The BCI Academy of Preparatory School

The Group Assignment of Chemistry Grade 11

The Group Members and Their Roll Number

N/no Name Roll no

1 Alazar Daniel 3

2 Beamlaku Eyob 8

3 Etsegenet Yohannis 21

4 Eyu Yilma 23

5 Samrawit Ashenafi 37

6 Tsion Fikadu 45

Submission date: 13/05/2016E.C

Submitted to:Tech Wondosen Ali.

Table of contents
1. ACETYLENE, C2H2 MOLECULES, USING HYBRID ORBITALS
1.1 WHAT IS THE HYBRIDIZATION OF ETHYNE?
1.2 C2H2 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND BOND ANGLES
1.3 CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
2. THE ELECTRON-SEA MODEL A MONOVALENT METAL
2.1 ELECTRON-SEA MODEL
2.2 THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRON SEA MODEL OF METALLIC
BONDING IN MATERIALS.
2.3 THE CONCLUSION ELECTRON SEA MODEL IN METALLIC BONDING

1. ACETYLENE, C2H2 MOLECULES, USING HYBRID

ORBITALS
1.1 WHAT IS THE HYBRIDIZATION OF ETHYNE?

 When we break down ethyne molecules it basically consists of 2 CH molecules.

However, we will take first take both carbon and hydrogen molecule separately and
draw their orbital diagrams.
 When we do this we will see that carbon has 6 electrons and hydrogen has one
electron.

 Now, if we see the electronic configuration of carbon in its ground state it will be
represented as 1s2 2s2 2p2.
 When it gets into an excited state, one of the electron from 2s orbital will move or
jump to the 2pz orbital and the electronic configuration will change to
1s2 2s1 2px12py1 2pz1.
 Meanwhile, the CH molecule has only 1 hydrogen atom, therefore the 2s 1 and the
2pz1 orbitals get hybridised.
 This further leads to the formation of 4 sp hybridized orbitals wherein each CH
molecule will form 2 hybridized sp orbitals.
 During hybridization, C-C sigma bond is formed when one sp orbital overlaps from
each of the carbons and two C-H bonds are created when second sp orbital on each
carbon overlaps with 1s orbital of hydrogen.
 In this, the carbon atom will have two half-filled 2p orbitals. These two pairs of p
orbitals do not participate in the hybridization and instead form two pi bonds resulting
in the creation of a triple bond.
1.2 C2H2 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND BOND ANGLES

 As a result of the double bond C2H2 molecular geometry is linear with a bond angle of
180o.
 In molecules with sp hybrid orbitals, two unhybridized p orbitals remain on the atom.
 We find this situation in acetylene, H−C≡C−H, which is a linear molecule.
 The two linear sp hybrid orbitals of a carbon atom which lie in a straight line, and the
two unhybridized p orbitals at perpendicular angles.
 The sp hybrid orbitals of the two carbon atoms overlap end to end to form a σ bond
between the carbon atoms.
 The remaining sp orbitals form σ bonds with two hydrogen atoms(Figure 1).
 The two unhybridized p orbitals per carbon are positioned such that they overlap side
by side and, hence, form two π bonds.
 The two carbon atoms of acetylene are bound together by one σ bond and two π
bonds, giving a triple bond.

Figure 1. The formation of σ bonds in an acetylene molecule, C2 H2

1.3 CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

  In the formation of C2H2, the carbon atom needs extra electrons to form 4 bonds with
hydrogen and other carbon atoms. As a result, one 2s2 pair is moved to the empty 2pz
orbital.

 The 2s orbital in each carbon hybridizes with one of the 2p orbitals and forms two sp
hybrid orbitals.

 Ethyne has a triple bond between the two carbon atoms.

 In this article, we will dive deep into the concept of hybridization, specifically focusing on
the hybridization of C2H2, also known as Acetylene or Ethyne.
 This chemical compound exhibits sp hybridization. To comprehend the hybridization
process, it is crucial to understand the concept of bonding and orbitals. We will discuss
these in detail in the following sections.

Molecule Name Acetylene (Ethyne)

Molecular Formula C2H2
Type of Hybridization Sp
Bond Angle 180°

Geometry Linear

2. THE ELECTRON-SEA MODEL A MONOVALENT METAL

2.1 ELECTRON-SEA MODEL

The electron-sea model is a very simple model, which pictures the metal as an array of metal
cations in a “sea” of electrons, as illustrated in Figure 2.

 It proposes that all the metal atoms in a sample pool their valence electrons to form an
electron “sea” that is delocalized throughout the piece.
 The metal ions (nuclei plus core electrons) are submerged within this electron sea in
an orderly array.
 Figure 2. The electron-sea model for the electronic structure of metals

 The metal ions are not held in place as rigidly as the ions in an ionic solid, and no two
metal atoms are bonded through a localized pair of electrons as in a covalent bond.
 Rather, the valence electrons are shared among all the atoms in the sample, and the
piece of metal is held together by the mutual attraction of the metal cations for the
mobile, highly delocalized valence electrons.
 The mobile electrons, known as conduction electrons, can transfer thermal vibration
from one part of the structure to another i.e., metals can conduct heat. They are good
conductors of electricity also.

2.2 THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRON SEA MODEL OF

METALLIC BONDING IN MATERIALS.
 The s and p orbitals of metal atoms, which are the outermost energy levels, overlap.
 It is not possible for at least one of the valence electrons participating in a metallic bond
to be shared with a neighbouring atom or to be lost in the process of forming an ion.
 It is more likely that the electrons will create what may be referred to as an “electron
sea,” in which valence electrons will have unrestricted movement from one atom to
another.
1. Electrical Conductivity
  Electrical conductivity is a property of a substance that indicates its capacity to enable a
charge to pass through it easily. Because the mobility of electrons in the electron sea is not
regulated, any electric current that passes through the metal travels through it.
 When a potential difference is applied to the metal, the delocalized electrons begin to
move in the direction of the positively charged charge.The reason for this is that metals are
typically considered to be strong conductors of electric current.
2. Thermal Conductivity
 The capacity of a substance to transmit or transfer heat is measured in terms of its
thermal conductivity.
 Increasing the kinetic energy of electrons in a metallic material at one end causes the
kinetic energy of electrons in that area to grow.
 Collisions between these electrons and other electrons in the sea allow them to transmit
their kinetic energy to other electrons.
 The higher the mobility of the electrons, the greater the speed with which kinetic energy
is transferred.
 These extremely mobile delocalized electrons are made possible by metallic bonding; as
a result, they are able to transport heat across the metallic substance by interacting with
other electrons.
3. Malleability and ductility
 The ionic compounds are extremely fragile. When a force is applied to a crystal, like-charged
ions in the crystal get too near to one another, causing the crystal to fracture.
 With the application of pressure to a metal, freely flowing electrons can pass between
immobile cations and prevent them from coming into touch with one another.
 Consider the motion of two ball bearings that have been coated with oil as they slide past one
another.
 As a result, metals are extremely malleable and ductile in their structure. They may be
hammered into forms, rolled into thin sheets, or drawn into thin wires to create a variety of
effects.
 If we consider metals, the sea of electrons in the metallic bond allows for deformation of the
lattice structure to take place.
 Consequently, when metals are struck repeatedly with hammers, the hard lattice is deformed
rather than shattered.
 This is why metals may be pounded into thin sheets in order to save space. Metals are
referred to as very ductile because their lattice structures do not shatter easily.
 2.3 THE CONCLUSION ELECTRON SEA MODEL IN
METALLIC BONDING
 Metallic bonds are formed between metal atoms. Metallic bonding, as opposed to ionic
bonding, is a type of bonding that connects a large number of metal atoms together.
 Both a sheet of aluminium foil and a copper wire are examples of materials where metallic
bonding may be observed in operation. Metals often have high melting and boiling
temperatures, indicating that there are strong links between the atoms in the metal.
 Even a soft metal such as sodium (melting point 97.8°C) melts at a temperature that is
significantly higher than the temperature at which the element (neon) that comes before it in
the Periodic Table melts, and is a halogen element.
 Whenever two sodium atoms are in close proximity to one another, the electron in one
sodium atom’s 3s atomic orbital shares space with the corresponding electron on the
surrounding atom to create a molecular orbital, in a manner similar to the formation of a
covalent bond with the other.