RIVER BASIN

A river drainage basin is an area drained by a river and all of its tributaries.

A river basin is made up of many different watersheds. A watershed is a small version of a river
basin.

Every stream and tributary has its own watershed, which drains to a larger stream or wetland.

The Major River Basins of Africa are;

The Senegal

Volta

Niger

Lake

Chad

Nile

Lake

Turkana

Juba

Shibeli

Ogooue

Congo

Zambezi

Okavango

Limpopo

Orange river

We've got River basins in Africa and Nigeria

We’ve got 5 major river basins in Nigeria which are;

The Niger Basin

The Benue Basin

The Chad Basin

The Cross River Basin

The South Atlantic Basin

These rivers can be classified into three groups and we have;

1. Long rivers with large basins which are open to sea

These rivers rise generally from the interior of the African Plateau and flow through a long course to
the sea where they cross the edge of the Plateau to the coastal plains, they go over rapids and falls.
The Niger is a typical example.

2. Short rivers with small basins which also open to the sea.

These rivers rise from the edge of the Plateau, drain the coastal plains and have a short course to the
sea.

There are two sets. A western group, west of the Niger like Ogun, Oshun, Osse and Sapele.

The Eastern group, East of the Niger like the Imo, Otamiri, Kwa Ibo and Enyong. Together they form
the south Atlantic drainage basin.

3. Rivers in basins of inland drainage do not reach the sea and their waters are consequently
locked up inland.

Examples are the Hadeija and Yobe in Chad basin.The lakes are also of three types;

A. Lakes in basins of inland drainage, the best and only large example being lake Chad

B. Crater lakes which in themselves are lakes lying in minor inland drainage basins. Panyam lake near
jos is a good example.

C. The coastal lagoons. The lagos lagoon is the best known example
The 13 River basins in Africa

Also note that there are about 80 large rivers in Africa.

Sixty-three of them are international (transboundary) river basins covering about 64% of its land
area and contain 93% of its total surface water resources.

The 13 mentioned above are the major rivers

AFRICAN UNION (AU)

The African Union (AU) formerly (1963–2002) Organization of African Unity is an intergovernmental
organization established in 2002 to promote unity and solidarity of African states, to spur economic
development, and to promote international cooperation.

The African Union (AU) replaced the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The AU’s headquarters are
in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

The African Union was established to promote the unity and solidarity of African countries, defend
state sovereignty, eradicate colonialism, promote international cooperation, and coordinate and
harmonize Member States' policies.

The AU is made up of 55 Member States which represent all the countries on the African continent.

AU Member States are divided into five geographic regions.

The five geographic regions are;

Central Africa

Eastern Africa

Northern Africa

Southern Africa

Western Africa

Members states grouped by region and their date of joining the AU or its predecessor the OAU.

CENTRAL AFRICA

Republic of Burundi

Burundi

25 May 1963

Republic of Cameroon

Cameroon
25 May 1963

Central African Republic

Central African Republic

25 May 1963

Republic of Chad

Chad

25 May 1963

Republic of the Congo

Congo Republic

25 May 1963

Democratic Republic of Congo

DR Congo

25 May 1963

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea

12 October 1968

Gabonese Republic

Gabon

25 May 1963

Democratic Republic of São Tomé

Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe

18 July 1975
EASTERN AFRICA

Union of the Comoros

Comoros

18 July 1975

Republic of Djibouti

Djibouti

27 June 1977

State of Eritrea

Eritrea

24 May 1993

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Ethiopia

25 May 1963

Republic of Kenya

Kenya

25 May 1963

Republic of Madagascar

Madagascar

25 May 1963

Republic of Mauritius

Mauritius

August 1968

Republic of Rwanda Rwanda

25 May 1963

Republic of Seychelles

Seychelles

29 June 1976

Federal Republic of Somalia

Somalia

25 May 1963

Republic of South Sudan

South Sudan

27 July 2011

Republic of the Sudan

Sudan

25 May 1963

United Republic of Tanzania

Tanzania

25 May 1963

Republic of Uganda

Uganda

25 May 1963

NORTHERN AFRICA

People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

Algeria

25 May 1963
Arab Republic of Egypt

Egypt

25 May 1963

Libya

Libya

25 May 1963

Islamic Republic of Mauritania

Mauritania

25 May 1963

Kingdom of Morocco

Morocco

1963/31 January 2017

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Sahrawi Republic

22 February 1982

Republic of Tunisia

Tunisia

25 May 1963

SOUTHERN AFRICA

Republic of Angola

Angola

11 February 1975

Republic of Botswana

Botswana
31 October 1966

Kingdom of Eswatini

Eswatini

24 September 1968

Kingdom of Lesotho

Lesotho

31 October 1966

Republic of Malawi

Malawi

13 July 1964

Republic of Mozambique

Mozambique

18 July 1975

Republic of Namibia

Namibia

June 1990

Republic of South Africa

South Africa

6 June 1994

Republic of Zambia

Zambia

16 December 1964

Republic of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe

18 June 1980

WESTERN AFRICA

Republic of Benin

Benin

25 May 1963

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

25 May 1963

Republic of Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde

18 July 1975

Republic of Côte d’Ivoire

Côte d’Ivoire

25 May 1963

Republic of the Gambia

Gambia

9 March 1965

Republic of Ghana

Ghana

25 May 1963

Republic of Guinea

Guinea
25 May 1963

Republic of Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau

19 November 1973

Republic of Liberia

Liberia

25 May 1963

Republic of Mali

Mali

25 May 1963

Republic of Niger

Niger

25 May 1963

Federal Republic of Nigeria

Nigeria

25 May 1963

Republic of Senegal

Senegal

25 May 1963

Republic of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone

25 May 1963

Togolese Republic
Togo

25 May 1963

The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission is based in Addis Ababa.

The largest city in the AU is Lagos, Nigeria, while the largest urban agglomeration is Cairo, Egypt.

The African Union has also got more than 1.3 billion people and an area of around
30 million km2 (12 million sq mi) and includes world landmarks, such as the Sahara and the Nile.

The primary working languages are Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanishand Swahili.

Within the AU, there are official bodies such as the Peace and Security Council and the Pan-African
Parliament.

We've also got states whose membership are suspended

All UN member states based in Africa and on African islands are members of the AU, as is
the partially recognized state of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).

Morocco which claims sovereignty over the Western Sahara withdrew from the Organisation of
African Unity in 1984 due to the admission of the SADR as a member.

On 30 January 2017, the AU readmitted Morocco as a member state. Somaliland's 2005 application
to join the AU is still pending.

Mali was suspended from the African Union on 19 August 2020 following a military coup.

On 9 October of the same year, the Peace and Security Council of the African Union lifted the
suspension imposed on Mali, citing progress made to return to democracy.

The country was again suspended on 1 June 2021, following its second military coup within nine
months.

Guinea's membership was also suspended by the African Union on 10 September 2021 after
a military coup deposed the country's President Alpha Condé.

Sudan's membership was suspended by the African Union on 27 October 2021 after a military
coup deposed the civilian government led by Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok.
Burkina Faso's membership was suspended by the African Union in the aftermath of a military
coup on 31 January 2022.

Niger's membership was suspended by the African Union on 22 August 2023 following a military
coup in late July that deposed democratically elected president Mohamed Bazoum; this has since
also led to the 2023 Nigerien crisis.

Gabon's membership was suspended by the African Union on 31 August 2023 following a military
coup that deposed president Ali Bongo Ondimba.

The AU member states are;

Algeria

Angola

Benin

Botswana

Burkina Faso (suspended)

Burundi

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

Comoros

Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Djibouti

Egypt

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Eswatini

Ethiopia

Gabon (suspended)
Gambia

Ghana

Guinea (suspended)

Guinea-Bissau

Ivory Coast

Kenya

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Madagascar

Madagascar

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali (suspended)

Mauritania

Mauritius

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Niger (suspended)

Nigeria

Rwanda

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

São Tomé and Príncipe

Senegal

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Sudan (suspended)
Tanzania

Togo

Tunisia

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

OBSERVERS

Haiti

Israel (suspended as of February 2023)

Kazakhstan

Latvia

Mexico

Palestine

Serbia

Turkey

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

The observers are authorized by the AU to observe and report on events and developments in
Africa.

They are meant to provide accurate and impartial information to the AU and the international
community.

They play an important role in promoting transparency, accountability, and good governance across
the continent.
THINGS POLICE ARE ACCUSED OF..

It's true that there have been many reports and allegations of abuse,, corruption,, misconduct and
lots more within the Nigerian police

It's not fair to paint all police officers with the same brush as there are serious concerns about the
way some officers conduct themselves(some behave well and some don't)

We've got many dedicated and hardworking police officers who are committed to protecting and
serving their communities.

Some of them often face very difficult and dangerous situations and many do their jobs with
integrity and professionalism.

But then,, the systemic issues within the police force need to be addressed if the force is to truly
serve and protect the people of Nigeria

We keep complaining,, insulting and disrespecting the police because of what we've head or seen
about some of them

Please don't forget that some of these people are our parents,, we don't get to see some of them for
days or a period of time all in the name of serving the country and trying to protect us but what do
they get in return,, absolutely nothing and it's not fair...

There need to be incentives for officers to do the right thing and penalties for those who engage in
misconduct

It's also important to address the root causes of corruption including poverty and a lack of
opportunity

There are many things that could be done to improve this situation and one key issue is the need for
more training and education for police officers.

Many officers receive very little training and there is a lack of emphasis on human rights,, de-
escalation techniques and other important skills...

Improving the training of officers would help to ensure that they have the knowledge and skills to
carry out their duties in a professional and ethical manner...

Another important thing is accountability.

Officers who are accused of misconduct must be investigated thoroughly and held accountable for
their actions..

A system of oversight and accountability is essential to restore public trust in the police force and
this could include an independent complaints body,, better record-keeping and more transparency
in how complaints are handled...

Another thing is the working conditions for police officers...

Many officers are overworked and underpaid which can lead to frustration and burnout...

If officers are properly supported and compensated, it could lead to a more professional and
effective police force...

All of these changes would require the grace of God,, political will and commitment from the
government as it's not an easy task to reform an entire police force but it's important to take steps
to address the issues that are causing problems...

If corruption is seen as normal and accepted,, it will be very difficult to make lasting changes but it's
important we all start by improving the working conditions and training for officers...

It may take some time to change the culture but even small steps can make a big difference...

FPRO AND PPRO

We have the FPRO and the PPRO and both are similar things

FPRO stands for Force Public Relations Officer and it's a position in the Nigerian Police Force that's
responsible for handling public relations and managing the reputation of the police...

The current FPRO in Nigeria is ACP Olumuyiwa Adejobi

PPRO stands for Police Public Relations Officer. It's a similar position to the FPRO but at the state
level...

Each state in Nigeria has a PPRO who reports to the FPRO...

They work to promote the image of the police in their state and to address issues of concern to the
public...

They also coordinate with local media and engage with community leaders...

So note that the PPRO is the equivalent of the FPRO but at the state level...

PAST FPROs

DCP EZEKIEL HART (1961 – 1983)

CP FELIX MUSA (1983 - 1985)

CP D.U.A. ISANG (1984 - 1985)

CP FELIX MUSA (1985 - 1986)

AC PRAPH ONYEJEKWE (1986 - 1987)

AC PLEKAN ALABI (1987 - 1989)

CP ALBERT AFEGBAI (1989 - 1990)

CP FRANK A. ODITA (1990 - 1992)

CS PHAZ IWENDI (1992 - 1993)

DC PTUNJI ALAPINI (1993 - 1997)

DCP YOUNG E. AREBAMEN (1997 - 2000)

DCP HAZ IWENDI (2000 - 2002)

DCP CHRIS A. OLAKPE (2002 - 2005)

SP EMMANUEL IGHODALOJAN (2005 - AUGUST 2005)

CP HAZ IWENDI (2005 - 2007)

ACP AGBEREBI E. AKPOEBI (2007 - 2008)

ACP EMMANUEL C.S. OJUKWU (2008 - 2010)

DCP OLUSOLA E. AMORE (2010 - 2012)

CSP FRANK E. MBA (2012 - 2014)

CP EMMANUEL C.S. OJUKWU (2014 - 2015)

ACP OLABISI KOLAWOLE (2015 - 2016)

DCP DONALD N.AWUNAH (2016 - 2017)

Ag. DCP JIMOH OLOHUNDARE MOSHOOD (2017 - 2019)

DCP FRANK E. MBA (2019 - 2021)

CP FRANK E. MBA (2021 - 2022)

CSP OLUMUYIWA ADEJOBI (2022 - 2023)

ACP OLUMUYIWA ADEJOBI (2023 - TILL DATE)

Directory of the PPROs under the FPRO department

CSP MUYIWA ADEJOBI

FPRO – FHQ, ABUJA

CSP EL-MUSTAPHA SANI

O/C PUBLIC COMPLAINT BUREAU (PCB)

CSP FEMI ADEDEJI

EDITOR – NEWDAWN NEWSPAPER

CSP KALU CHIJIOKE EREM

STAFF OFFICER STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION

SP ABUBAKAR ZAYYANU AMBURSA

ZONE 1, KANO

SP HAUWA IDRIS-ADAMU

ZONE 2 LAGOS

SP YUSUF ADAMU MOHAMMED

ZONE 3, YOLA

ASP KAAVANGER AONDONA DAVID

ZONE 4 - MAKURDI

DSP TIJANI MOMOH

ZONE 5, BENIN

SP NELSON ANEJI OKPABI

ZONE 6, CALABAR
SP ISTIFANUS SUNDAY BAKO

ZONE 7, ABUJA

INSPR RUTH AWI

ZONE 8, LOKOJA

DSP IHEANETU BRUNO CHUKWUDERA

ZONE 9, UMUAHIA

ASP UTHMAN YAGUB MUHAMMAD

ZONE 10, SOKOTO

SP BENJAMIN AYENI

ZONE 11, OSOGBO

SP THOMAS GONI

ZONE 12, BAUCHI

DSP NWODE NKEIRUKA H.

ZONE 13, AWKA

ASP SHEHU SULEIMAN

ZONE 14, KATSINA

ASP ABUBAKAR MOHAMMED

ZONE 15, MAIDUGURI

CSP IKWO KEVIN LAFIEGHE

ZONE 16, YENAGOA

DSP ADEOYE AKEEM ADEOLA

ZONE 17, AKURE

SP YAHAYA SULEIMAN

ADAMAWA STATE

SP ODIKO S. OGBECHE-MACDON

AKWA IBOM STATE

DSP IKENGANYIA T. ANTHONY

ANAMBRA STATE

SP AHMED MOHAMMED WAKIL

BAUCHI STATE

SP BUTSWAT ASINIM

BAYELSA STATE

SP ANENE SEWUESE CATHERINE

BENUE STATE

SP YAHAYA SULEIMAN

ADAMAWA STATE

SP ODIKO S. OGBECHE-MACDON

AKWA IBOM STATE

DSP IKENGANYIA T. ANTHONY

ANAMBRA STATE

SP AHMED MOHAMMED WAKIL

BAUCHI STATE

SP BUTSWAT ASINIM

BAYELSA STATE

SP ANENE SEWUESE CATHERINE

BENUE STATE

ASP SANI KAMILU

BORNO STATE

SP IRENE UGBO

CROSS RIVER STATE

ASP SANI KAMILU

BORNO STATE

SP IRENE UGBO

CROSS RIVER STATE

SP IRENE UGBO

CROSS RIVER STATE

DSP EDAFE BRIGHT

DELTA STATE

SP CHRIS ANYANWU

EBONYI STATE

SP CHIDI NWABUZOR

EDO STATE
DSP ABUTU SUNDAY

EKITI STATE

DSP DANIEL NDUKWE EKEA

ENUGU STATE

ASP MAHID MUA’ZU ABUBAKAR

GOMBE STATE

CSP MICHAEL ABATTAM

IMO STATE

DSP LAWAN SHIISU ADAM

JIGAWA STATE

DSP MOHAMMED JALIGE

KADUNA STATE

SP HARUNA ABDULAHI

KANO STATE

SP GAMBO ISAH

KATSINA STATE

SP NAFIU ABUBAKAR

KEBBI STATE

SP WILLIAM OVYE AYA

KOGI STATE
SP OKASANNMI AJAYI

KWARA STATE

SP BENJAMIN HUNDEYIN

LAGOS STATE

DSP RAMHAN NANSEL

NASARAWA STATE

DSP WASIU A. ABIODUN

NIGER STATE

DSP ABIMBOLA OYEYEMI

OGUN STATE

SP ADEWALE OSIFESO

OYO STATE

SP ODUNLAMI IBUKUN

ONDO STATE

SP OPALOLA YEMISI O.

OSUN STATE

DSP ALFRED ALABO

PLATEAU STATE

DSP GRACE WOYENGIKURO IRINGE-KOKO

RIVERS STATE

DSP SANUSI ABUBAKAR

SOKOTO STATE

DSP ABDULLAHI USMAN

TARABA STATE

DSP DUNGUS ABDULKARIM

YOBE STATE

SP MUHAMMED SHEHU

ZAMFARA STATE

DSP JOSEPHINE ADEH

FCT-ABUJA

SP ALIYU GIWA

FHQ ANNEX LAGOS/POLICE COOPERATIVE

CSP OSAIGBOVO EHISIENMEN

PRESS SEC TO HON. MIN. OF POLICE AFFAIRS

DSP EGUAOJE FUNMILAYO

FCID

DSP LEKAN FANIYI

MARITIME

DSP NAFIU HABIB

POLICE ACADEMY KANO (POLAC)

DSP JOB ATABOR

SPORTS
DSP ADEOTI OLATADE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF POLICE STUDIES

ASP EZE CHIDIEBERE K.

POLICE MEDICAL

SP DUWON AMUNEDON

STAFFCOL JOS

DSP MUHAMMAD SADIQ

AIRWING

SP EYITAYO JOHNSON

PSFU

SP DARAMOLA KAZEEM

AIRPORT

SP GBOLAHAN MORONFOLU

EOD-CBRN

ASP EMETO FRANKLIN MMADUABUCHI

EASTERN PORT

Note that we've got only one FPRO who coordinates all of the PPROs in the states.

So, the FPRO is the overall spokesperson for the Nigerian Police Force and each PPRO is the
spokesperson for their particular state.
ECOWAS

ECOWAS stands for the Economic Community of West African States

It's a regional organization made up of fifteen West African countries including Nigeria and was
established with the goal of promoting economic cooperation and integration among its member
states.

Ecowas has made significant progress in promoting trade,, investment and development in the
region. Ecowas is an important organization for Nigeria and the region.

The Heads of State and Government of fifteen West African Countries established the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS) when they signed the ECOWAS Treaty on the 28th of
May 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria.

The Treaty of Lagos was signed by the 15 Heads of State and government of Benin, Burkina Faso,
Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria,
Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the
region.

The Senegalese President was represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs. Cabo Verde joined the
union in 1977.

The only Arabic-speaking Member Mauritania withdrew in December 2000. Mauritania recently
signed a new associate-membership agreement in August 2017.

The ECOWAS region, which spans an area of 5.2 million square kilometres.

The Member States are;

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cabo Verde

Côte d’Ivoire

The Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea Bissau
Liberia

Mali

Niger

Nigeria

Sierra Leone

Sénégal

Togo

Considered one of the pillars of the African Economic Community, ECOWAS was set up to foster the
ideal of collective self-sufficiency for its member states.

As a trading union, it is also meant to create a single, large trading bloc through economic
cooperation.

Integrated economic activities as envisaged in the area that has a combined GDP of $734.8 billion,
revolve around but are not limited to industry, transport, telecommunications, energy, agriculture,
natural resources, commerce, monetary and financial issues, social as well as cultural matters.

In 2007, ECOWAS Secretariat was transformed into a Commission.

The Commission headed by the President, assisted by a Vice President, thirteen Commissioners and
the Auditor-General of ECOWAS Institutions, comprising experienced bureaucrats who are providing
the leadership in this new orientation.

As part of this renewal process, ECOWAS is implementing critical and strategic programmes that will
deepen cohesion and progressively eliminate identified barriers to full integration.

In this way, the estimated 300 million citizens of the community can ultimately take ownership for
the realization of the new vision of moving from an ECOWAS of States to an “ECOWAS of the People:
Peace and Prosperity to All”. by 2050.

The headquarters of ECOWAS is located in Abuja, Nigeria.

The 1975 Treaty of Lagos joined 15 West African countries in the Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS).