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In the same year the Cunard Line followed with the Carmania,
their first turbine liner, fitted with three turbines and three screws.
She was preceded a little by the Caronia, a sister ship in every way
except that the latter is propelled by two sets of quadruple-expansion
reciprocating engines, driving twin-screws. These ships have a
displacement of 30,000 tons, and a length over all of 675 feet. They
were built of a strength that was in excess of Board of Trade and
other requirements, and when we state that no fewer than 1,800,000
rivets were used in the construction of each, one begins to realise
something of the amount of work that was put into them. Their steel
plating varies in thickness from three-quarters of an inch to an inch
and an eighth in thickness, the length of each plate being 32 feet.
Fitted with a cellular bottom which is carried well up the sides of the
ship above the bilges, they can thus carry three and a half thousand
tons of water-ballast. The principles underlying the design and
construction of these ships were steadiness and strength, and in the
attainment of this they have been eminently successful. There are
eight decks, which may be detailed by reference to the photograph
of the Carmania facing page 188. Immediately below the bridge is
the boat deck. Then follow successively the upper promenade deck,
the promenade, the saloon, upper, and main decks. Below the water-
line come two other decks for stores and cargo, the depth from the
boat deck being eighty feet. Both of these ships are fitted with the
now well-known Stone-Lloyd system of safety water-tight doors,
which renders the vessel practically unsinkable. This enables the
doors to be closed by the captain from his bridge, after sufficient
notice has been given by the sounding of gongs, so that everyone
may move away from the neighbourhood of these doors. But should
it chance that, after they have been shut, any of the crew or
passengers have had their retreat cut off, it is only necessary to turn
a handle, when the door will at once open and afterwards
automatically shut again. The system is worked by hydraulics, and is
a vast improvement on the early methods employed to retain a ship’s
buoyancy after collision with an iceberg, vessel or other object. A
glance at the illustration will show that a very great amount of
consideration was paid to the subject of giving the Carmania a
comprehensive system of ventilation, a principle which has been
carried still further in the Mauretania and Lusitania.
In the event of war the Carmania and Caronia would be fitted
with twelve large quick-firing guns, for the hulls were built in
accordance with the Admiralty’s requirements for armed cruisers.
For this reason, also, the rudder is placed entirely under water, and
besides the ordinary set of steering gear, there is another placed
below the water-line.
Homeward Voyages.
Lusitania Quickest passage 5 15 30
Mauretania Quickest passage 5 5 0
Lusitania Longest passage 5 22 0
Mauretania Longest passage 5 17 0
Lusitania Average passage 5 19 22
Mauretania Average passage 5 12 14