granuloma and pyogranuloma
Tail gland hyperplasia
Acral lick dermatitis
Callus
Hygroma
Eosinophilic granuloma FIGURE 1-23 Nodules.
Differentials Based on Primary and Secondary Lesions 21
Pruritic Diseases
(Nonspecific symptoms caused by any inflammatory dermati-
tis; some diseases have characteristic patterns that are more
clinically relevant)
Dogs
Superficial pyoderma
Malasseziasis
Canine scabies
Cheyletiellosis
Ear mites
Trombiculiasis
Pediculosis
Hookworm dermatitis
Pelodera dermatitis
Atopy FIGURE 1-24 Pruritus.
Food hypersensitivity
Flea allergy dermatitis
Contact dermatitis Seborrheic Diseases
Pemphigus foliaceus (Nonspecific lesions that usually are secondary to a primary
Acral lick dermatitis dermatologic disease but can be caused by a primary keratini-
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis zation defect)
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis
Hepatocutaneous syndrome Dogs
Cutaneous lymphoma
Superficial pyoderma
Malasseziasis
Cats Dermatophytosis
Superficial pyoderma Demodicosis
Malasseziasis Canine scabies
Feline scabies Cheyletiellosis
Cheyletiellosis Pediculosis
Ear mites Leishmaniasis
Trombiculiasis Food hypersensitivity
Pediculosis Pemphigus foliaceus
Atopy Pemphigus erythematosus
Food hypersensitivity Systemic lupus erythematosus
Flea allergy dermatitis Cutaneous drug reaction
Contact dermatitis Hyperadrenocorticism
Idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats Hypothyroidism
Psychogenic alopecia Sex hormone imbalances
Feline lymphocytic mural folliculitis Canine primary seborrhea
Eosinophilic plaque Vitamin A–responsive dermatosis
Idiopathic ulcerative dermatosis Ichthyosis
Feline paraneoplastic alopecia Epidermal dysplasia of West Highland white terriers
Hepatocutaneous syndrome Sebaceous adenitis
Tail gland hyperplasia
Zinc-responsive dermatosis
Hepatocutaneous syndrome
Canine ear margin seborrhea
Neoplasia
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To obey the behests of the democratic caucus of this body, whose
leadership on this floor, whose representative national authority—
the one here and the other elsewhere—have championed the cause of
the Bourbon-funder party in Virginia, would be an obsequious
surrender of our State policy and self-condemnation of our
independent action.
The desire of our people for cordial relations with all sections of a
common country and the people of all the States of the Union, their
devotion to popular education, their efforts for the free enjoyment of
a priceless suffrage and an honest count of ballots, their
determination to make Virginia, in the public belief, a desirable
home for all men, wherever their birthplace, whatever their opinions,
and to open her fields and her mines to enterprise and capital, and to
stay the retrograde movement of years, so as to bring her back from
the fifteenth in grade to her original position among the first in the
sisterhood of States, forbid that my action here should be controlled
or influenced by a caucus whose party has waged war upon my
constituency and where party success is held paramount to what I
conceive to be the interests of Virginia and the welfare of the whole
country.
The readjusters of Virginia have no feeling of hostility, no words of
unkindness for the colored man. His freedom has come, and whether
by purpose or by accident, thank God, that among other issues which
so long distracted our country and restrained its growth, was
concluded, and I trust forever, by the results of the sanguinary
struggle between the sections.
I have faith, and it is my earnest hope, that the march of an
enlightened civilization and the progress of human freedom will
proceed until God’s great family shall everywhere enjoy the products
of their own labor and the blessings of civil, political, and religious
liberty.
The colored man was loyal to Virginia in all the days of conflict and
devastation which came of the heroic struggle in the war of sections
that made her fields historic. By no act of his was either the clash of
arms provoked or freedom secured. He did not solve his duty by
consideration of self-interest.
Speech of Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont,
If we had been under the banner of free trade in 1873, when the
widespread financial storm struck our sails, what would have been
our fate? Is it not apparent that our people would have been stranded
on a lee shore, and that the general over-production and excess of
unsold merchandise everywhere abroad would have come without
hindrance, with the swiftness of the winds, to find a market here at
any price? As it was the gloom and suffering here were very great,
but American workingmen found some shelter in their home
markets, and their recovery from the shock was much earlier assured
than that of those who in addition to their own calamities had also to
bear the pressure of the hard times of other nations.
In six years, ending June 30, 1881, our exports of merchandise
exceeded imports by over $1,175,000,000—a large sum in itself,
largely increasing our stock of gold, filling the pockets of the people
with more than two hundred and fifty millions not found in the
Treasury or banks, making the return to specie payments easy, and
arresting the painful drain of interest so long paid abroad. It is also a
very conclusive refutation of the wild free-trade chimeras that
exports are dependent upon imports, and that comparatively high
duties are invariably less productive of revenue than low duties. The
pertinent question arises, Shall we not in the main hold fast to the
blessings we have? As Americans we must reject free trade. To use
some words of Burke upon another subject: “If it be a panacea we do
not want it. We know the consequences of unnecessary physic. If it
be a plague, it is such a plague that the precautions of the most
severe quarantine ought to be established against it.”
COMMERCIAL PROTECTION.
The sum of our annual support bestowed upon the Navy, like that
upon the Army, may be too close-fisted and disproportionate to our
extended ocean boundaries, and to the value of American commerce
afloat; yet whatever has been granted has been designed almost
exclusively for the protection of our foreign commerce, and amounts
in the aggregate to untold millions. Manufacturers do not complain
that this is a needless and excessive favor to importers; and why,
then, should importers object to some protection to a much larger
amount of capital, and to far greater numbers embarked certainly in
an equally laudable enterprise at home?
THE THEORY.
But English free trade does not mean free trade in such articles as
the poor require and must have, like tea and coffee, nor in tobacco,
wines and spirituous liquors. These articles they reserve for
merciless exactions, all specific, yielding a hundred millions of
revenue, and at three times the rate we levy on spirits and more than
five times the rate we levy on tobacco! This is the sly part of the
entertainment to which we are invited by free-traders.
In 1880 Great Britain, upon tobacco and cigars, mainly from the
United States, valued at $6,586,520, collected $43,955,670 duties, or
nearly two-thirds as much as we collect from our entire importations
of merchandise from Great Britain.
After all, is it not rather conspicuous hypocrisy for England to
disclaim all protection, so long as she imposes twenty-nine cents per
pound more upon manufactured tobacco than upon
unmanufactured, and double the rate upon manufactured cocoa of
that upon the raw? American locomotives are supposed to have great
merit, and the foreign demand for them is not unknown, but the use
of any save English locomotives upon English railroads is prohibited.
Is there any higher protection than prohibition? And have not her
sugar refiners lived upon the difference of the rates imposed upon
raw and refined sugars? On this side of the Atlantic such legislation
would be called protection.
· · · · ·
Queerly enough some of the parties referred to, denounce the tariff
men as but “half-educated,” while, perhaps, properly demanding
themselves exclusive copyright protection for all of their own literary
productions, whether ephemeral or abiding. It is right, they seem to
think, to protect brains—and of these they claim the monopoly—but
monstrous to protect muscles; right to protect the pen, but not the
hoe nor the hammer.
Free trade would almost seem to be an aristocratic disease from
which workingmen are exempt, and those that catch it are as proud
of it as they would be of the gout—another aristocratic distinction.
It might be more modest for these “nebulous professors” of
political economy to agree among themselves how to define and
locate the leading idea of their “dismal science” whether in the value
in exchange or value in use, in profits of capital or wages, whether in
the desire for wealth or aversion to labor, or in the creation,
accumulation, distribution and consumption of wealth, and whether
rent is the recompense for the work of nature or the consequence of a
monopoly of property, before they ask a doubting world to accept the
flickering and much disputed theory of free trade as an infallible
truth about which they have themselves never ceased to wrangle. The
weight of nations against it is as forty to one. It may be safe to say
that when sea-serpents, mermaids, and centaurs find a place in
natural history, free trade will obtain recognition as a science; but till
then it must go uncrowned, wearing no august title, and be content
with the thick-and-thin championship of the “Cobden Club.”
All of the principal British colonies from the rising to the setting of
the sun—India alone possibly excepted—are in open and successful
revolt against the application of the free-trade tyranny of their
mother country, and European States not only refuse to copy the
loudly-heralded example, but they are retreating from it as though it
were charged with dynamite. Even the London Times, the great
“thunderer” of public opinion in Great Britain, does not refrain from
giving a stunning blow to free trade when it indicates that it has
proved a blunder, and reminds the world that it predicted it would so
prove at the start. The ceremony of free trade, with only one party
responding solitary and alone, turns out as dull and disconsolate as
that of a wedding without a bride. The honeymoon of buying cheap
and selling dear appears indefinitely postponed.
There does not seem to be any party coming to rescue England
from her isolated predicament. Bismarck, while aiming to take care
of the interests of his own country, as do all ministers, on this
question perhaps represents the attitude of the greater part of the
far-sighted statesmen of Europe, and he, in one of his recent
parliamentary speeches, declared:
Without being a passionate protectionist, I am as a financier,
however, a passionate imposer of duties, from the conviction that the
taxes, the duties levied at the frontier, are almost exclusively borne
by the foreigner, especially for manufactured articles, and that they
have always an advantageous, retrospective, protectionist action.
Practically the nations of continental Europe acquiesce in this
opinion, and are a unit in their flat refusal of British free trade. They
prefer the example of America. Before self-confident men pronounce
the whole world of tariff men, at home and abroad, “half-educated or
half-witted,” they would do well to see to it that the stupidity is not
nearer home, or that they have not themselves cut adrift from the
logic of their own brains, only to be wofully imposed upon by free-
trade quackery, which treats man as a mere fact, no more important
than any other fact, and ranks labor only as a commodity to be
bought and sold in the cheapest or dearest markets.
So long as statesmen are expected to study the prosperity and
advancement of the people for whose government and guidance they
are made responsible, so long free-trade theories must be postponed
to that Utopian era when the health, strength and skill, capital and
labor of the whole human race shall be reduced or elevated to an
entire equality, and when each individual shall dwell in an equal