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Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research
Infrastructures
Challenges and Opportunities
Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research
Infrastructures
Challenges and Opportunities
Edited by
Abad Chabbi and Henry W. Loescher
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
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v
vi Contents
Index...................................................................................................................... 521
Preface: Goals and Structure
of This Book
The future of our planet faces rapid increases in population and, along with
it, changes in global consumption patterns and the increased burden on our
natural resources and the ecosystem services that they provide. As a result,
we are seeing a shortage of these resources, such as energy sources and raw
materials, agronomic capability and food production, and the loss or deg-
radation of our soils and water supplies. At the same time, other resources
more typically associated with the public commons are also undergoing
long-term chronic changes, for example, increases in nitrogen oxides, car-
bon dioxide, and other pollutants in the atmosphere; climate change; and
the loss of biodiversity globally. New discoveries in the natural world are
being made almost daily, but we barely understand how it works without
the added anthropogenic effects. Yet, we do not know the effects of these
chronic, long-term drivers on how ecosystems function and their respec-
tive feedbacks to our consumptive demands—and perhaps more impor-
tantly, on the ecosystems that provide our food, habitats, fresh water,
natural resources, conservation areas, and quality of life. Hence, there is an
increased need for environmental scientists to work with other stakeholders
to advance our ecological understanding and to provide informed decision-
making tools in light of this changing world.
To understand how anthropogenic change affects ecosystems and their
economies and the services they provide is a societal and scientific impera-
tive. That we do not know how ecosystems (and their components) will
respond to future anthropogenic changes begs the question of how best
to approach this challenge. It is difficult (if not impossible) for more tradi-
tional research based on 1–5-year funding cycles to provide insights into
the long-term, rapidly changing ecological process that can occur slowly
over a long time period, or can happen stochastically or nonlinearly in
both time and space. In other words, trying to use a magnifying glass to
view a whole ecosystem. It is not impossible, but improbable. Rather, scien-
tists have identified the need for long-term, consistent, multidimensional
datasets and approaches (experimentation) that can serve to provide new
insights in ecological processes that otherwise cannot be achieved by more
traditional short-term funding cycles. Environmental research infrastruc-
tures (RIs) fulfill this need, but it takes the commitment of researchers,
political will, agencies, ministries, and the like to realize such vision. While
more and more of these environmental RIs are emerging globally, we wish
ix
x Preface: Goals and Structure of This Book
to point out that they are not meant to supplant traditional research activi-
ties, but to augment and advance our science in ways that otherwise would
not be possible.
There is no question that environmental RIs are costly. Governmental (tax
payer) resources and the efforts from those involved are substantial. Hence,
combining these large investments with the large societal and scientific
imperatives, environmental RIs must be coordinated, and target specific
needs. Environmental RIs cannot be everything to everyone. As such, we
advocate that RIs must meet an overarching philosophy for ecological fore-
casting through (1) the iterative integration of theory, observation, experi-
mentation, and modeling (this notion is discussed further in Chapters 1 and
2), and (2) developing new understandings using data among environmental
RIs continentally and globally. To realize this latter point, the mitigation of
the impacts of anthropogenic change requires advance warning and prog-
nostic capability of environmental drivers, processes, and their interactions
in order to develop the decision-making space to reduce the vulnerability of
ecosystem goods and services.
Take, for example, our ability to assess the vulnerability of food produc-
tion at economically relevant scales requires process-level data on natural
and managed species assemblages (community ecology), plant ecophysiol-
ogy and agronomic techniques (ecosystem experimentation), sustainability
(ecosystem science), nutrient cycling and soil physics (microbial microbiol-
ogy, pedology), water resources (ecohydrology), and social scientists and
modelers. The ability to quantify the changes in the drivers of change also
has to be included: land use change (landscape ecology), chemical climate
(atmospheric chemistry), climate and meteorology (atmospheric science, bio-
climatology, micrometeorology), and invasive species (biodiversity). Being
able to leverage data and scientific expertise from multiple environmental
RIs can bring value-added and new insights, as well as optimizing costs.
Moreover, many, if not most of the, scientific discoveries made by other RIs
in the fields of geodesy, physics, seismology, astronomy, etc., are those not
originally planned for by the RI design, but from utilizing these large invest-
ments in new and novel ways.
The goal of this book is to bring together the latest state of the science
on environmental RIs, scientific frontiers, the programmatic challenges RIs
face in realizing their planned scientific scope, and new perspectives they
bring to bear. From the environmental RI vantage point, we have organized
the book into five sections: the rationale and challenges to address global
change; new generation of controlled environments, field and modeling plat-
forms; new tools and approaches to explore ecosystem processes; the chal-
lenges in data management and access, turning information into knowledge;
and, finally new developments and perspectives in large-scale RIs.
Each chapter brings fresh ideas to this new, emerging scientific fron-
tier of environmental RIs. This book presents academic viewpoints on the
Preface: Goals and Structure of This Book xi
challenges for the design and implementation of sound RIs, which might be
valuable to both academics and practitioners wishing to deepen their knowl-
edge in the field of logistics operations and management. We offer a formal
and heartfelt thank-you to all the authors for providing such collaborative
insights, and for putting up with us during the editorial phase in producing
this book.
Our goal for this book is that it would have broad application to a wide
readership, such that it can (1) inform the nuanced need for environmen-
tal RIs and how different frontier science disciplines have addressed this
challenge; (2) stimulate scientific thought and facilitate the needed cross-
pollination of ideas; (3) provide insight into community-driven processes
to further develop the integration and optimization of experimental, ana-
lytical, and modeling platforms; and (4) create the context to innovatively
bring together researchers, academicians, the private sector, and decision-
makers to advance our knowledge on one of (if not the) most critical issues
facing our sustainable future.
We did not wish to present a description of environmental RIs, i.e., a typical
cookbook approach toward overall RI design. That type of information can
be accessed on webpages and other planning documents. Rather, we wished
to present the new perspectives, challenges, and developments in crafting
the frontier science and the respective environmental RIs. But this would not
happen without a global vision that involves international collaboration, and
the need to pool our knowledge together and share lessons learned in craft-
ing large-scale research infrastructures (and the very nature of the research
challenges being addressed). We recognize that global research challenges
emanate from the interconnectedness of worldwide problems, issues, and
implications. It is our hope and commitment to work together with all envi-
ronmental RIs in advancing a common global ecological understanding for
societal benefit.
The culture of shared ideas and how to use and operate these larger envi-
ronmental RIs is developing concurrently with the efforts to build them. In
the private sector, culture overrides strategy, but few acknowledge its role
in establishing environmental RIs. Cultural legacies are a big challenge in
our ability to realize large-scale environmental RIs. Unfortunately, we did
not address this challenge in this book but wanted to say that the scientific
imperative to advance our environmental literacy for societal benefit is far
too great for past cultural legacies to impede progress, particularly at a time
when impactful and collaborative engagement are most needed.
We greatly appreciate the superb editorial work and patience of Irma Shagla
Britton and her staff. We extend a heartfelt thank-you to Drs. (alphabetically)
Daniele Bailo, Pieter De Frenne, Isabelle Basile-Doelsch, Don Flaten, Alan
Franzluebbers, Rick Hooper, Michel Loreau, Russ Monson, Stuart Phinn,
Lou Pitelka, Lionel Ranjard, Cornelia Rumpel, Gregory Starr, and Anneke
Zuiderwijk-van Eijk for their voluntary and editorial services that helped
xii Preface: Goals and Structure of This Book
the authors to greatly improve the quality of the manuscripts and the focus
of the book. This book would not have been written without decades of col-
legial interactions and community engagement with our peers, students and
mentors, and our forward-thinking community that has advanced the con-
cepts of environmental RIs for science and society.
xiii
xiv Editors
Hendrik Albrecht
Plant Sciences (IBG-2) Aaron Bugaj
Forschungszentrum Jülich Biosphere 2
Jülich, Germany University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Ari Asmi
Department of Physics Andreas Burkart
University of Helsinki Plant Sciences (IBG-2)
Helsinki, Finland Forschungszentrum Jülich
Jülich, Germany
Lander Baeten
Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
Department of Forest and Water M. Pilar Cendrero-Mateo
Management Plant Sciences (IBG-2)
Ghent University Forschungszentrum Jülich
Gontrode, Belgium Jülich, Germany
xv
xvi Contributors
Till H. M. Volkmann
Nicole Thurgate
University of Arizona
Australian Centre for Evolutionary
Tucson, Arizona
Biology and Biodiversity
and Craig M. Walker
Terrestrial Ecosystem Research TERN Eco-informatics
Network University of Adelaide
University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
and
Department of Environment and Michelle Watt
Natural Resources Plant Sciences (IBG-2)
Science Resource Centre Forschungszentrum Jülich
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Jülich, Germany
Contributors xxi
xxiii
xxiv Reviewers and Support
Gregory Starr
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Section I
Ecosystem Research
Infrastructures
The Need to Address
Global Change and
Associated Challenges
1
Integrated Experimental Research
Infrastructures: A Paradigm Shift
to Face an Uncertain World and
Innovate for Societal Benefit
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................3
1.2 Predictive Ecology as a Core Premise for an Integrated
Distributed Experimental Infrastructure....................................................8
1.3 Prototyping Integration of Experimental Platforms................................. 9
1.4 Integrated e-Infrastructure for Efficient Data-Centric Knowledge....... 12
1.4.1 Acquisition and Dataflow................................................................ 12
1.4.2 Informatics......................................................................................... 13
1.4.3 Data Transformation, Analytics, and Modeling.......................... 15
1.5 Innovation Capacity, New Market Opportunities, and
Strengthening Competitiveness through Distributed
Experimental Infrastructure............................................................................16
1.6 Future Directions in Working Internationally......................................... 21
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................22
References................................................................................................................ 23
1.1
I ntroduction
The sustainability of our managed and natural environments is critical for
the future of humankind and to ensure long-term quality of life. We also
recognize that the environment and our economics are intrinsically linked
(PCAST 2011, Holdren et al. 2014). The services provided by these ecosystems
(e.g., food and fiber, fuel, biodiversity, biogeochemistry, water and energy,
air quality) (MEA 2005, Heinz 2006, FAO 2011, FAO et al. 2012), however,
are under threat due to dramatic changes in climate, chemical climate, land
use and management, invasive species and species loss, and other human
3
4 Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Infrastructures
activities (Vitousek et al. 1997, NRC 2001, 2007). Understanding the responses
of the biosphere to the anthropogenic drivers of environmental change is
both an intellectual grand challenge and a practical necessity. Enhancements
or disruptions of these services by human-caused environmental change
could alter the fundamental trajectory of society over large parts of the world.
A wide range of biotic and physical processes link the biosphere to the
geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Despite this link, our under-
standing of the biosphere does not match our increasingly sophisticated
understanding of Earth’s physical and biogeochemical dynamics at the
regional, continental, and global scales. Because many of these responses
and feedbacks are large-scale processes, they need to be studied in an inte-
grated way with standardized, coherent measurements for long periods of
time (Doney and Schimel 2007). To date, the existing monitoring programs
that collect data to meet regulatory, monitoring, and natural resource man-
agement objectives are not designed to address climate change and other
new, complex, environmental challenges, that is, “Existing monitoring
networks, while useful for many purposes, are not optimized for detect-
ing the impacts of climate change on ecosystems” (Backlun et al. 2008) and
“Fragmented federal investment in monitoring ecological change weakens
national priorities” (PCAST 2011). While this fragmentation has been rec-
ognized, it is partially manifested by the need to maintain agencies and
government directives and how resources (funding support) are managed
(Vargas et al. 2016). But also, the societal and scientific imperatives to have
a more integrated, synergistic, and cross-network approach have fostered
the programmatic challenge of how best bring these networks and funding
directives closer together.
It is important to note that there are different programmatic structures
and rationales/missions for environmental research infrastructures (RIs).
Some are principle investigator, bottom-up organizations with mini-
mal governance, others that are more top-down with large institutional
and organizational structures, and many in between (see Loescher et al.,
Chapter 2 for more discussion). RIs can also be characterized by their
organizational structure and function: Ecological Observatory Networks
(EONs) (centrally organized, primarily top-down institutions), Long Term
Research Networks (LTRNs) (primarily Principle Investigator driven), and
Coordinated and Distributed Experiments and Observations Networks
(CDEOs) (see Peters et al. 2014 for more discussion). It is on this latter clas-
sification that we focus the discussion in the chapter. While we adopt the
RI classification schema outlined in Peters et al. (2014), we also recognize
that new RIs are emerging globally and this is an open area of discussion.
Furthermore, each have their own nuances on how they meet their goals
and mission, how they interact among RIs and stakeholders, and their
funding and operational timelines.
Generally, RIs typically observe either the cause (e.g., climate, air pollution,
or land cover change) or the ecological processes that are affected by the
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Rosmersholm d’Ibsen, en sont des portraits significatifs.
XXXV e SITUATION
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