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Outline

 Skeletal System

 Muscular System

 Arthrology

 Circulatory System

 Nervous System

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Skeletal System

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 Bones of the Human Body

 The adult skeleton has 206 bones

 Two basic types of bone tissue

 Compact bone
 Spongy bone( Cancellus or
Trabecular bone)

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Functions of Bones

 Support of the body

 Protection of soft organs

 Movement

 Storage of minerals and fats

 Blood cell formation

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 Different Types of Bones
 Long Bones
 Longer than they are wide and work as levers.
• Ex. Humerus , Tibia , Femur

 Short Bones
 Are cube shaped and have a thin layer of compact bone, with inner spongy bone
• Ex. Bones of the wrist

 Flat Bones
 Are thin and usually curved. Provide protection for organs.
• Ex. Most of the bones of the skull, ribs, sternum

 Irregular Bones
 Do not fit in any other category. Shape usually has to do with specific function of
the bone.
• Ex. Vertabrae , some facial bones

 Sesamoid Bones
 Are bones that are embedded in tendons.
• Ex. Patella (knee cap)
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 The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system include:

 Bones (skeleton)

 Joints

 Cartilages

 Ligaments

 Divided into two divisions:

 Axial skeleton(skull , sternum , ribs ,vertebral column and Hyoid

Bone)

 Appendicular skeleton(shoulder girdle , pelvic girdle , extremities)

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 Terms of Skeletal System

• Condyle, Epicondyle
• Foramen, Fissure, Fovea, Fossa, Cavity
• Process, Spine, Tubercle, Tuberosity
• Ridge(Crest), Linea(Line)
• Notch, Groove(Sulcus), Canal(Duct)

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Muscular System

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Skeletal Muscles

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Arthrology

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 Joint Classification

 Structural Classification  Functional Classification

 Fibrous  Synarthroses
 Cartilaginous  Amphiarthroses
 Synovial  Diarthroses

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Types of Fibrous joints

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Types of Cartilaginous Joints

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Types of Synovial Joints

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Synovial Joints

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Circulatory System

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Pathway of Blood through the Heart and Lungs

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Structure of Vessels

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Arteries

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Veins

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Nervous System

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 Functions of the Nervous System

 Control center for all body activities

 Responds and adapts to changes that

occur both inside and outside the body

(Ex: pain, temperature, pregnancy)

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 Nervous System ( Anatomical ):

 Central nervous system

(CNS):
Spinal cord
Brain

 Peripheral nervous
system (PNS):
Nerves outside the brain
and spinal cord

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 Peripheral Nervous System ( Functional ):

 Somatic Nervous System

Relay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous system

You consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles.

 Autonomic Nervous System

Relay information from central nervous system to organs

Involuntary: You do not consciously control these.

Sympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight

response

Parasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest

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• Sympathetic Division • Parasympathetic Division

 neurotransmitter is  neurotransmitter is
norepinephrine, fight or acetylcholine, rest or
flight digest

 E = exercise, excitement,  D = digestion, deification,

emergency, and diuresis (urinating)
embarrassment

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Structure of a Nerve

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Neurons

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Supportive Cells ( Neuroglia )

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Types of Neuron ( Processes )

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 Types of Neuron ( Functional )

 Sensory Neurons: carry impulses from inside and outside the

body to brain and spinal cord.

 Interneurons: found within brain and spinal cord, process

incoming impulses and pass them on to motor neurons.

 Motor Neurons: carry impulses away from the brain and

spinal cord.

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So how do these neurons work if someone taps you on the shoulder …

1. Receptors in the skin sense touch or other stimuli.

2. Sensory neurons transmit the touch message.

3. Information is sorted and interpreted in the brain. A response

in determined by interneurons.

4. Motor neurons transmit a response message to the shoulder

muscles.

5. The shoulder muscles are activated, causing the head to turn.

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Spinal Nerves

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Cranial Nerves

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 Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory- smell

2. Optic- vision

3. Oculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles

4. Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles

5. Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

6. Abducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye laterally

7. Facial- facial expression

8. Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance

9. Glosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx

10. Vagus- parasympathetic control of heart, lungs & abdominal organs

11. Accessory- accessory part of vagus nerve, neck & throat muscles

12. Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue

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