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136
Software for
Exascale Computing
SPPEXA Editorial Board
T. J.Barth
Editors:
Timothy J. Barth
Michael Griebel
David E. Keyes
Risto M. Nieminen
Dirk Roose
Tamar Schlick
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3527
Hans-Joachim Bungartz • Severin Reiz •
Benjamin Uekermann • Philipp Neumann •
Wolfgang E. Nagel
Editors
Wolfgang E. Nagel
Technische Universität Dresden
Dresden, Germany
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
This volume summarizes the research done and results obtained in the second
funding phase of the Priority Program 1648 “Software for Exascale Computing”
(SPPEXA) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). In that respect, it both
provides an overview of SPPEXA’s achievements and represents a continuation
of Vol. 113 in Springer’s series “Lecture Notes in Computational Science and
Engineering”, the corresponding report of SPPEXA’s first funding phase.
For some general remarks on the uniqueness of SPPEXA—as the first strategic,
i.e. board-initiated Priority Program of DFG; as the first tri-national Priority
Program with synchronized collaborative research in Germany, France, and Japan;
as a multi-disciplinary endeavor involving informatics and mathematics, but also
various fields from engineering, the sciences, and the life sciences; and as the first
holistic approach to research on High-Performance Computing (HPC) software
at the level of fundamental research—we refer to the overview contribution of
Bungartz et al. (see chapter “Software for Exascale Computing: Some Remarks
on the Priority Program SPPEXA”) in this volume. There, also some statistics are
provided.
The spirit of the international collaboration, whether in a bi-lateral (German–
Japanese) or in a tri-lateral (French–Japanese–German) setting, can be found and
felt in several of the reports of 16 out of 17 SPPEXA consortia. This structured
and institutionalized collaboration was not easy to establish, and we are grateful
for the shared enthusiasm, commitment, and support of the three involved funding
agencies: the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Agence Nationale de la
Recherche (ANR), and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). The
synergies emerging from bringing together the expertise of groups from three
countries did not only boost the respective project work itself, it also prepared
the ground for ongoing partnerships as well as for a topical extension towards the
interplay of HPC and Artificial Intelligence—a field that both benefits tremendously
from HPC and, at the same time, fosters HPC with new concepts.
As always, many people helped to make SPPEXA in general and this volume
in particular a great success. Concerning the first, our thanks go to the agencies
already mentioned and their responsible officers; then to all the SPPEXA researchers
v
vi Preface
vii
viii Contents
xi
xii Acronyms
Abstract SPPEXA, the Priority Program 1648 “Software for Exa-scale Comput-
ing” of the German Research Foundation (DFG), was established in 2012. SPPEXA
was DFG’s first strategic Priority Program—strategic in the sense that it had been
the initiative of DFG’s board to suggest a larger and trans-disciplinary funding
scheme to support the development of software at all levels that would be able
to benefit from future exa-scale systems. A proposal had been formulated by a
team of scientists representing domains across the STEM fields, evaluated in the
standard format for Priority Programs, and financed via special funds. Operations
started in January 2013, and after two 3-year funding phases and a cost-neutral
extension, SPPEXA’s activities will come to an end by end of April, 2020. A final
international symposium took place on October 21–23, 2019, in Dresden, and this
volume of Springer’s Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering—
the second SPPEXA-related one after the corresponding report of Phase 1 (see
Appendix 3 in [1])—contains reports of 16 out of 17 SPPEXA projects (the project
ExaSolvers will deliver its report as a special issue of Springer’s journal Computing
and Visualization in Science) and is, thus, a comprehensive overview of research
within SPPEXA.
While each single project report emphasizes the respective project’s individual
research outcomes and, thus, provides one perspective of research in SPPEXA,
this contribution, co-authored by the two scientific coordinators—Hans-Joachim
1 Preparation
2 Design Principles
disruptive research threads. Six research directions were identified as crucial ones:
(1) Computational Algorithms, (2) Application Software, (3) System Software and
Runtime Libraries, (4) Programming, (5) Software Tools, and (6) Data Manage-
ment. Computational algorithms, such as fast linear solvers or eigensolvers, are a
core numerical component of many large-scale application codes—both classical
simulation-driven and recent data analytics-oriented ones. If scalability cannot be
ensured here, the battle is already almost lost. Application software is the “user” of
HPC systems, typically appearing as legacy codes that have been developed over
many years. Increasing their performance via a co-design that addresses both the
“systems—algorithms” and the “algorithms—applications/models” interfaces and
combines algorithm and performance engineering is vital. Performance engineering
can’t succeed without progress in compilers, monitoring, code optimization, verifi-
cation support, and parallelization support (such as auto-tuning)—which underlines
the importance of system software and runtime libraries as well as of tools.
Programming, including programming models, is probably the topic where the need
for a balance of evolutionary research (improve and extend existing programming
models, e.g.) and revolutionary approaches (explore new programming models,
new language concepts such as Domain-Specific Languages) gets most obvious.
Data management, finally, has always been HPC-relevant in terms of I/O or post-
processing and visualization, and it is of ever-increasing importance since more and
more HPC applications are on the data side.
To ensure the impact of this holistic idea, it was clear that having a set of
projects in our Priority Program where some address this issue and others that one,
and where they may collaborate or not, would not suffice. Therefore, SPPEXA’s
concept was to have a set of larger projects, or project consortia (research units—
Forschergruppen), that would all have to address at least two of the six big topics
with their research agenda; and that would all have to combine a relevant large-scale
application with HPC-methodical advancements. This means that neither a merely
domain-driven research (“improve my code, and this is a contribution to HPC in
itself”), as we see it frequently in domain-driven research initiatives (Collaborative
Research Centers in physics, life sciences, or engineering, e.g.), nor a generic purely
algorithmic research (“if I improve my solver, this will help everyone”), as we see
it frequently in mathematics- or informatics-driven research initiatives, would be
allowed to find their place in SPPEXA. This was somewhat challenging, since we
had to communicate this concept clearly and to convince potential applicants and
reviewers that everyone should really comply with this agenda.
Furthermore, there is one property better known from Collaborative Research
Centers than from Priority Programs: program-wide joint activities. For example,
we wanted to have a vivid collaboration framework of cross-project workshops;
networking with the big international programs; a focus on education also through
fostering novel teaching formats or coding weeks and doctoral retreats for the
doctoral candidates; gender-related activities to understand, evaluate and work
towards a more gender-balanced research community; etc. This allowed for sharing
mutual best practices in HPC for the mathematics- or informatics- or application-
driven areas. Therefore, there was more coordination than we see in typical Priority
Programs.
6 H.-J. Bungartz et al.
In the first funding phase, the following thirteen projects or project consortia were
funded:1
1 Some Principal Investigators have changed affiliation during the SPPEXA program. We specified
the most recent main affiliation here.
Remarks on SPPEXA 7
After 3 years, twelve of those got a prolongation for the second funding phase,
some with an “international extension” (bi-national with Japanese partners or tri-
national with French and Japanese partners):
Hence, overall, there have been four Japanese-German and three French-
Japanese-German consortia within SPPEXA. On the German side, an overall sum
of 57 principal investigators from 39 institutions have been involved, representing
informatics (25), mathematics (19), engineering (8), natural sciences (4), and life
sciences (1).
Concerning governance, SPPEXA was headed by its two Spokespersons Hans-
Joachim Bungartz (Technical University of Munich—TUM) and Wolfgang E.
Nagel (Technical University of Dresden). For the everyday organization, a Program
Coordinator (in chronological order: Benjamin Peherstorfer, now professor at New
York University; Philipp Neumann, now professor at Helmut-Schmidt-University
Hamburg; Benjamin Uekermann, now with Eindhoven University of Technology;
and Severin Reiz, TUM) as well as an Office were established (both at TUM).
Strategic decisions in SPPEXA were taken by the Steering Committee, consisting of
H.-J. Bungartz, W. E. Nagel, as well as Sabine Roller (Siegen), Christian Lengauer
(Passau), Hans-Peter Bunge (München), Dörte Sternel (Darmstadt), and—in the
second funding phase—Nahid Emad (France) and Takayuki Aoki (Japan). Finally,
a Scientific Advisory Board supported our activities and planning: George Biros
(University of Texas at Austin), Rupak Biswas (NASA), Klaus Becker (Airbus),
Rob Schreiber (at that time HP Labs), and Craig Stewart (University of Indiana at
Bloomington).
Remarks on SPPEXA 9
2 https://sciencenode.org/feature/the-race-to-exascale.php.
12 H.-J. Bungartz et al.
Award, the most renowned prize in HPC, already had a significant amount of
machine learning in their papers. World-wide, HPC centers observe an increasing
share of data-driven jobs on their machines. This is not surprising: as science
and science methodology evolve, the kind of studies done in that context also
does. Despite all those changes, the role of HPC is astonishingly stable: HPC is
a core enabling technology of “computational”. It was and still is an enabler of
numerical simulation, and it has become a crucial enabler of data analytics and
artificial intelligence. If artificial intelligence, machine learning, or deep learning
have become so popular recently, this is much more due to the fact that established
methodology can succeed due to HPC, than due to new AI/ML/DL methodology
itself.
These developments are also visible at the end of SPPEXA. Several consortia
already are on that “data-driven track”, as, for example, our third French-Japanese-
German workshop in Tokyo showed.
When SPPEXA started in 2013, the core idea was to significantly improve algo-
rithms, software, and tools, in order to be prepared for the exa-scale age. In the
meantime, we are at the eve of exa-scale systems, as the co-design developments
in the U.S. and in Japan (Fugaku) or the discussions in the European Union on
exa-scale and pre-exa-scale systems show. And research in SPPEXA has definitely
contributed to the application landscape in Germany being much closer to “exa-
scale-readiness” than before. Several leading application software packages were
involved, and significant progress in terms of scalability and parallel efficiency could
be achieved. Furthermore, and maybe even more important, the SPPEXA consortia
showed the advantages of the multi-disciplinary engagement, brought together a lot
of groups and ideas disconnected before, and, thus, justified the concept of larger,
cross-institutional, and cross-disciplinary teams instead of single-PI projects.
The visibility SPPEXA got is stunning. SPPEXA was present at the leading
international conferences (Euro-Par, Supercomputing, ISC HPC)—through individ-
ual presentations and special events, such as minisymposia or panels. But also at
“neighboring” events, such as the DATE 2019 (Design, Automation, and Test in
Europe), SPPEXA had a presentation slot and a booth. SPPEXA was involved in
the activities (workshops, white papers, etc.) of the BDEC Community (Big Data
and Extreme-Scale Computing) as well as in the organization of the Long Program
“Science at Extreme Scales: Where Big Data Meets Large-scale Computing” at the
Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM) in Los Angeles, and it co-
organized a French-Japanese-German workshop series in Tokyo (cf. the section
on internationalization). Thus, at an international scale, SPPEXA was generally
perceived as the “German player” in the HPC software concert.
Remarks on SPPEXA 13
8 Concluding Remarks
Without any doubt, SPPEXA has written a success story: in terms of its research,
concerning the innovative funding format, with its multi-disciplinary approach, its
multi-national facets, and—last, but not least—its huge visibility. We are grateful for
all the support we got from the German Research Foundation (DFG): the funding,
but also for the encouragement during the preparation of SPPEXA and the continued
advice during its runtime.
Appendix 1: Qualification
The following achievements have been completed in the SPPEXA program within
1.1.2016 and 30.04.2020:
The previous table follows the DFG requirements for final reports in priority
programs. At least 25 additional PhD candidates are close to being finished;
however, due to the lengthy defense procedure they are not counted here.
Also, please take into account that project consortia vary in size (regarding
Principal Investigators and PhD candidates) and their start/end date.
14 H.-J. Bungartz et al.
In the following, a table with links to software that has been developed by the project
consortia in SPPEXA Phase-II is given.
MYX MUST
doc.itc.rwth-aachen.de/display/CCP/Project+MUST
Terra-Neo HyTeG
i10git.cs.fau.de/hyteg/hyteg
waLBerla
www.walberla.net/
TerraNeo
terraneo.fau.de/
1. Bungartz, H.-J., Neumann, P., Nagel, W.E.: Software for Exascale Computing-
SPPEXA 2013–2015, vol. 113. Springer, Berlin (2016)
2. Fürlinger, K., Glass, C., Gracia, J., Knüpfer, A., Tao, J., HHünichnich, D.,
Idrees, K., Maiterth, M., Mhedheb, Y., Zhou, H.: DASH: data structures and
algorithms with support for hierarchical locality. In: European Conference on
Parallel Processing, pp. 542–552. Springer, Berlin (2014)
ESSEX
1. Pieper, A., Kreutzer, M., Alvermann, A., Galgon, M., Fehske, H., Hager, G.,
Lang, B., Wellein, G.: High-performance implementation of Chebyshev filter
diagonalization for interior eigenvalue computations. J. Comput. Phys. 325, 226–
243 (2016)
2. Röhrig-Zöllner, M., Thies, J., Kreutzer, M., Alvermann, A., Pieper, A., Baser-
mann, A., Hager, G., Wellein, G., Fehske, H.: Increasing the performance of the
Jacobi–Davidson method by blocking. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37(6), C697–C722
(2015)
ExaDG
1. Kronbichler, M., Kormann, K.: Fast matrix-free evaluation of discontinuous
Galerkin finite element operators. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 45(3), 1–40 (2019)
2. Fehn, N., Wall, W.A., Kronbichler, M.: Efficiency of high-performance dis-
continuous Galerkin spectral element methods for under-resolved turbulent
incompressible flows. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 88(1), 32–54 (2018)
EXA-Dune
1. Bastian, P., Engwer, C., Göddeke, D., Iliev, O., Ippisch, O., Ohlberger, M., Turek,
S., Fahlke, J., Kaulmann, S., Steffen Müthing, S., et al.: EXA-DUNE: flexible
PDE solvers, numerical methods and applications. In: European Conference on
Parallel Processing, pp. 530–541. Springer, Berlin (2014)
2. Engwer, C., Altenbernd, M., Dreier, N.A., Göddeke, D.: A high-level C++
approach to manage local errors, asynchrony and faults in an MPI application.
In: 2018 26th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and
Network-based Processing (PDP), pp. 714–721. IEEE, Piscataway (2018)
ExaFSA
1. Mehl, M., Uekermann, B., Bijl, H., Blom, D., Gatzhammer, B., Van Zuijlen,
A.: Parallel coupling numerics for partitioned fluid–structure interaction simula-
tions. Comput. Math. Appl. 71(4), 869–891 (2016)
2. Totounferoush, A., Pour, N.E., Schröder, J., Roller, S., Mehl, M.: A new load
balancing approach for coupled multi-physics simulations. In: 2019 IEEE Inter-
national Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW),
pp. 676–682. IEEE, Piscataway (2019)
EXAHD
1. Obersteiner, M., Hinojosa, A.P., Heene, M., Bungartz, H.J., Pflüger, D.: A
highly scalable, algorithm-based fault-tolerant solver for gyrokinetic plasma
simulations. In: Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Latest Advances in Scalable
Algorithms for Large-Scale Systems, pp. 1–8 (2017)
Remarks on SPPEXA 17
2. Hupp, P., Heene, M., Jacob, R., Pflüger, D.: Global communication schemes for
the numerical solution of high-dimensional PDEs. Parallel Comput. 52, 78–105
(2016)
ExaSolvers
1. Benedusi, P., Garoni, C., Krause, R., Li, X., Serra-Capizzano, S.: Space-time
FE-DG Discretization of the anisotropic diffusion equation in any dimension:
the spectral symbol. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 39(3), 1383–1420 (2018)
2. Kreienbuehl, A., Benedusi, P., Ruprecht, D., Krause, R.: Time-parallel gravita-
tional collapse simulation. Commun. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci. 12(1), 109–128
(2015)
ExaStencils
1. Köstler, H., Schmitt, C., Kuckuk, S., Kronawitter, S., Hannig, F., Teich, J., Rüde,
U., Lengauer, C.: A scala prototype to generate multigrid solver implementations
for different problems and target multi-core platforms. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng.
14(2), 150–163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCSE.2017.082879
2. Schmitt, C., Kronawitter, S., Hannig, F., Teich, J., Lengauer, C.: Automating the
development of high-performance multigrid solvers. Proc. IEEE 106(11), 1969–
1984 (2018)
ExtraPeak
1. Shudler, S., Calotoiu, A., Hoefler, T., Wolf, F.: Isoefficiency in practice: config-
uring and understanding the performance of task-based applications. In: ACM
SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 52, pp. 131–143. ACM, New York (2017)
2. Calotoiu, A., Hoefler, T., Poke, M., Wolf, F.: Using automated performance
modeling to find scalability bugs in complex codes. In: Proceedings of the
International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage
and Analysis, p. 45. IEEE, Piscataway (2013)
FFMK
1. Weinhold, C., Lackorzynski, A., Härtig, H.: FFMK: an HPC OS based on
the L4Re microkernel. In: Operating Systems for Supercomputers and High
Performance Computing, pp. 335–357. Springer, Berlin (2019)
2. Gholami, M., Schintke, F.: Multilevel checkpoint/restart for large computational
jobs on distributed computing resources. In: IEEE 38th Symposium on Reliable
Distributed System (SRDS) (2019)
GROMEX
1. Beckmann, A., Kabadshow, I.: Portable node-level performance optimization for
the fast multipole method. In: Recent Trends in Computational Engineering-
CE2014, pp. 29–46. Springer, Berlin (2015)
2. Kutzner, C., Páll, S., Fechner, M., Esztermann, A., de Groot, B.L., Grubmüller,
H.: More bang for your buck: Improved use of GPU nodes for GROMACS 2018.
J. comput. chem. 40(27), 2418–2431 (2019)
18 H.-J. Bungartz et al.
MYX
1. Protze, J., Tsuji, M., Terboven, C., Dufaud, T., Murai, H., Petiton, S., Emad, N.,
Müller, M., Boku, T.: Myx—runtime correctness analysis for multi-level parallel
programming paradigms. In: Software for Exascale Computing: SPPEXA 2016–
2019. Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin
(2020)
2. Protze, J., Schulz, M., Ahn, D.H., Müller, M.S.: Thread-local concurrency: a
technique to handle data race detection at programming model abstraction. In:
Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on High-Performance Parallel
and Distributed Computing, pp. 144–155 (2018)
Terra-Neo
1. Bauer, S., Huber, M., Ghelichkhan, S., Mohr, M., Rüde, U., Wohlmuth, B.:
Large-scale simulation of mantle convection based on a new matrix-free
approach. J. Comput. Sci. 31, 60–76 (2019)
2. Huber, M., Gmeiner, B., Rüde, U., Wohlmuth, B.: Resilience for massively
parallel multigrid solvers. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 38(5), S217–S239 (2016)
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in Four or God in Tetrad, and the derivation is approved by
Hort (Dict. of Christian Biog. s.h.n.). It appears more likely,
however, that it is to be referred to the Hebrew root בבל
“Babel” or confusion, a derivation which Hort also mentions. In
Irenaeus’ Greek text the name is spelt βαρβηλὼ, in the Latin
“Barbelo” with an accusative “Barbelon,” and in Epiphanius
βαρβηλὼ and βαρβήρω. If we might alter this last into
βαρβαριωθ, we might see it in a great: number of magic spells
of the period. Cf. Wessely, Ephesia Grammata, Wien, 1886,
pp. 26, 28, 33, 34.
472. Pistis Sophia, p. 16, Copt. The five words are zama, zama,
ôzza, rachama, ôzai. Whatever they may mean, we may be
quite sure that they can never contain with their few letters the
three pages or so of text which are given as their
interpretation. It is possible that the letters are used
acrostically like the A G L A, i.e. ?( ניבר לעולם אדניAhih ? )אהיה
אתהAte Gibor Lailam Adonai, “The mighty Adonai for ever”
(or “thou art the mighty and eternal Lord”) commonly met with
in mediaeval magic. Cf. Peter de Abano, Heptameron, seu
Elementa Magica, Paris, 1567, p. 563; or, for other examples,
F. Barrett, The Magus, 1801, Bk II. pp. 39, 40. The notable
feature in these mysterious words is the quantity of Zetas or
ζ’s that they contain which points to the use of some sort of
table like that called by Cabalists ziruph, or a cryptogram of
the aaaaa, aaaab, kind. It should be noticed that Coptic
scribes were often afflicted with what has been called
Betacism or the avoidance of the letter Beta or β by every
means, which frequently led to the substitution for it of ζ as in
the case of Jaldabaoth = Ιαλδαζαω given above (Chap. VIII, n.
3, p. 46 supra).
480. We hear nothing more definite of these Five Trees, but they
appear again in Manichaeism, and are mentioned in the
Chinese treatise from Tun-huang, for which see Chap. XIII
infra.
486. That [i.e. the First] mystery knoweth why there emanated all
the places which are in the receptacle of the Ineffable One
and also all which is in them, and why they went forth from the
last limb of the Ineffable One.... These things I will tell you in
the emanation of the universe. Pist. Soph. p. 225, Copt.
491. p. 203, Copt. Why there should be 24, when the dodecad or
group of Aeons in the world above was only 12, it is difficult to
say. But Hippolytus supplies a sort of explanation when he
says (op. cit. Bk VI. c. 33, p. 292, Cruice): Ταῦτά ἐστιν ἃ
λέγουσιν· ἔτι [δὲ] πρὸς τούτοις, ἀριθμητικὴν ποιούμενοι τὴν
πᾶσαν αὐτῶν διδασκαλίαν, ὡς προεῖπον [τοὺς] ἐντὸς
Πληρώματος Αἰῶνας τριάκοντα πάλιν ἐπιπροβεβληκέναι
αὐτοῖς κατὰ ἀναλογίαν Αἰῶνας ἄλλους, ἵν’ ᾖ τὸ Πλήρωμα ἐν
ἀριθμῷ τελείῳ συνηθροισμένον. Ὡς γὰρ οἱ Πυθαγορικοὶ
διεῖλον εἰς δώδεκα καὶ τριάκοντα καὶ ἑξήκοντα, καὶ λεπτὰ
λεπτῶν εἰσὶν ἐκείνοις, δεδήλωται· οὕτως οὗ τοι τὰ ἐντὸς
Πληρώματος ὑποδιαιροῦσιν. “This is what they say. But
besides this, they make their whole teaching arithmetical,
since they say that the thirty Aeons within the Pleroma again
projected by analogy other Aeons, so that thereby the
Pleroma may be gathered together in a perfect number. For
the manner in which the Pythagoreans divide [the cosmos]
into 12, 30, and 60 parts, and each of these into yet more
minute ones, has been made plain” [see op. cit. Bk VI. c. 28, p.
279, where Hippolytus tells us how Pythagoras divided each
Sign of the Zodiac into 30 parts “which are days of the month,
these last into 60 λεπτὰ, and so on”]. “In this way do they [the
Valentinians] divide the things within the Pleroma.” Cf. Μέρος
τευχῶν Σωτῆρος p. 364, Copt. In another book of the
Philosophumena (Bk IV. c. 7 Περὶ τῆς ἀριθμετικῆς τέχνης) he
explains how the Pythagoreans derived infinity from a single
principle by a succession of odd and even or male and female
numbers, in connection with which he quotes Simon Magus
(op. cit. p. 132, Cruice). The way this was applied to names
he shows in the chapter Περὶ μαθηματικῶν (op. cit. Βk IV. c.
11, pp. 77 sqq., Cruice) which is in fact a description of what
in the Middle Ages was called Arithmomancy, or divination by
numbers.
492. p. 224, Copt. See also p. 241, Copt.—a very curious passage
where the Ineffable One is called “the God of Truth without
foot” (cf. Osiris as a mummy) and is said to live apart from his
“members.”
493. In the beginning of the Μέρος τευχῶν Σωτῆρος (p. 252, Copt.)
it is said of the Ineffable that “there are many members, but
one body.” But this statement is immediately followed by
another that this is only said “as a pattern (παράδειγμα) and a
likeness and a resemblance, but not in truth of shape” (p. 253,
Copt.).
494. What he does say is that the Ineffable One has two χωρήματα
or receptacles and that the second of these is the χώρημα of
the First Mystery. It is, I think, probable that an attempt to
describe both these χωρήματα is made in one of the
documents of the Bruce Papyrus. See pp. 191, 192 infra.
497. See nn. 1 and 3, p. 141 supra. As has been said, it is difficult
not to see in this “1st Precept” a personification of the Torah
or Jewish Law.
504. He is said to have emanated from the 2nd Tree (p. 193, Copt.)
and is nowhere distinctly named. But one may perhaps guess
from the order in which he occurs in the 2nd part of the Μέρος
τευχῶν Σωτῆρος that his name was Zarazaz, evidently a
cryptogram like those mentioned in n. 1, p. 139 supra. It is
also said that the Rulers call him “Maskelli after the name of a
strong (i.e. male) ruler of their own place (p. 370, Copt.).” This
name of Maskelli, sometimes written Maskelli-maskellô, is
frequently met with in the Magic Papyri. Cf. Wessely, Ephesia
Grammata, p. 28.
505. They are said to have emanated from the 3rd and 4th Tree
respectively (p. 193, Copt.).
507. p. 12, Copt., where he is oddly enough called the Little Iao the
Good, I think by a clerical error. Later he is said to be “the
great leader of the middle whom the Rulers call the Great Iao
after the name of a great ruler in their own place” (p. 194,
Copt.). He is described in the same way in the second part of
the Μέρος τευχῶν Σωτῆρος (p. 371, Copt.).
513. The likeness of Mary the Mother and Mary Magdalene to the
seven Virgins appears in the translation of Amélineau (Pistis
Sophia, Paris, 1895, p. 60). Schwartze (p. 75, Lat.) puts it
rather differently. See also Schmidt, K.-G.S. bd. 1, p. 75. The
“receivers” of the Virgin of Light are mentioned on p. 292,
Copt.
515. pp. 340, 341, Copt. As ⲒⲞϨ (ioh) is Coptic for the Moon, it is
just possible that there may be a kind of pun here on this word
and the name Iao. Osiris, whose name was often equated by
the Alexandrian Jews with their own divine name Jaho or Jah,
as in the Manethonian story of Osarsiph = Joseph, was also
considered a Moon-god. Cf. the “Hymn of the Mysteries”
given in Chap. VIII, where he is called “the holy horned moon
of heaven.”
521. There have been many attempts to make this name mean
something else than merely “Faith-Wisdom.” Dulaurier and
Renan both tried to read it “πιστὴ Σοφία” “the faithful Wisdom”
or “La fidèle Sagesse.” If we had more documents of the style
of Simon’s Apophasis, we should probably find that this
apposition of two or more nouns in a name was not
infrequent, and the case of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris will occur to
every Egyptologist. The fact that the name includes the first
and last female member of the Dodecad of Valentinus (see p.
101 supra) is really its most plausible explanation.
524. But curiously enough, not the “souls” of fish. So in the Middle
Ages, the Manichaeans of Languedoc did not allow their
“Perfects” to partake of animal food nor even of eggs, but
allowed them fish, because they said these creatures were
not begotten by copulation. See Schmidt, Hist. des Cathares,
Paris, 1843. Is this one of the reasons why Jesus is called
Ἰχθύς?
525. This idea of man being made from the tears of the eyes of the
heavenly powers is an old one in Egypt. So Maspero explains
the well-known sign of the utchat or Eye of Horus as that “qui
exprime la matière, le corps du soleil, d’où tous les êtres
découlent sous forme de pleurs,” “Les Hypogées Royaux de
Thébes,” Ét. Égyptol. II. p. 130. Moret, “Le verbe créateur et
révélateur en Égypte,” R. H. R. Mai-Juin, 1909, p. 386, gives
many instances from hymns and other ritual documents. It
was known to Proclus who transfers it after his manner to
Orpheus and makes it into hexameters:
527. This is, perhaps, to be gathered from the Pistis Sophia, p. 36,
Copt. Cf. Μέρος τευχῶν Σωτῆρος, pp. 337-338. In another
part of the last-named document, the Moon-ship is described
as steered by a male and female dragon (the caduceus of
Hermes?) who snatch away the light of the Rulers (p. 360,
Copt.).
531. pp. 39, 40, Copt. The reference is apparently to the Book of
Enoch, c. LXXX. (see Charles, Book of Enoch, pp. 212, 213,
and the Epistle of Barnabas, N.T. extra can., c. IV. p. 9,
Hilgenfeld). In the Latin version of the last-quoted book, it is
assigned to Daniel, which shows perhaps the connection of
Enoch with all this quasi-prophetic or apocalyptic literature.
533. See Chap. VIII supra. Here he occupies a far inferior position
to that assigned him by the Ophites. In the Μέρος τευχῶν
Σωτῆρος he sinks lower still and becomes merely one of the
torturers in hell (p. 382, Copt., κ.τ.λ.). Thus, as is usual in
matters of religion, the gods of one age become the fiends of
the next. In the Bruce Papyrus (Amélineau, p. 212) he
appears as one of the chiefs of the Third Aeon. It is curious,
however, to observe how familiar the name must have been to
what Origen calls “a certain secret theology,” so that it was
necessary to give him some place in every system of
Gnosticism. His bipartite appearance may be taken from
Ezekiel viii. 2.
534. Probably the latter. See what is said about the Outer
Darkness in the Μέρος τευχῶν Σωτῆρος, p. 319, Copt. where
it is described as “a great dragon whose tail is in his mouth
who is without the whole κόσμος and surrounds it.”
538. These “three times” are not years. As the Pistis Sophia opens
with the announcement that Jesus spent 12 years on earth
after the Resurrection, we may suppose that He was then—if
the author accepted the traditional view that He suffered at 33
—exactly 45 years old, and the “time” would then be a period
of 15 years, as was probably the indiction. The descent of the
“two vestures” upon Jesus is said (p. 4, Copt.) to have taken
place “on the 15th day of the month Tybi” which is the day
Clement of Alexandria (Strom. Bk I. c. 21) gives for the birth of
Jesus. He says the followers of Basilides gave the same day
as that of His baptism.
540. This doctrine of ἑρμηνεία occurs all through the book. The
author is trying to make out that well-known passages of both
the Old and New Testaments were in fact prophetic
utterances showing forth in advance the marvels he narrates.
While the Psalms of David quoted by him are Canonical, the
Odes of Solomon are the Apocrypha known under that name
and quoted by Lactantius (Div. Inst. Bk IV. c. 12). For some
time the Pistis Sophia was the only authority for their
contents, but in 1909 Dr Rendel Harris found nearly the whole
collection in a Syriac MS. of the 16th century. A translation
has since been published in Cambridge Texts and Studies,
vol. VIII. No. 3, Cambridge, 1912, by the Bishop of Ossory,
who shows, as it seems conclusively, that they were the
hymns sung by the newly-baptized in the Primitive Church.
546. It is said (p. 9, Copt.) that it is by him that the universe was
created and that it is he who causes the sun to rise.
551. See last note. The Authades or Proud God of the Pistis
Sophia seems to have all the characteristics with which
Valentinus endows his Demiurge.
552. So Pistis Sophia sings in her second hymn of praise after her
deliverance from Chaos (p. 160, Copt.) “I am become pure
light,” which she certainly was not before that event. Jesus
also promises her later (p. 168, Copt.) that when the three
times are fulfilled and the Authades is again wroth with her
and tries to stir up Jaldabaoth and Adamas against her “I will
take away their powers from them and give them to thee.”
That this promise was supposed to be fulfilled seems evident
from the low positions which Jaldabaoth and Adamas occupy
in the Μέρος τευχῶν Σωτῆρος, while Pistis Sophia is said to
furnish the “power” for the planet Venus.
554. All the revelations in the Pistis Sophia are in fact made in
anticipation of the time “when the universe shall be caught
up,” and the disciples be set to reign with Jesus in the Last
Parastates. Cf. especially pp. 193-206 Copt.
555. The idea may not have been peculiar to Valentinus and his
followers. So in the Ascensio Isaiae (x. 8-13) the “Most High
the Father of my Lord” says to “my Lord Christ who will be
called Jesus”: “And none of the angels of that world shall
know that thou art Lord with Me of the seven heavens and of
their angels. And they shall not know that Thou art with Me till
with a loud voice I have called to the heavens, and their
angels, and their lights, even unto the sixth heaven, in order
that you may judge and destroy the princes and angels and
gods of that world, and the world that is dominated by them.”
Charles, Ascension of Isaiah, pp. 70-71.