State and Corporate Management of

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Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development

Yakhya G. Buchaev · Salikhbek G. Abdulmanapov ·

Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov · Arutyun A. Khachaturyan Editors

State and Corporate

Management of
Region’s Development
in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable
Development

Editorial Board
Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK
Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment,
Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt
Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy
Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar
Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, Australia
Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt
Anand Nayyar, Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

Series Editor
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(IEREK), Cairo, Egypt
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Yakhya G. Buchaev •
Salikhbek G. Abdulmanapov •
Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov •
Arutyun A. Khachaturyan
Editors

State and Corporate

Management of Region’s
Development
in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy

123
Editors
Yakhya G. Buchaev Salikhbek G. Abdulmanapov
Dagestan State University of National Economy Dagestan State Institute of National Economy
Makhachkala (Republic of Dagestan), Russia Makhachkala, Russia

Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov Arutyun A. Khachaturyan

Institute of Socio-Political Research Institute of Market Issues of the RAS
Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
Moscow, Russia

ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN 978-3-030-46393-9 ISBN 978-3-030-46394-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46394-6

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Introduction

Modern Region on the Way to the Digital Economy: Challenges

for Public and Corporate Management

One of the key trends of our time, which determined the wave of the market cycle for the
upcoming years, is the transition to a digital economy. Joining the initiative of the leaders of
scientific and technological progress, Russia launched its own national program “Digital
Economy of the Russian Federation”, which was approved by the order of the Government
of the Russian Federation on July 28, 2017 № 1632-r, and its passport was approved by the
decision of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for
Strategic Development and National Projects on December 24, 2018.
The strategic importance and priority of the adopted program for the Russian economy is
emphasized by the fact that for its practical implementation the Autonomous Non-Commercial
Organization “Digital Economy” was formed and the Ministry of Digital Development,
Communications, and Mass Media of the Russian Federation was established. The regions are
responsible for the implementation of the innovations provided for in the program. It is at the
regional level that the basic concept of the digital economy is expected and should be adapted
to the current economic reality and that breakthrough technologies are implemented in busi-
ness activities, household practices, and e-government activities.
The transition to a digital economy poses unprecedented challenges for the modern region.
One of these challenges is the need to form and stimulate the growth of telecommunication
infrastructure usage in the region. Another challenge is to launch its own digital development
programs for different sectors of the regional economy and ensure their systematic imple-
mentation in order to maintain the integrity and stability of the region’s economy, as well as its
balanced development and comprehensive modernization.
The challenges also include the need to monitor the digital development of the regional
economy. At the same time, the scientific and methodological basis for indicative assessment
and analysis of the level of digitalization of the regional economy is in the process of for-
mation. Among the challenges, it is also necessary to mention the need for proactive state and
corporate management of the development of the digital economy of the region. Only a
program-oriented management approach will enable the use of digitalization opportunities to
improve the region’s socioeconomic situation and, in particular, its competitiveness in both the
national and global economy. Another challenge is to take into account the views of stake-
holders and to orient the digital economy towards addressing the social and environmental
challenges of the region.
The regions can provide a response to these major and numerous additional challenges of
our time only with coordinated state and corporate management of the digital economy.
Involvement of business in the regional programs of digital modernization and the formation
of the information society is necessary, because only with the support of private capital it is
possible to achieve a full-scale financing of the launched programs and only with the transition
of business to the digital form of business activity with the active use of advanced technologies
the full-scale transition of the region to a digital economy becomes possible.

v
vi Introduction

This monograph provides a systematic study of current problems and prospects for
improving the practice of state and corporate governance of the region's development in the
digital economy, based on the example of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District
as one of the most progressive districts of the Russian Federation, but at the same time
retaining its peripheral position in the Russian regional economy, so that its experience is
universal and can be useful for most regions of Russia and other countries of the world—both
developed and developing.
The book summarizes the experience of these regions, as well as offers a set of scientific,
methodological, and applied recommendations for the system organization and the maxi-
mization of the effectiveness of public and corporate governance of the region’s development
in the digital economy. We hope that the book will be interesting for a wide range of target
audiences, including heads of regional business structures interested in modernizing their
enterprises and supporting regional digital development projects, as well as for representatives
of regional government bodies that develop and regulate regional strategies for the formation
and development of the digital economy.

Yahya G. Buchaev
Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Rector
Dagestan State University of National Economy (DSUNE)
Makhachkala, Russia
dgunh@dgunh.ru

Salihbek G. Abdulmanapov
Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Professor
Director of the Research Institute of Management
Economics, Politics and Sociology
Dagestan State University of National Economy (DSUNE)
Makhachkala, Russia
salih@mail.ru

Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov
Ph.D. (Economics), Associate Professor, Senior Researcher
Department of Social and Economic Security
Center for Social Security and Riskology, ISPI RAS
Moscow, Russia
ars.rggu@mail.ru

Arutyun A. Khachaturyan
Market Economy Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
karutyun@yandex.ru
Contents

The Model of Digital Development of a Modern Region: New Challenges

for State and Corporate Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Madina M. Shabanova, Nurisat M. Kurshiyeva, and Tatyana A. Kamalova
Factors of Development of the Region’s Labour Market in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy and the Tools of Their Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Nikolay Y. Golovetsky, Victor V. Grebenik, and Victoria V. Khamalinskaya
Scientific and Methodological Provision of Region’s Competitiveness Assessment
in the Conditions of the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov, Ekaterina P. Zhigulina, and Evgeniya P. Samokhvalova
The Methodology of Indicative Assessment of the Effectiveness
of Managing Region’s Development in the Conditions of the Digital
Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Vezirhan K. Giraev, Albina O. Ramazanova, and Muslimat H.-H. Yusupova
Development of Russia’s Regions in the Conditions of the Digital Economy:
Management, Effectiveness, and Competitiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Arutyun A. Khachaturyan, Karine S. Khachaturyan, and Anton A. Shirkin
Digital Entrepreneurship as a New Subject of a Modern Region’s Economy:
State Stimulation and Market Mechanisms of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Nazira I. Magomedova, Larisa A. Gadzhimuradova,
and Aina M. Shakhbanova
The Regional System of Science and Education as a Source of Digital Personnel
and Breakthrough Technologies for Region’s Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Olga V. Budzinskaya
Infrastructure of the Digital Economy for Region’s AIC: Creation, Measuring,
and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Sharip I. Sharipov, Juliana A. Akhmedova, and Gadzhi K. Kurbanov
Perspectives of Development Of the System of E-Government in the Region
in the Conditions of the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Yahya G. Buchaev
Digital Society in a Modern Region: Issues of Its Formation and Ways
of Solving Them on the Basis of the Labour Market Management
in the Agrarian Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Mikhail A. Babeshin, Alexey E. Nikolaev, and Viktor A. Splender
Evolution of the System of Higher Education and Problems of Development
of Science in the Conditions of Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Yahya G. Buchaev and Zalina M. Abdullaeva

vii
viii Contents

Organization of Production on the Basis of the Internet of Things: Barriers,

Advantages and Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Andrei M. Kushnir, Taisia V. Dianova, and Olga Y. Osipenkova
Improving the Practice of Managerial Decision-Making in Modern
Entrepreneurship on the Basis of Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Lyudmila A. Borisova, Ruslan A. Mammaev, and Enara B. Atuyeva
Corporate Database Management on the Basis of Cloud Technologies,
Blockchain Technologies and Technologies of Big Data Processing:
Effectiveness and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Andrey V. Kurkin, Akim V. Giraev, and Zaur U. Medzhidov
Innovative Development of Entrepreneurship in the AIC in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy: Growth Points, Measuring, and Management . . . . . . . . . 85
Ahmed G. Buchaev, Nurziyat Y. Kazavatova, and Rauf N. Gadzhiev
The Problem of Migration in the Conditions of the Digital Economy: New
Challenges for the Labour Market, Possibilities and Priorities of Solving . . . . . . . 91
Magomed Kh. Abidov, Fatima N. Ismailova, and Pirmagomed G. Abdulmanapov
Social Adaptation to Transformation of the Labour Market in the Region
in the Conditions of the Digital Economy: Perspectives of Provision
of Mass Digital Literacy and Accessibility of Digital Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Shahmardan S. Muduev, Sharafudin M. Aliev, and Gozel K. Akavova
Entrepreneurial Training in the Conditions of the Digital Economy: Stimulation
of Demand, Organization, and Practical Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Sabina E. Savzikhanova, Nigara E. Eminova, and Natalia M. Fomenko
Transformation Processes in the Labour Market in a Region in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy: A New Model of Organization, Digital Competencies
and New Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Olga V. Budzinskaya
State Management of Foreign Economic Activities of a Region in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Salihbek G. Abdulmanapov, Nizami S. Askerov, and Abakar S. Mudunov
Scenarios of Region’s Development in the Conditions of the Digital
Economy and Priorities of State and Corporate Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Shamil M. Tagirov, Zalmu K. Omarova, and Naida G. Omarova
“Smart” Region: Managing Economic Development on the Basis of Machine
Vision and Ubiquitous Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Anastasia A. Kryukova, Natalya A. Stefanova, and Ildar A. Khasanshin
Perspectives of Well-Balanced Development of Regional Labor Market
with the Help of Digital Modernization by the Example of Modern Russia . . . . . . 133
Farida S. Tsinpaeva, Zarema M. Abdullaeva, and Tamila D. Alikerimova
Sustainable Development of Region’s AIC in the Conditions of the Digital
Economy: Ecological Responsibility, “Green” Innovations and Circular
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov, Ahmed G. Buchaev, and Nurziyat Y. Kazavatova
Contents ix

State and Corporate Management of Quality of Life in a Region

in the Conditions of the Digital Economy: Social Programs
and Social Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Khadizhat M. Khadzhalova, Zaklin N. Kazieva, and Victoria V. Stofarandova

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
 The Model of Digital Development
of a Modern Region: New Challenges
for State and Corporate Management

Madina M. Shabanova, Nurisat M. Kurshiyeva,

and Tatyana A. Kamalova

Abstract the rapid growth of the digital economy, which is the case
in the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of
Purpose: The article is aimed at identifying new
the Russian Federation, the “side effect” is the depletion
challenges for public and corporate management in the
of state and corporate budgets in the region and the
context of the digital development of the modern region,
financial crisis (pessimistic scenario). An alternative
the definition of scenarios, and the optimal model of
optimistic scenario is also possible which enables to
management of this development. Design/Methodology/
avoid the crisis and possibly achieve even greater
Approach: The authors apply the methodology of corre-
progress in building the digital economy. For its imple-
lation and scenario analysis, as well as economic
mentation, the model of state and corporate management
modeling. Certain calculations are made to identify the
of digital development of the modern region has been
correlation between the indicators of public and corporate
developed in order to optimize it, based on the measures
management performance in the region—the balanced
of non-financial management, which ensure greater
financial result of enterprises and the balance of the
efficiency of management due to lower consumption of
regional budget—and the indicators of digital develop-
resources while achieving long-term (synergy) effect.
ment of the region—the share of enterprises using the
Internet, the number of personal computers per 100
Keywords

employees, the share of households with computers and

the Internet, as well as the share of innovation-active Digital development Regional economy Public

organizations. Findings: In the course of the research it
was shown that the digital development of the economy
of the regions, which are not characterized by a distinct
inclination to scientific and technical progress, is based on
the measures of state financial support of the digital
modernization of the economic system of the region and
on the measures of corporate financing of own digital
modernization. Originality/Value: It is justified that,
although financial management measures may ensure
M. M. Shabanova (&)
Department of State and Municipal Administration, Dagestan
State Technical University (DSTU), Makhachkala, Russia
e-mail: madinash07@mail.ru
N. M. Kurshiyeva
Economic Sciences, Department of State and Municipal
Administration, Dagestan State Technical University (DSTU),
Makhachkala, Russia
e-mail: nurisat@mail.ru
T. A. Kamalova
Technical Sciences, Department of Commerce and Marketing,
Dagestan State University (DSU), Makhachkala, Russia
e-mail: kamalova05@mail.ru


management Corporate management Digital economy
Russian regions
JEL Codes
G34




O18 O31 R11 R58
1 Introduction
Modern business systems are entering the digital age one by
one. Russia was one of the first countries in the world to
launch the process of digital modernization of its social and
economic systems (it is among the 63 countries with digital
economies according to the IMD version by the 2018 data)
—for this purpose, the program “Digital Economy of the
Russian Federation” was adopted, approved by the order of
the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 28,
2017, № 1632-r. The course on digital modernization has
been adopted at the national level for the benefit of the

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 1
Y. G. Buchaev et al. (eds.), State and Corporate Management of Region’s Development in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46394-6_1
2 M. M. Shabanova et al.
economic system as a whole, but it is being implemented at
the regional level and may have different implications for
them.
The most advanced regions are likely to benefit the most
from digital modernization, as they will be able to unlock
their high-tech development potential more fully. They have
a technological backbone and will be able to use it to
enhance their competitiveness in the regional economy and
beyond. Digitalization is in harmony with their social and
business preferences. For the population, this will mean the
formation of new high-performance, creative, and high-paid
jobs, expanding opportunities for the fulfillment of human
potential and increasing the availability of goods and ser-
vices. Advantages for regional entrepreneurship are related
to access to new markets and increased opportunities to
optimize production, supply, and marketing, and for regional
governments—to the growth of tax revenues.
At the same time, the consequences of digital modern-
ization for other regions, which are less progressive, making
up the majority, in contrast, may be accompanied by a crisis
of entrepreneurship due to a sharp decline in competitiveness
due to the slow implementation of digital technologies.
People in such regions can protest and resist digitalization,
making it more difficult to implement and slowing it down.
This will cause additional expenses for the regional public
authorities and lead to an increase in the regional budget
expenditures, while the prospects for increasing its revenue
side will be limited.
The foregoing determines the relevance of the research
and seeking solutions to the problem of digital development
of the modern region from the standpoint of public and
corporate management in order to optimize this process,
especially in those regions that do not lead the scientific and
technological progress. This paper is aimed at identifying
new challenges for public and corporate management in the
context of the digital development of the modern region, the
definition of scenarios, and the optimal model of manage-
ment of this development.
2 Materials and Methods
As a result of the review of the existing scientific literature,
we have revealed that some issues of state and corporate
management in the digital economy are considered in the
works of Abdulkadyrov et al. (2017), Buchaev et al. (2014),
Gadzhiev and Buchaev (2014), Khachaturyan et al. (2017),
Khachaturyan et al. (2018), Petrenko et al. (2018), Popkova
(2019), Popkova et al. (2019), Popkova et al. (2018),
Popkova and Parakhina (2019), Popkova and Sergi (2018),
Popkova and Sergi (2019), Ragulina (2019), Sergi et al.
(2019), and Sergi (2019). At this, the objects of research are
mainly the most progressive micro- and macro-level eco-
nomic systems.
The consequences of the digital economy arising at the
meso-level (at the regional level) are practically not covered
in the modern research literature as well as the issues of state
and corporate management of adaptation of the region to the
digital economy. In order to fill the gap in the system of
economic knowledge, we apply the methodology of correla-
tion and scenario analysis as well as economic modeling. We
chose the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District of
the Russian Federation as the objects of our research, as they
are not among the most progressive regions of the country,
i.e., the top ten regions in terms of the level of digitalization
development “Digital Russia”. For example, the Republic of
Dagestan is ranked in this rating (D-Russia, 2019).
The hypothesis is tested by calculating the correlation
between the indicators of public and corporate management
performance in the region—the balanced financial perfor-
mance of enterprises and the balance of the regional budget
—and the indicators of digital development of the region—
the share of enterprises using the Internet, the number of
personal computers per 100 employees, the share of
households with computers and the Internet as well as the
share of innovation-active organizations. The statistical data
collected by us are shown in Table 1.
3 Results
The results of our correlation analysis are shown in Fig. 1.
According to Fig. 1, the growth in innovation activity of
enterprises in the regions of the North Caucasus Federal
District of Russia in 2018 leads to a decrease in the regional
budget balance (correlation −18.38%). Internet access of
households reduces both the balance of the regional budget
(correlation −40.58%) and the balanced financial result of
enterprises (correlation −28.50%). The balance of the
regional budget decreases with the computerization of
households (correlation −21.64%), with the increase in the
number of personal computers per 100 employees (correla-
tion −17.81%), and with the growth of activity of enterprises
in using the Internet (correlation −42.51%).
The results obtained are probably related to forced state
support for modernization in the regions of the North Cau-
casus Federal District of Russia in 2018 through
co-financing and incentives for the digitalization of house-
holds and entrepreneurship. The new challenges for state and
corporate governance that arise in the context of the digital
development of the modern region are systematized in
Table 2.
As shown in Table 2, in the context of the digital
development of the modern region, there are some new
The Model of Digital Development of a Modern Region … 3

Table 1 State and corporate management performance indicators and digital development indicators of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal
District of Russia in 2018
Region Balanced Regional Share of Number of Share of Share of Share of
financial result budget companies personal households households innovation-active
of enterprises, balance, using the computers per with a with access to organizations, %
million rubles million Internet, % 100 employees, computer, the Internet, %
rubles pcs. %
The Republic of −11920 3696 68.4 34 62.8 76.3 2.8
Dagestan
The Republic of −1465 117.2 100.0 37 70.5 86.3 4.8
Ingushetia
The −801 −2697 84.4 37 68.2 81.6 3.8
Kabardino-Balkaria
Republic
The 904 47.1 90.3 44 69.4 81.7 1.8
Karachay-Cherkessia
Republic
The Republic of −362 −385.6 80.4 40 87.2 88.1 4.0
North Ossetia–Alania
The Chechen −11375 360.8 94.4 44 39.4 74.9 0.2
Republic
Stavropol Krai 48780 382.8 96.7 49 69.6 74.4 5.2
Source compiled by the authors based on the materials of Rosstat (2019)

Share of innovation-active organizations

Share of households with access to the
Internet
Share of households with a computer
Number of personal computers per 100
employees
Share of companies using the Internet

Fig. 1 Correlation of state and corporate management performance indicators with digital development indicators of the North Caucasus Federal
District of Russia in 2018. Source calculated and constructed by the authors

objects of state administration—digital infrastructure, digital
society, and digital entrepreneurship—and corporate gover-
nance—intellectual resources, digital technologies, “smart”
production. They find themselves in a new field for com-
petition: the state in high-tech markets and entrepreneurship
in high-tech products markets. New management technolo-
gies are also becoming available to them: for the state
e-government and the “smart” region, and for
entrepreneurship—intellectual support for decision-making.
Answers to these challenges may be different—to reflect
the high degree of their differentiation we have defined two
opposite scenarios of state and corporate management of
digital development in the modern region. The pessimistic
scenario implies an emphasis on financial management.
Under this scenario, the government implements a set of
measures to provide financial incentives for digital mod-
ernization of the region’s social and economic system,
including subsidies and tax incentives for entrepreneurship.
While these measures can be highly effective, they
deplete the regional state budget. Similarly, corporate gov-
ernance involves the acquisition of off-the-shelf technology
solutions and digital devices, as well as the recruitment of
highly qualified digital personnel. Corporate financial
resources are also being spent rapidly. Already in the med-
ium term, there is an acute shortage of financial resources in
the region, provoking a financial crisis.
The optimistic scenario involves relying on non-financial
management. Under this scenario, the government
4 M. M. Shabanova et al.

Table 2 New challenges for Challenges Impact of challenges on public Impact of challenges on corporate
public and corporate governance, administration governance
arising in the context of digital
development of the modern New management Digital infrastructure, digital Intellectual resources, digital technology,
region objects society, digital enterprise smart manufacturing
New field for High-tech markets High-tech markets
competition
New management E-government, smart region Intellectual support for decision-making
technologies
Source designed and compiled by the authors

Fig. 2 The model of state and

corporate management of digital Regional public authorities
digital
development of the modern
social digital innovation promotion cooperation,
region in the interests of its
optimization. Source designed marketing partnership
and compiled by the authors
Regional Regional
Region digital skills scientific and cooperation, entrepreneurship
population development educational integration integration
institutions

market purchase non-financial development

incentives
Digital infrastructure of the region

implements a set of non-financial stimulation measures for
digital modernization of the region’s social and economic
system, including social marketing measures for the devel-
opment of digital competences, measures for the develop-
ment of digital infrastructure, which is provided on market
(paid) terms, on the basis of public–private partner-
ship. Corporate governance includes measures for indepen-
dent research and development, integration measures
(clustering, participation in industrial parks, special eco-
nomic zones, etc.), as well as measures for corporate training
of digital personnel.
In order to successfully respond to the described chal-
lenges and optimize the digital development of regions that
do not lead the scientific and technological progress, we
have developed the following model of state and corporate
management of this process (Fig. 2).
As shown in Fig. 2, the model of state and corporate
management of digital development of a modern region that
we have developed for the purpose of its optimization
implies reliance on non-financial management measures,
which are relatively new for Russian regions. The measures
include, in particular, promoting commercialization of digi-
tal innovations in higher education institutions (instead of
traditional R&D funding), non-financial stimulation of
infrastructure development (instead of traditional state
funding). The proposed model, if successfully applied in
practice, ensures the implementation of an optimistic sce-
nario, thus avoiding a financial crisis and accelerating the
digital development of a modern region.
4 Conclusion
In the course of the study, it was shown by the example of
the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the
Russian Federation that the digital development of the
economy of regions not characterized by a pronounced
propensity for scientific and technological progress is based
on measures of state financial support for the digital mod-
ernization of the region’s economic system and on measures
of corporate financing of own digital modernization.
While financial management measures may provide for
the rapid growth of the digital economy, as is observed in the
regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Rus-
sian Federation, the “spillover effect” is the depletion of state
and corporate budgets in the region and the financial crisis (a
pessimistic scenario). Alternatively, an optimistic scenario is
possible to avoid the crisis and achieve perhaps even greater
progress in building a digital economy. To implement this
scenario, a model of state and corporate management of
digital development of a modern region has been developed
for the purpose of its optimization, which is based on
The Model of Digital Development of a Modern Region …
non-financial management measures ensuring greater man-
agement efficiency due to lower resource consumption while
achieving long-term (synergy) effect.
References
Abdulkadyrov, A. S., Ryzhov, I. V., Strokov, A. I., & Kamzolov,
Yu V. (2017). Current aspects of improving the organization of
production of high-tech products. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil’noi Promyshlennosti, 371(5),
18–27.
Buchaev, Y. G., Iakovleva, E. A., & Putihin, I. E. (2014). Formation of
efficiency of scientific activities of universities in Russia. Life
Science Journal, 11(10), 78, 564–568.
D-Russia. (2019). “Digital Russia” digitalization development level
rating for regions. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from http://d-
russia.ru/vyshla-polnaya-versiya-rejtinga-regionov-po-urovnyu-
razvitiya-tsifrovizatsii-tsifrovaya-rossiya.html.
Gadzhiev, M. M., & Buchaev, Y. G. (2014). Efficiency assessment of
enterprise innovation activities. Life Science Journal, 11(10), 82,
581–586.
Khachaturyan, A. A., Abdulkadyrov, A. S., Zhigulina, E. P., &
Sirotkina, N. V. (2017). The issues of improving the investment
climate and investment attractiveness of Russian industries in the
medium-term perspective. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii,
Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil’noi Promyshlennosti, 371(5), 40–43.
Khachaturyan, A. A., Khachaturyan, K. S., & Abdulkadyrov, A. S.
(2018). Model of innovational development of modern Russian
industry. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 622, 44–
50.
Petrenko, E., Pritvorova, T., & Dzhazykbaeva, B. (2018). Sustainable
developmet processes: Service sector in post-industrial economy.
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doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.4(14).
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industry 4.0 in the conditions of knowledge economy. Studies in
Systems, Decision and Control, 169(1), 65–72.
5
Popkova, E. G., Egorova, E. N., Popova, E., & Pozdnyakova, U. A.
(2019). The model of state management of economy on the basis of
the Internet of things. Studies in Computational Intelligence, 826
(1), 1137–1144.
Popkova, E. G., Morozova, I. A., & Litvinova, T. N. (2018).
Transformational processes in the media system under industry
conditions 4.0: future outlines and perspectives (reflections on the
article by Alexander P. Sukhodolov, DSc. In Economics, Professor
and Irina A. Kuznetsova, PhD in Engineering, Associate Professor
“Designing the mass media as a homeostatic system by means of
automation engineering: Basic concepts, structure, components”).
Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism, 7(1), 145–154.
Popkova, E. G., & Parakhina, V. N. (2019). Managing the global
financial system on the basis of artificial intelligence: Possibilities
and limitations. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 57(1),
939–946.
Popkova, E. G., & Sergi, B. S. (2018). Will industry 4.0 and other
innovations impact Russia’s development? In B. S. Sergi (Ed.),
Exploring the future of Russia’s economy and markets: Towards
sustainable economic development (pp. 51–68). Bingley, UK:
Emerald Publishing Limited.
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Complexity and variety vs. Rationality. Springer.
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modern economic systems with different progress in formation of
knowledge economy. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control,
169, 167–174.
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(2019). Modeling Russian industrial, tech, and financial cooperation
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Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/
doc_2018/region/reg-pok18.pdf.
 Factors of Development of the Region’s
Labour Market in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy and the Tools
of Their Management

Nikolay Y. Golovetsky, Victor V. Grebenik,

and Victoria V. Khamalinskaya

Abstract self-regulation (deregulation), the natural influence of

these factors is weak. Therefore, the state management of
Purpose: The authors aim is to study the factors of the
the identified factors of the development of the regional
region’s labour market development in the digital econ-
labour market in the digital economy should be aimed at
omy (on the example of the regions of the North
strengthening (rather than deterring, as originally
Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation)
assumed) their positive impact on the market—for this
and to develop tools for their management in order
purpose, appropriate management tools have been
to optimize transformations. Design/Methodology/
proposed.
Approach: The authors use one of the most common
methods of econometrics—regression analysis. To test
Keywords

the hypotheses, regression curves are drawn that auto-
matically form paired linear regression models and Labour market Region Digital economy State
calculate correlation coefficients. Findings: Three factors administration Russian regions
have been identified for the development of the region’s
labour market in the digital economy: the increase in the JEL Codes
level of education in the “knowledge economy”, the
growth of innovative activity of entrepreneurship and the
R58










J01 J08 J23 J71 G34 O18 O31 R11 R23
computerization of entrepreneurship. It has been revealed
that, although structural transformations of the labour
market are indeed taking place in the regions of the North
Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in
2018, they contradict the existing ideas. Originality/ 1 Introduction
Value: It has been proved that in the digital economy,
instead of the expected crisis of the labour market (rising The digital economy is changing the context in which the
unemployment and social tension), favourable conditions labour market is functioning and developing. The spread of
and new opportunities are being created to balance the digital technologies contributes to the formation of a new
market and establish social justice in it (preventing essential interpretation of labour itself as a process of busi-
discrimination against employees in terms of age and ness processes, the subject of which can be not only a person
level of education). However, in the case of market —manual labour, mechanized labour—but also digital
devices—automated labour: such as partially under the
control of man (e.g. robots, manipulators), and complete or
N. Y. Golovetsky (&)
V. V. Khamalinskaya under the control of artificial intelligence (e.g. the Internet of
Economic Sciences, Financial University Under the Government
of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia things). The obvious consequence of this process is the
e-mail: nik1957@mail.ru structural transformation of the labour market (general
V. V. Khamalinskaya hypothesis H1).
e-mail: nik1957@mail.ru One of the proposed transformations (hypothesis H11)
V. V. Grebenik consists in the increase of the importance of education in the
Economics, Financial University Under the Government of the labour market. The application of digital technologies
Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia requires digital competencies, i.e. professional knowledge,
e-mail: gvik65@mail.ru

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 7
Y. G. Buchaev et al. (eds.), State and Corporate Management of Region’s Development in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46394-6_2
8 N. Y. Golovetsky et al.
skills and abilities to apply specialized digital devices and
software. In addition, there is a need for high levels of media
literacy, namely the possession of general competencies that
enable the use of non-specialized digital technologies, such
as modern office equipment.
These competencies are acquired in the course of study,
and most of them are obtained only through higher educa-
tion. The direct consequence of this is a decrease in the
competitiveness of workers without university education on
the labour market, and an increase in their unemployment
due to a decrease in the demand for their labour. The
transformation described above makes it possible to build a
logical link between the development of a digital economy
and the development of a “knowledge economy” charac-
terized by the value of university education and the recog-
nition of the concept of lifelong learning.
Another expected transformation (hypothesis H12) is
related to the increase in age restrictions of the labour market
and early “ageing” of personnel. The younger the worker is
the more flexible thinking he or she has, and the youngest
workers belong to the “Generation Z” (the so-called “digital
natives”), which are most inclined and able to use digital
technologies. Representatives of “Generation X” (employees
over 55–65 years of age, depending on territorial peculiari-
ties—digital outsiders) have the least inclination and ability
to master and apply digital technologies in practice.
There is also an intermediate “Generation Y” (so-called
“digital migrants”—(workers aged from 40–45 to 55–
60 years) who are not eager but capable of mastering and
using digital technologies as necessary. In the digital econ-
omy, the age limits between generations of workers are more
clearly delineated. This leads to increased age discrimination
in the labour market. Against the backdrop of rising retire-
ment ages in most of today’s developed and developing
countries, including Russia, we can expect an increase in
unemployment due to the actual (although not recognized by
law) disability of workers over 55–60 years of age (age may
differ not only between countries but also between regions of
the same country).
Another supposed transformation (hypothesis H13) is the
toughening of competition in the labour market under the
influence of mass full automation. As the availability and
functionality of digital labour resources increase, the entre-
preneurs see their advantages over human resources. These
benefits are associated with higher productivity, reduced risk
of disruption (disruption of work discipline and its ana-
logue–digital device breakdowns) and errors (the so-called
“human factor”), as well as greater accountability and
accuracy in the performance of work functions, allowing for
the production of more high-tech products. Subsidiarity
(interchangeability) of workers and digital devices in the
labour market is likely to increase the intensity of the market
and to exacerbate the problem of unemployment.
The indicated labour market transformations are consid-
ered to be axioms that have been logically determined and
are not supported by factual data. However, modern statistics
does not confirm these transformations. In particular, the
most progressive countries that are leaders in the global
rating of digital competitiveness of the economy (e.g. the U.
S.—IMD rating) are not characterized by a sharp increase in
unemployment, despite the fact that the level of automation
has increased many times in recent years (2012–2019),
including a complete automation as well. This indicates the
absence or opposite of labour market transformations in the
digital economy and/or the existence of ways to manage
them.
In this connection, we think it is necessary to consider the
described transformations not as axioms, but as hypotheses
that need to be tested. In this study, we aim to investigate the
factors of the development of the region’s labour market in
the digital economy (using the regions of the North Cauca-
sus Federal District of the Russian Federation as an example)
and to develop tools to manage them in order to optimize
transformations.
2 Materials and Method
The transformation of the labour market in the digital
economy is considered in the numerous works of modern
authors. For example, Abdulkadyrov et al. (2017), Buchaev
et al. (2014), Gadzhiev and Buchaev (2014), Khachaturyan
et al. (2017, 2018) recognize the increasing importance of
education in the labour market. Petrenko et al. (2018),
Popkova (2019), Popkova et al. (2018, 2019), Popkova and
Parakhina (2019) note the increasing age restrictions of the
labour market and the early “ageing” of personnel. Popkova
and Sergi (2018, 2019), Ragulina (2019), Sergi et al. (2019),
Sergi (2019) write about tougher competition in the labour
market under the influence of mass full automation.
However, in most cases, no statistical evidence is pro-
vided to support the transformations described. Therefore,
the scientific and empirical basis for studying the labour
market in the digital economy is not formed and needs to be
developed. In this research, we decided to use one of the
most common methods of econometrics—regression analy-
sis. With its help, we are going to test all the three
hypotheses that have the following mathematical expression:
– Hypothesis H11: regression dependence of the share of
employed population (aged 15–72) with higher education
(y1) on the number of graduates (bachelors, specialists,
masters) (x1) pronounced and direct;
– Hypothesis H12: regression dependence of the average
age of the unemployed (y2) on the share of organizations
implementing innovations (x2), pronounced and direct;
Factors of Development of the Region’s Labour Market … 9

– Hypothesis H13: regression dependence of labour market

stress coefficient (y3) on the share of organizations using
personal computers (x3), pronounced and direct.

To test the hypotheses, we build regression curves (as in

Microsoft Excel charts) that automatically generate
y = a + b * x paired linear regression models and calculate
correlation coefficients (R2). The correlation of variables is
recognized as expressed at R2  0.50 (correlation is more
than 50%). The relationship of variables is direct at the
positive value of the coefficient b in the regression model
and inversely at the negative value of this coefficient. Fig. 1 Regression curve of y1(x1). Source calculated and built by the authors
A sample of data for analysis is shown in Table 1.

3 Results

The regression curves, built on the basis of data from

Table 1, are illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
According to Fig. 1, the increase in the number of uni-
versity graduates by 1000 people leads to a decrease in the
share of the employed population with higher education by
0.1153%. The relationship between the variables is inverse
(coefficient b took the value of −0.1153) and not pronounced
(R2 = 0.014—correlation of 1.4%).
According to Fig. 2, an increase in the share of organi-
Fig. 2 Regression curve of y2(x2). Source calculated and built by the
zations implementing innovations by 1% leads to an increase authors

Table 1 Selection of data for the analysis of the development of labour market in conditions of digital economy in the regions of the North
Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2018
Region of the North Bachelors, Share of Share of Average age Share of Coefficient of
Caucasus Federal specialists, employed organizations of the organizations tension in the
District of the Russian masters, K of population with implementing unemployed, using personal labour market,
Federation people higher education, innovations, % years computers, % share of 1
%
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
The Republic of 14.1 30.0 2.8 31.8 72.5 189.4
Dagestan
The Republic of 1.5 26.7 4.8 30.4 100.0 168.1
Ingushetia
The 3.0 32.8 3.8 34.1 91.5 11.7
Kabardino-Balkaria
Republic
The 2.3 42.7 1.8 37.1 92.3 17.3
Karachay-Cherkessia
Republic
The Republic of North 5.4 42.2 4.0 39.6 90.7 35.9
Ossetia–Alania
The Chechen Republic 5.7 39.7 0.2 32.9 96.9 44.6
Stavropol Krai 17.9 35.7 5.2 35.2 98.1 2.5
(District)
Source compiled by the authors based on Rosstat materials (2019)
10
Fig. 3 Regression curve of y3(x3). Source Calculated and built by the
authors
in the average age of the unemployed by 0.0499 years. The
relationship between the variables is direct (coefficient b was
set at 0.0499) and not pronounced (R2 = 0.0008—correla-
tion 0.08%).
According to Fig. 3, an increase in the share of organi-
zations using personal computers by 1% leads to a decrease
in the coefficient of tension on the labour market by 4.0004.
The relationship between the variables is inverse (coefficient
b assumed −4.0004) and not pronounced (R2 = 0.2231—
correlation 22.31%).
Thus, the labour market of the regions of the North
Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in the
digital economy is influenced by the following factors. The
first factor is the increase in the level of education in the
“knowledge economy”. This factor is insignificant and has
the opposite effect on the labour market: instead of the
expected growth in demand for highly skilled workers with
higher education in the digital economy, the demand for
them decreases.
This is due to the general growth of education level and
qualification of employees on the labour market and the
increased availability of self-education—in contrast to
pre-digital competencies, the digital ones and media literacy
can be mastered on the basis of non-formal education. In
order to optimize the development of the labour market in
the digital economy, it is proposed to stimulate
self-education and organize regional courses on mastering
digital competencies and increasing media literacy as a tool
to manage this factor. This will increase access to education,
but will further reduce the value of higher education.
Therefore, in the long run, the digital economy and the
“knowledge economy” will come into conflict.
The second factor is the growth of innovative activity of
entrepreneurship. This factor is also insignificant. Contrary
to hypothesis H12, employees of all ages are important and in
N. Y. Golovetsky et al.
demand in the labour market for innovation activities of
enterprises: both young flexible and creative workers, and
experienced workers. In order to optimize the development
of the labour market in the digital economy, the creation of
additional workplaces for pre-retirement age workers is
proposed as a tool to manage this factor. This will limit the
early “ageing” of the workforce, provide an opportunity for
self-realization of experienced workers and ensure highly
efficient use of human potential in the region.
The third factor is the computerization of entrepreneur-
ship. The significance of this factor is moderate. Contrary to
hypothesis H13, as digitalization grows, labour market ten-
sion is reduced by expanding self-employment opportunities
(e.g. e-commerce-based). In order to optimize the develop-
ment of the labour market in the context of the digital
economy, it is proposed that the government should stimu-
late the computerization of entrepreneurship, for example,
on the basis of regional tax incentives for property tax
(digital equipment). This will make it possible to reduce the
tension in the labour market in the region as much as
possible.
4 Conclusion
Thus, we have singled out three factors for the development
of the region’s labour market in a digital economy: an
increase in the level of education in the “knowledge
economy”, an increase in the innovative activity of
entrepreneurship and the computerization of entrepreneur-
ship. The general hypothesis H1 is confirmed, but with a
reservation. Although the structural transformation of the
labour market is indeed taking place in the regions of the
North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in
2018, it is contrary to existing perceptions.
In the digital economy, instead of the expected crisis of
the labour market (rising unemployment and social ten-
sion), favourable conditions and new opportunities are
being created to balance the market and establish social
justice in it (preventing discrimination against employees
in terms of age and education). However, in the case of
market self-regulation (deregulation), the natural influence
of these factors is weak. Therefore, the state management
of the identified factors of the development of the regional
labour market in the conditions of the digital economy
should be aimed at strengthening (rather than deterring, as
it was initially assumed) their positive impact on this
market—for this purpose, appropriate management tools
have been proposed.
Factors of Development of the Region’s Labour Market …
References
Abdulkadyrov, A. S., Ryzhov, I. V., Strokov, A. I., & Kamzolov,
Yu V. (2017). Current aspects of improving the organization of
production of high-tech products. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil’noi Promyshlennosti, 371(5),
18–27.
Buchaev, Y. G., Iakovleva, E. A., & Putihin, I. E. (2014). Formation of
efficiency of scientific activities of universities in Russia. Life
Science Journal, 11(10), 564–568, 78.
Gadzhiev, M. M., & Buchaev, Y. G. (2014). Efficiency assessment of
enterprise innovation activities. Life Science Journal, 11(10), 581–
586, 82.
Khachaturyan, A. A., Abdulkadyrov, A. S., Zhigulina, E. P., &
Sirotkina, N. V. (2017). The issues of improving the investment
climate and investment attractiveness of Russian industries in the
medium-term perspective. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii,
Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil’noi Promyshlennosti, 371(5), 40–43.
Khachaturyan, A. A., Khachaturyan, K. S., & Abdulkadyrov, A. S.
(2018). Model of innovational development of modern Russian
industry. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 622, 44–
50.
Petrenko, E., Pritvorova, T., & Dzhazykbaeva, B. (2018). Sustainable
developmet processes: Service sector in post-industrial economy.
Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 7(4), 781–791. https://
doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.4(14).
Popkova, E. G. (2019). Preconditions of formation and development of
industry 4.0 in the conditions of knowledge economy. Studies in
Systems, Decision and Control, 169(1), 65–72.
Popkova, E. G., & Sergi, B. S. (2018). Will industry 4.0 and other
innovations impact Russia’s development? In B. S. Sergi (Ed.),
Exploring the future of Russia’s economy and markets: Towards
sustainable economic development (pp. 51–68). Bingley, UK:
Emerald Publishing Limited.
11
Popkova, E. G., & Sergi, B. S. (Eds.). (2019). Digital economy:
Complexity and variety vs. Rationality. Springer.
Popkova, E. G., & Parakhina, V. N. (2019). Managing the global
financial system on the basis of artificial intelligence: Possibilities
and limitations. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 57(1),
939–946.
Popkova, E. G., Morozova, I. A., & Litvinova, T. N. (2018).
Transformational processes in the media system under industry
conditions 4.0: Future outlines and perspectives (reflections on the
article by Alexander P. Sukhodolov, DSc. In Economics, Professor
and Irina A. Kuznetsova, PhD in Engineering, Associate Professor
“Designing the mass media as a homeostatic system by means of
automation engineering: Basic concepts, structure, components”).
Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism, 7(1), 145–154.
Popkova, E. G., Egorova, E. N., Popova, E., & Pozdnyakova, U. A.
(2019). The model of state management of economy on the basis of
the Internet of things. Studies in Computational Intelligence, 826
(1), 1137–1144.
Ragulina, Y. V. (2019). Priorities of development of industry 4.0 in
modern economic systems with different progress in formation of
knowledge economy. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control,
169, 167–174.
Rosstat. (2019). Russian regions: Socio-economic indicators—2018.
Retrived September 21, 2019, from https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/
doc_2018/region/reg-pok18.pdf.
Sergi, B. S. (Ed.). (2019). Tech, smart cities, and regional development
in contemporary Russia. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Sergi, B. S., Popkova, E. G., Sozinova, A. A., & Fetisova, O. V.
(2019). Modeling Russian industrial, tech, and financial cooperation
with the Asia-Pacific region. In B. S. Sergi (Ed.), Tech, smart cities,
and regional development in contemporary Russia. Bingley, UK:
Emerald Publishing Limited.
 Scientific and Methodological Provision
of Region’s Competitiveness Assessment
in the Conditions of the Digital Economy

Arsen S. Abdulkadyrov, Ekaterina P. Zhigulina,

and Evgeniya P. Samokhvalova

Abstract North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federa-

tion in 2018. Findings: It is justified that unlike the
Purpose: The paper is aimed at the development of
general competitiveness (taking into account the level of
scientific and methodological support for assessing the
education, healthcare, living standards, and other indica-
competitiveness of the region in the digital economy,
tors), for which the necessary statistics are available and
which allows achieving both the completeness of the
are highly reliable, the assessment of digital competitive-
assessment and its high accuracy and objectivity to obtain
ness cannot be based only on statistical data (due to their
systematic and reliable results. Design/Methodology/
scarcity and inaccuracy), and therefore, it should also take
Approach: The author’s scientific and methodological
into account the values of qualitative indicators. This is
support of the assessment of the region’s competitiveness
achieved in the developed scientific and methodological
in the digital economy has been developed, which allows
support of assessing the competitiveness of the region in
combining quantitative (contained in official statistics)
the digital economy. Originality/Value: The testing of the
and qualitative (obtained through a survey of the region’s
proposed scientific and methodological support on the
population) data for the most complete assessment of the
example of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal
region’s competitiveness in the digital economy. The
District of the Russian Federation in 2018 demonstrated
proposed scientific and methodological support for
significant differences in the quantitative and qualitative
assessing the competitiveness of the region in the digital
assessments. As a result of their system accounting, the
economy was tested on the example of the regions of the
most objective, complete, accurate, and reliable results
were obtained, according to which the highest level of
competitiveness in the digital economy is peculiar to the
Kabardino-Balkaria Republic. Interim assessment results
can be used by all regions to identify their strengths and
weaknesses as well as to develop and implement highly
effective regional strategies for managing the competi-
tiveness of the economy in the digital economy.

A. S. Abdulkadyrov (&) Keywords

Economic Sciences, Department of Social and Economic Security,
Center for Social Security and Riskology, ISPI RAS, Moscow, Assessment Competitiveness Region Digital
Russia
economy Digital competitiveness Russian regions
e-mail: ars.rggu@mail.ru
E. P. Zhigulina
JEL Codes

Department of Economics of the Oil and Gas Industry, Russian
State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University,
D41 O18 O31 R11 R58
Named After I.M. Gubkina), Moscow, Russia
e-mail: zhigulina.ep@mail.ru
E. P. Samokhvalova
Department of Economics of the Oil and Gas Industry, Russian
State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University)
Named After I.M. Gubkina (RGUNG), Moscow, Russia
e-mail: geine.s-s@mail.ru

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 13
Y. G. Buchaev et al. (eds.), State and Corporate Management of Region’s Development in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46394-6_3
14
1 Introduction
In the digital economy, high-tech competition is taking place
and new criteria for the competitiveness of economic sys-
tems are emerging, such as the prevalence and activity of
digital technologies. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the
interpretation of competitiveness in light of its new criteria.
Modern economic science has developed the practice of a
separate definition of the basic competitiveness of economic
systems (at the level of countries for this purpose is made an
annual rating of the World Economic Forum—WEF) and
their digital competitiveness (at the level of countries for this
purpose is made an annual rating of the International Insti-
tute for Management Development—IMD).
At the level of regional economy in most modern eco-
nomic systems, including Russia, the assessment of digital
competitiveness is fragmented. Ratings of the country’s
regions are made according to a certain (narrow) criterion,
for example, the level of development of the information
society or the level of e-government. This makes it impos-
sible to determine the overall level of digital competitiveness
of each region. The results of the existing assessment prac-
tice are, firstly, imbalance of the national digital economy
(there are serious differences between regions in its com-
position); secondly, low efficiency of state management of
the digital economy development in each individual region
(due to the low accuracy of the respective regional pro-
grams); and, thirdly, limited competition of regions in the
digital economy (as interested persons cannot reliably
determine the level of digital competitiveness of a region).
In order to accelerate the development of the national and
global digital economy as a catalyst for the fourth industrial
revolution (global transition to the fourth technological
order), a systematic assessment of the digital competitive-
ness of the modern region’s economy is needed. At the same
time, there is a problem of ensuring the reliability of this
assessment. On the one hand, reliance on accurate quanti-
tative indicators ensures the objectivity of the assessment,
but leads to its incompleteness due to gaps in the statistical
accounting—not all indicators are taken into account, and
some of them cannot be measured statistically at all. On the
other hand, relying mainly on qualitative indicators obtained
by the method of expert evaluation causes subjectivity of
evaluation, although it allows the most complete coverage of
the components of digital competitiveness of the region.
Thus, the actual development of scientifically methodical
maintenance of an estimation of the competitiveness of
region in the conditions of digital economy, allowing to
A. S. Abdulkadyrov et al.
reach simultaneously both completeness of an estimation,
and its high accuracy, and objectivity for the reception of
system and reliable results is the purpose of the present
research.
2 Materials and Method
The theoretical and methodological basis for assessing the
region’s competitiveness has been formed in the publications
of the following authors: Aria et al. (2019), Capello and
Cerisola (2019), Giordano and Dubois (2019). The funda-
mental basis for assessing the digital competitiveness of
business systems is laid down in information and method-
ological materials IMD, used in the compilation of “World
Digital Competitiveness Ranking.” On this basis, many
authors’ methods have been formed to ensure the assessment
of regional competitiveness in the digital economy, which
are presented in the works of Buchaev et al. (2014), Gadz-
hiev and Buchaev (2014), Khachaturyan et al. (2017, 2018),
Gadzhiev and Buchaev (2014), Petrenko et al. (2018),
Popkova (2019), Popkova and Sergi (2018), Ragulina
(2019), Sergi et al. (2019), Sergi (2019).
However, the incompleteness of statistical accounting of
the digital economy at the level of regional economy does
not allow applying the IMD methodology and other existing
methods, focused on the world economy, to assess the digital
competitiveness of modern regions. Consequently, it is
necessary to adapt the existing methodology to the specifics
of regional economy. In this paper, we believe it is necessary
to combine quantitative (contained in official statistics) and
qualitative (obtained through a survey of the region’s pop-
ulation) data to most fully assess the region’s competitive-
ness in the digital economy.
Our logic is that statistical data could potentially be
overestimated by regions in order to improve the ranking
and obtain more federal funding for digital modernization of
the economy. Therefore, the use of purely statistical data
instead of the expected high accuracy of estimates may, on
the contrary, underestimate them. In other words, the stated
and actual results of digital modernization may differ, and
they may differ significantly. Additional use of qualitative
(survey) data will make it possible to balance formal and
perceived (informal) results, and thus most reliably deter-
mine the level of digital competitiveness of a region. Our
proposed scientific and methodological support of the
assessment of regional competitiveness in the digital econ-
omy is reflected in Table 1.
Scientific and Methodological Provision of Region’s … 15

Table 1 Scientific and methodological support for the evaluation of the region’s competitiveness in the conditions of the digital economy
Evaluation criterion Measures for the relevant criteria
Quantitative, various units of measure Qualitative, points 1–10
Name Designation Name Designation
Degree of digitalization of Share of households owning a ds1(quant.) Prevalence of digital devices and ds1(qual.)
society computer, %* technologies among the population
Share of households with access to ds2(quant.) Level of digital literacy and ds2(qual.)
the Internet, %* receptiveness of society to digital
technologies
DS=[ds1(quant.)+ds2(qual.)]+[ds1(qual.)+ ds2(qual.)]/4, shares of 1
Level of digitalization of Share of companies owning a de1(quant.) Prevalence of digital devices and de1(qual.)
entrepreneurship computer, %* technologies among enterprises
Share of enterprises with access to the de2(quant.) Level of digital competence and de2(qual.)
Internet, %* digital receptivity of employees
DE=[de1(quant.)+de2(quant.)]+[de1(qual.)+ de2(qual.)]/4, shares of 1
Availability and quality of Regulatory and administrative di1(quant.) Sufficiency of digital infrastructure di1(qual.)
digital infrastructure indicators for digitalization, points
1-100**
Information infrastructure, points di2(quant.) Digital infrastructure price availability di2(qual.)
1-100**
Information security, points 1–100** di3(quant.) Quality (including security) of digital di3(qual.)
infrastructure
DI=[di1(quant.)+di2(quant.)+ di3(quant.)]+[di1(qual.)+ di2(qual.)+ di3(qual.)]/6, shares of 1
The scale of digitalization Implementation level of dg(quant.) Digitalization of public services and dg(qual.)
of the state administration e-government, points 1–100*** management
DG=[dg(quant.)+ dg(qual.)]/2, shares of 1
Digital Competitiveness Index: DC=(DS+DE+DI+DG)/4
Sources of statistical data on the example of the Russian Federation
*Russian State Statistics Service Collection “Regions of Russia: socio-economic indicators” (section “Information and communication
technologies”
**Subindexes of “Digital Russia” index calculated by “Skolkovo”
***Monitoring conducted by “State Management”
Source developed and compiled by the authors

In order to ensure the comparability of indicators (their

initial units of measurement are differentiated), as well as to
conduct the assessment in accordance with the generally
accepted logic of competitiveness assessment (as a ratio of
the indicator value in the economic system to the indicator
value in the reference system), all indicators are converted
into shares of 1. For this purpose, their relation in each
region to the benchmark is found. When an extensive study
of the entire regional economy is conducted, the national
economy is taken as the benchmark. In this paper, we will
test the example of the regions of the North Caucasus Fed-
eral District of the Russian Federation in 2018. Therefore,
the average values for the federal district will be used as a
benchmark.
3 Results
With the help of the developed scientific and methodological
support, we have made estimations of competitiveness of the
region in the conditions of digital economy in the regions of
the North Caucasian Federal District of the Russian Feder-
ation in 2018. Its results are shown in Table 2.
Based on the data of Table 2, we made a quantitative and
qualitative assessment of the competitiveness of regions of
the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federa-
tion in 2018.
As can be seen from Fig. 1, the results of quantitative and
qualitative evaluations differ significantly. Thus, for
16 A. S. Abdulkadyrov et al.

Table 2 Indicators of digital competitiveness of regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2018
Indicator Type of North The The The The The The Stavropol
meaning Caucasus Republic Republic Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia Republic Chechen Krai
Federal of of Republic Republic of North Republic
District Dagestan Ingushetia Ossetia
Share of households initial 66.0 62.8 70.5 68.2 69.4 87.2 39.4 69.6
owning a computer
ds1(quant.) – 0.95 1.07 1.03 1.05 1.32 0.6 1.05
Share of households initial 78.30 76.3 86.3 81.6 81.7 88.1 74.9 76.6
with access to the
ds2(quant.) – 0.97 1.1 1.04 1.04 1.13 0.96 0.98
Internet
Prevalence of digital initial 7.34 9.24 6.6 6.82 6.9 5.06 8.71 8.02
devices and
ds1(qual.) – 1.26 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.69 1.19 1.09
technologies among
the population
Level of digital initial 7.59 9.34 9.47 7.65 5.95 5.73 8.35 6.66
literacy and
ds2(qual.) – 1.23 1.25 1.01 0.78 0.75 1.10 0.88
receptiveness of
society to digital
technologies
Share of companies initial 89.40 72.5 100 91.5 92.3 90.7 96.9 98.1
owning a computer
de1(quant.) 1.02 0.81 1.12 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.08 1.1
Share of enterprises initial 85.90 68.4 100 84.4 90.3 80.4 94.4 96.7
with access to the
de2(quant.) – 0.8 1.16 0.98 1.05 0.94 1.1 1.13
Internet
Prevalence of digital initial 6.91 7.12 9.05 7.32 5.7 6.46 6.39 6.32
devices and
de1(qual.) – 1.03 1.31 1.06 0.82 0.93 0.92 0.91
technologies among
enterprises
Level of digital initial 6.93 7.5 5.59 6.98 8.06 5.44 9.06 5.88
competence and
de2(qual.) – 1.08 0.81 1.01 1.16 0.78 1.31 0.85
digital receptivity of
employees
Regulatory and initial 45.62 43.58 40.7 48.64 41.93 40.31 52.9 51.27
administrative
di1(quant.) – 0.96 0.89 1.07 0.92 0.88 1.16 1.12
indicators for
digitalization
IT infrastructure initial 46.61 46.34 41.26 49.63 40.63 42.79 48.97 56.63
di2(quant.) – 0.99 0.89 1.06 0.87 0.92 1.05 1.21
Information security initial 45.61 45.66 40.94 46.92 39.64 41.77 47.69 56.68
di3(quant.) – 1 0.9 1.03 0.87 0.92 1.05 1.24
Sufficiency of digital initial 7.20 5.06 8.3 8.53 7.49 8.48 5.37 7.19
infrastructure
di1(qual.) – 0.70 1.15 1.18 1.04 1.18 0.75 1.00
Digital infrastructure initial 7.02 5.33 6.65 9.16 6.97 6.57 7.7 6.73
price availability
di2(qual.) – 0.76 0.95 1.30 0.99 0.94 1.10 0.96
Quality (including initial 6.80 5.47 5.73 7.57 8.86 7.94 6.43 5.63
security) of digital
di3(qual.) – 0.80 0.84 1.11 1.30 1.17 0.95 0.83
infrastructure
Implementation level initial 31.71 42 12 81 12 24 12 39
of e-government
dg(quant.) – 1.32 0.38 2.55 0.38 0.76 0.38 1.23
Digitalization of initial 7.32 9.06 5.17 7.85 5.8 5.15 8.78 9.41
public services and
dg(qual.) – 1.24 0.71 1.07 0.79 0.70 1.20 1.29
management
Source calculated and compiled by the authors on the basis of materials of State Management (2019), Rosstat (2019), Skolkovo (2019)

example, the digital competitiveness of the quantitative terms and 0.98 in qualitative terms. The results
Karachay-Cherkessia Republic was 1.22 by quantitative of the final assessment (DC) are shown in Fig. 2.
assessment and 1.08 by qualitative assessment. Similarly, As can be seen from Fig. 2, the highest level of digital
the digital competitiveness of Stavropol Krai was 1.13 in competitiveness among regions of the North Caucasus
Scientific and Methodological Provision of Region’s … 17

Fig. 1 Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the digital competitiveness of regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian
Federation in 2018. Source calculated and constructed by the authors

Fig. 2 Final assessment of digital competitiveness (DC) of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2018.
Source calculated and constructed by the authors
18
Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2018 is
observed in the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (1.15), and the
lowest one is in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic (0.94).
4 Conclusion
The study, therefore, justifies that, unlike overall competi-
tiveness (taking into account education. health. standard of
living and other indicators), for which the necessary statistics
are available and their high reliability is ensured. The
assessment of digital competitiveness cannot be based only
on statistics (due to their deficiency and inaccuracy) and
should, therefore, also take into account the meaning of
qualitative indicators. This is achieved in the developed
scientific and methodological support of the assessment of
regional competitiveness in the digital economy.
Its testing by the example of the regions of the North
Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2018
demonstrated significant differences in quantitative and
qualitative assessment. As a result of their system accounting
the most objective, complete, accurate, and reliable results
were obtained, according to which the highest level of
competitiveness in the digital economy is typical for the
Kabardino-Balkaria Republic. Interim assessment results can
be used by all regions to identify their strengths and weak-
nesses as well as to develop and implement highly effective
regional strategies for managing economic competitiveness
in the digital economy.
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differences in competitiveness among European NUTS2 regions:
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Sirotkina, N. V. (2017). The issues of improving the investment
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(2018). Model of innovational development of modern Russian
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industry 4.0 in the conditions of knowledge economy. Studies in
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Ragulina, Y. V. (2019). Priorities of development of industry 4.0 in
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knowledge economy. Studies in Systems. Decision and Control.,
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(2019). Modeling Russian Industrial. Tech. and financial cooper-
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 The Methodology of Indicative Assessment
of the Effectiveness of Managing Region’s
Development in the Conditions of the Digital
Economy

Vezirhan K. Giraev, Albina O. Ramazanova,

and Muslimat H.-H. Yusupova

Abstract state management of the development of the regions of

the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a
Federation in 2018 is effective (revenues exceed expen-
method of indicative evaluation of the effectiveness of
ditures). However, the opportunities of the digital econ-
public management of the development of a region in the
omy have been practically neglected. As the digital
digital economy and its testing on the example of the
economy develops in the regions under consideration, the
regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the
efficiency of government economic management should
Russian Federation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The
be expected to improve. It is recommended that the digital
author’s method of indicative evaluation of the efficiency
modernization of the economy of these regions should be
of management of the region’s development in the
stimulated in order to increase the efficiency of public
conditions of digital economy has been developed. The
management.
indicators of efficiency of management of regional
development in the conditions of digital economy are
Keywords

the use of digital economy possibilities for maximization

of incomes and minimization of regional state budget
expenses. Findings: It has been stated that, due to the
digital economy, the income of state budgets of the
regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the
Russian Federation in 2018 is 6.19 times higher (as
compared to income without the use of digital technolo-
gies). At the same time, the potential for minimizing
expenditures of their budgets has been rarely realized.
The digital economy allows reducing state budget
expenditures of the regions of the North Caucasus
Federal District of the Russian Federation by 480.64
times. Originality/Value: The calculations showed that
V. K. Giraev (&)
Economic Sciences, Research Institute of Management,
Economics, Politics and Sociology, Dagestan State University of
National Economy (DGUNH), Makhachkala, Russia
e-mail: vgaaf@rambler.ru
A. O. Ramazanova
Economic Sciences, Department of Economics and Management,
Makhachkala Branch of the Moscow Automobile and Highway
State Technical University (MADI), Makhachkala, Russia
e-mail: radjab022002@mail.ru
M. H.-H. Yusupova
Department of Management, Dagestan State University (DSU),
Makhachkala, Russia
e-mail: usi585@yandex.ru


Indicator Evaluation Efficiency Regional
development management Digital economy Russian
regions
JEL Codes
C51







D61 G14 H21 O18 O31 R11 R58
1 Introduction
In most modern macroeconomic systems, even with a high
degree of decentralization of power and, accordingly, eco-
nomic independence of regions, they should follow a
nationwide strategy of socio-economic development. Tran-
sition to digital economy is a strategic priority of this
development and therefore is forced by modern regions.
However, the regional context in which the digital economy
is being modernized may be and, apparently is, different.
It is possible to highlight the regions prone to building a
digital economy. They are highly innovative and have suf-
ficient venture capital investments. Regional businesses are
interested in implementing projects to create digital infras-
tructure independently and jointly with regional government

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 19
Y. G. Buchaev et al. (eds.), State and Corporate Management of Region’s Development in the Conditions
of the Digital Economy, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46394-6_4
20
bodies. The population of such regions has a high income,
which allows the mass purchase of digital devices and
technologies. The social and business environment in these
regions is receptive and prone to innovation, including those
in the digital sphere. Digital modernization is organic in
these regions and comes naturally under the influence of the
market mechanism with limited control and minimal regu-
lation by the state.
They can be opposed to the regions that are not inclined
to build a digital economy. They have a deficit of venture
capital investment and low innovation activity. Public–pri-
vate partnerships and investments in infrastructure projects
in these regions are underdeveloped. The low standard of
living of the population prevents the spread of digital tech-
nologies and devices. Social and business receptivity to
innovation is low, and there may even be latent or overt
resistance to innovation. Digital modernization in these
regions encounters institutional barriers that prevent its
implementation. State regulators are forced to implement
large-scale regional projects to prepare and adapt the popu-
lation to the conditions of the digital economy, and to
stimulate digital modernization of entrepreneurship.
Although, in both cases described, the transition to a
digital economy contributes to the competitiveness of the
region, the effectiveness of public management of the
region’s development will vary greatly. In the first case,
thanks to comprehensive social and business support, out-
standing results in the digital modernization of the region’s
economy can be achieved, while the main costs will be
borne by regional venture capital investors. In the second
case, the process of digital modernization will take place at a
slower pace due to social and business resistance, and will
require significant expenditures of the regional state budget.
In both cases, there is a risk of establishment or aggravation
of the budget deficit and public management crisis of the
region’s development (certainly, this risk is much higher in
the second case).
The strategic macroeconomic course for the transition to
the digital economy is designed to balance the regional
economy and ensure a centralized transition of all the
regions of the country to a new—fourth—technological
paradigm. The crisis of public management of even one
region can lead to a crisis of the entire national budget
system, especially in the conditions of budget federalism
implemented through interbudgetary transfers, like in mod-
ern Russia. Therefore, it is in the interests not only of the
regions themselves, but of the country as a whole, to mini-
mize the risk of the crisis described above. This highlights
the problems of assessing the efficiency of digital modern-
ization of the region’s economy.
The purpose of this study is to develop a method of
indicative evaluation of the effectiveness of public
V. K. Giraev et al.
management of the development of a region in the digital
economy and its testing on the example of the regions of the
North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation.
2 Materials and Method
As a result of content analysis (substantial analysis) of the
existing economic literature, we have identified three sci-
entific and methodological approaches to assessing the
effectiveness of management of the region’s development in
the digital economy.
The first approach focuses on the very process of digital
modernization of the region’s economy. It involves an iso-
lated assessment of the effectiveness of public administration
of the digital economy separately from the rest of the public
management of the region. In this case, efficiency is deter-
mined through the ratio of the advantages of digital mod-
ernization of the economy (GRP and labour productivity
growth) to the costs associated with government financing of
the digital economy. This approach is presented in the works
of Nudurupati et al. (2016), Sanjuán et al. (2018),
Abdulkadyrov et al. (2017), Popkova et al. (2019), Sanjuán
et al. (2018), Sergi (2019).
The second approach focuses on new markets emerging
in the digital economy. Here, additional revenues of the
regional state budget from the functioning of regional digital
entrepreneurship are correlated with additional budget
expenditures related to the financing of the digital economy.
This approach is described in the research by Buchaev et al.
(2014), Gadzhiev and Buchaev (2014), Khachaturyan et al.
(2017, 2018), Popkova and Sergi (2019), Sergi et al. (2019).
The third approach is to determine the extent to which the
opportunities for digital modernization of the region’s
economy based on the market mechanism are realized. The
focus is on the ratio of public to private investment in the
digital economy: the higher the share of private investment
is, the higher the efficiency as an analogue of return on
investment is. This approach is considered by Petrenko et al.
(2018), Popkova (2019), Popkova and Parakhina, Popkova
and Sergi (2018).
Thus, the existing scientific and economic publications
consider the digital economy as an investment project and
assess the effectiveness of this project. In our work, we
interpret the digital economy as a source of new opportu-
nities for improving public management of the region based
on the results of the fourth technological revolution. In this
regard, we believe that in the conditions of the digital
economy, it is not the new direction of public management
that should be evaluated, but the use of new opportunities in
public administration of the region. As part of our method-
ology, we propose to be guided by the following formula:
The Methodology of Indicative Assessment of the Effectiveness … 21

Table 1 Logic of assigning Calculated indicator Formulas for calculation of indicators and conditions of their
values to Kg and Ke indicators application
depending on b coefficient values
in the regression model (b/y)*(100−x) 1 (b/y)/(100−x)
Kr b>0 b=0 b<0
Ke b<0 b>0
Source designed and compiled by the authors

Table 2 State budget revenues Region Regional state budget State budget expenditures Digital
and expenditures and the level of revenues of the region economy index
development of the digital
economy in the regions of the The Republic of Dagestan 107278 103582 45.52
North Caucasus Federal District The Republic of Ingushetia 23000.6 22883.4 40.42
of the Russian Federation in 2018
The Kabardino-Balkaria 29390.4 32087.4 47.06
Republic
The Karachay-Cherkessia 24039.2 23992.1 40.31
Republic
The Republic of North 27733.9 28119.5 41.99
Ossetia–Alania
The Chechen Republic 77477.4 77116.6 48.61
Stavropol Krai (District) 113885 113503 53.58
Arithmetic mean 57543.50 57326.29 45.36
Source compiled by the authors based on the materials of Rosstat (2019), Skolkovo (2019)

Ergde ¼ ðRg  KrÞ=ðEg  KeÞ;
where Ergde is the effectiveness in managing the region’s
development in a digital economy;
Rg—total revenues of the regional state budget;
Kr—indicator of the use of digital economy possibilities for
maximization of regional state budget revenues;
ð1Þ time period. However, statistical accounting of the digital
economy in Russia began only in 2017 in connection with
the adoption of the program “Digital Economy of the Rus-
sian Federation”. Therefore, the Skolkovo Digital Economy
Development Index is only available for 2017 and 2018.
Therefore, in this study, we cannot calculate the regression
for each region separately and make regression models for
all the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District of the
Russian Federation in 2018.

Eg—total expenditures of the regional state budget;

Ke—indicator of the use of digital economy possibilities for
minimization of regional state budget expenses;
The interpretation of Ergde values is done in the classical
way: the higher its value is the better it is, and with its value
less than 1, the efficiency is considered low. To determine
the values of indicators Kr and Ke, a regression model is
compiled, which reflects the dependence of the value of
income (y1) and expenditure (y2) separately from the level of
development of the digital economy in a region (x) in the
dynamics of a number of years (all regions separately). The
model has the following form: y = a + b * x. Further,
depending on the obtained value b, values are assigned to the
indicators as follows (Table 1).
The initial data for the study are given in Table 2.
Rosstat’s data on revenues and expenditures of state
budgets of Russian regions are available for a fairly long
3 Results
Methodology of indicative evaluation of the efficiency of
management of the regional development in conditions of
the digital economy.
It can be seen from Fig. 1 that, in the model y1(x), the
coefficient b has taken the value of 6523.2 (b > 0); therefore,
when calculating the indicator of the use of digital economy
opportunities to maximize regional government budget
revenues, we apply the formula (b/y)*(100−x). We get:
Kr = (6523.2*57543.5)*(100−45.36) = 6.19. In the model
y2(x), the coefficient b has taken the value of 6517.5 (b > 0);
therefore, when calculating the indicator of the use of digital
economy opportunities to maximize regional government
budget revenues, we apply the formula (b/y)/(100−x).
We get: Ke = (6517.5*57326.29)*(100−45.36) = 480.64.
It allows to calculate efficiency of management of regional
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seminagione, il doppio alla messe, oltre gli ordinarj; trecentoventi
bovi con sessantacinque aratri alla coltura; ducencinquanta bovi
sonvi ingrassati: ottocento vacche, cento bufali e duemila pecore
pascolano nel maggese: cento cavalli servono ai sorveglianti e pei
trasporti, oltre ducencinquanta giumenti e i loro piccoli. Eppure non
si affitta che tredici franchi l’ettara.
Il sistema di far rendere senza intervento d’uomini nè spese di
coltura, contentandosi de’ prodotti spontanei, non è dunque generale
nello Stato; e la grande coltura è propria solo delle paludi e della
campagna: ma insalubrità, spopolamento, mancanza di sfoghi sono
reciprocamente cause ed effetti di danno, nè si può riparare ad uno
in particolare; e vuolsi ben altro che decreti, fossero anche ben
consigliati. Clemente XIII vietò di tagliar legnami nei possessi dei
Comuni o della Camera apostolica senza licenza; nel 1789 Pio VI
diede un buon regolamento pei boschi, e fece erigere un nuovo
catasto; colla libera asportazione de’ grani ne sollecitava la
produzione; nel conferire le doti si preferirebbero le figlie
d’agricoltori; si stabilirono premj e pene che non ottennero effetto. La
dominazione francese brevissima non ebbe tempo di spartire fra
operosi proprietarj i latifondi di manomorta che traeva al fisco; e una
commissione istituita nel 1810 per migliorare le paludi Pontine, nulla
trasse a riva. Nel 1819 una società straniera offerse di prendere in
affitto tutto l’Agro romano, retribuendo al fisco un canone annuo, e a
ciascun proprietario un fitto pari a quello che allora godeva; e dopo
cinquant’anni restituirgli i terreni migliorati: intanto la società avrebbe
dissodato il fondo, rasciutte le paludi Pontine e quelle di Macarese
ed Ostia, resi navigabili il Tevere e il Teverone per l’intero loro corso,
aprendo così una uscita ai prodotti della Sabina; costruito villaggi
con chiese, scuole, ospizj, strade; utilizzato le acque minerali e
sulfuree; piantato modelli di podere dove introdurre produzioni
nuove, l’indago, la cannamele ed altri; tutti questi lavori sarebbero
fatti da indigeni, alloggiati in situazioni salubri, congedati ne’ mesi
pestilenziali. Erano forse le solite lustre di speculatori: fatto è che la
proposizione, dal nuovo papa accolta favorevolmente, fu lasciata
cadere forse per opera di chi ne temeva scapito.
Il nuovo papa Pio VIII (Saverio Castiglioni) (1829 31 maggio), uomo
austero e dotto, lodato del far poco, dopo che Leone XII avea fatto
troppo; non arricchì parenti; usò a ministro il cardinale Albani,
impinguatosi con appalti e speculazioni, inclinato all’Austria, nè
troppo sottile in fatto di religione e amante i piaceri tanto più che non
era prete. Di corto il papa moriva (1830 30 9bre), e nell’orazione
solita recitarsi nel conclave de eligendo pontifice il dottissimo
cardinale Maj diceva ai radunati: — Dateci un papa che sia per la
fede Pietro, per costanza Cornelio, per felicità Silvestro, per
eleganza Damaso; abbia di Leone la nitida eloquenza, di Gelasio la
dottrina, di Gregorio la pietà, di Simmaco la fortezza, di Adriano
l’amicizia dei principi; sia per la concordia delle Chiese Eugenio, pel
patrocinio delle lettere Nicolò, per grandezza di consigli Giulio, per
liberalità Leone, per santità Pio, per vigore d’animo Sisto; e per non
ricorrere solo le prische età, dateci un pontefice che non manchino
nè l’erudizione di Benedetto XIV, nè la munificenza del sesto Pio, nè
la forza e benignità del settimo, nè la vigilanza di Leone XII, nè la
rettitudine di Pio VIII».
Campione della religione e dell’autorità era Francesco IV di Modena,
carattere robusto, mente estesa, operante per fredda ragione e col
profondo convincimento nelle idee patriarcali che il popolo fosse
roba del principe e da questo dovesse aspettare il bene, e il principe
fosse obbligato a farglielo. Ricchissimo di patrimonio, e più dopo che
Beatrice d’Este sua madre gli lasciò 50 milioni di lire e la signoria di
Massa e Carrara, fu il solo principe che alleggerisse le imposte; nella
fame del 1816 tirò grano dall’Ungheria e lo rivendette a basso
prezzo, oltre dar minestre gratuite; in quella del 1829 distribuì
centomila pesi di canapa da filare, duemila e cento pesi di farina per
mano de’ parroci, e cenventimila lire fra limosine e lavori straordinarj;
istituì monti frumentarj per sovvenire i piccoli possidenti e gli agricoli.
I nobili si amicò, dei perduti diritti feudali compensandoli con carte
pubbliche: ripristinò gli Ordini religiosi, e risarcì in parte la Chiesa dei
beni confiscatile. Nelle leggi mitigava i rigori della giustizia punitiva,
tutelava gl’interessi domestici, migliorava il regime delle ipoteche,
accolse la società scientifica dei Quaranta; manteneva alle
accademie forestiere giovani che si raffinassero nell’arti e nelle
scienze; raccolse libri, quadri, medagliere, museo ricchissimo.
Dotato di gran memoria, notava moltissimo; scriveva lunghe
dissertazioni, che in parte si hanno, come migliaja di suoi rescritti a
petizioni [196].
Viene il tremuoto? imperversa il cholera? esso gli annunzia come
castighi di Dio contro i riottosi; tutti i proprj atti motiva dal meglio del
popolo; ma vuole che il popolo obbedisca; e perchè la Rivoluzione
scassinò la docilità, adopera ogni mezzo per ottenerla a forza.
Tutt’occhi a vigilare gl’interessi de’ principi, per lui l’Austria venne
informata delle trame de’ Carbonari. Al congresso di Verona offrì un
lungo scritto contro le costituzioni, suggerendo come mezzi a
impedirle il favorire la religione, rialzare la nobiltà, interessandola
negli affari pubblici e alla conservazione dell’ordine; ampliare
l’esercizio dell’autorità paterna, correggere la legislazione quanto al
crimenlese, e semplificare la procedura in modo che i negativi non
isfuggano al rigore delle leggi; migliorare il sistema dell’educazione,
adattandola alle condizioni, e restringendo il numero di quelli che
applicano agli studj; s’invigilasse la stampa; insieme le imposte
fossero fisse e non vessatorie, e libera la circolazione delle derrate.
In fatti nel suo paese era gelosissima la censura, di cent’occhi la
Polizia, potenti i devoti, tollerati quei soli scrittori che si facessero
appoggio a quella che diceasi causa dei troni e degli altari. Orribil
fama avanza dei processi fatti dopo il 1821; e Giulio Besini, ministro
della Polizia che pareva inasprirli, cadde scannato (1822 17 8bre) da
un giovinetto Morandi. Il duca ne restò esacerbato, e sopra quaranta
inquisiti e sette contumaci alcuno lasciò andare a morte, fra cui il
prete Andreoli di Correggio. Altri processi tesseronsi di tempo in
tempo, e un colonnello Cavedoni se ne sottrasse uccidendosi.
Per verità l’azione delle società secrete non erasi mai rallentata; e i
vanti che se ne menarono dopo la riuscita, accertano che la
rivoluzione di Parigi nel 1830 non fu spontanea rivolta contro
ordinanze incostituzionali, ma lunga preparazione delle combriccole.
Queste aveano fila anche in Italia, onde nel 1829 il papa le colpì di
scomunica, e istituì una commissione che processò ventisei
Carbonari. Châteaubriand, allora ambasciadore a Roma, scriveva al
conte Portalis ministro a Parigi: — Leggete con cautela ciò che vi
scriveranno da Napoli e d’altrove. Si reputa cospirazione il
malcontento universale, il frutto de’ tempi, la lotta dell’antica colla
nuova società, delle istituzioni decrepite contro le giovani
generazioni, il confronto che ciascuno fa di ciò che è con ciò che
potrebb’essere. I Governi rappresentativi con Governi assoluti non
potranno durar insieme. Confini doganali possono oramai dividere la
libertà dalla schiavitù? nè un uomo essere impiccato di qua d’un
ruscello per principj che al di là sono reputati sacri? Questa, e
questa sola è la cospirazione in Italia; ma dal dì che entrerà nel
godimento de’ diritti portati dai tempi, sarà tranquilla e puramente
italiana. Non sono oscuri Carbonari che faranno sollevare questo
paese. Queste sono le condizioni dell’Italia; ma ciascuno Stato, oltre
i dolori comuni, è tormentato da qualche malattia sua particolare. Il
Piemonte in balìa d’una fazione fanatica; il Milanese divorato dagli
Austriaci; i dominj del santo padre rovinati dalla cattiva
amministrazione delle finanze, poichè l’imposta si eleva a quasi
cinquanta milioni, e non lascia al proprietario l’un per cento delle sue
rendite; le dogane non danno quasi niente, e il contrabbando è
generale. Il principe di Modena stabilì nel suo ducato (luogo di
franchigia per tutti gli antichi abusi) magazzini di merci proibite, che
nottetempo fa entrare nella legazione di Bologna. Il Governo delle
Due Sicilie è caduto nell’ultimo disprezzo: il vivere della Corte in
mezzo alle sue guardie, non offrendo altri spettacoli che cacce
ruinose e forche, rende vituperevole la monarchia agli sguardi del
popolo. La mancanza di virtù militare prolungherà l’agonia dell’Italia.
Buonaparte non ebbe il tempo di far rivivere questa virtù; le abitudini
d’una vita oziosa e i prestigi del clima contribuiscono a togliere
agl’Italiani del mezzogiorno il desiderio di agitarsi per migliorare. Le
antipatie nate dalle divisioni territoriali accrescono le difficoltà
degl’interni moti; ma se qualche impulso venisse di fuori, o se
qualche principe fra l’Alpi concedesse uno statuto a’ suoi sudditi,
avrebbe luogo una rivoluzione, a cui tutto è maturo. Di noi più felici e
della nostra esperienza istruiti, questi popoli saranno parchi de’ delitti
di cui noi femmo scialacquo».
Così, da alto ingegno e da occhio sperimentato giudicavasi la
condizione della patria nostra. Così ministri e ambasciadori possono
ingannare ed aizzare, peggio che non facciano libellisti scalmanati.
Diceasi che Sanfedisti e Concistoriali volessero anche essi
l’indipendenza, ma coll’appoggiarsi a principi nazionali, e un nuovo
riparto dell’Italia, ove al papa si attribuisse porzione della Toscana e
il Polesine di Rovigo, in compenso delle Marche, le quali coll’isola
d’Elba andrebbero al re di Napoli; al duca di Modena, parte della
Lombardia, Parma, Piacenza, il Veneto col titolo di re; il resto della
Lombardia, il Tirolo italiano, Massa, Carrara, Lucca al Piemonte.
Queste potean essere aspirazioni, e si disse che qualche capo
liberale facesse proposizioni in tal senso al duca di Modena; egli
denaroso e potente, egli avveduto e ambizioso, qualora desse mano
ad una rivolta potrebbe farsi re di tutta Italia, se non altro, del
Piemonte. Se la proposta fu fatta, se egli vi ascoltò, del che
mancano prove, fu un intrigo ignobile, dove nessuna delle parti
operava di buona fede, ma donde appare che già allora, e nei due
campi opposti, il sentimento comune era il desiderio di diventare
nazione, appena un impulso esterno desse il crollo ai principati,
destituiti del fondamento vero, l’amore dei popoli.
E parve venuto allorchè i Francesi (1830), i quali aveano una
Costituzione e tutti i mezzi legali di correggerla e svilupparla, si
precipitarono alle vie illegittime; e nelle tre giornate di luglio, con
grande sacrifizio di vite, cacciarono la dinastia de’ Borboni, e al
domani vi sostituirono quella degli Orléans. Non era però soltanto
una rivoluzione di palazzo; cambiavasi il diritto pubblico, al re
discendente da re, capo de’ nobili, largitore della libertà,
surrogandosene uno eletto da una turba parigina che intitolavasi
popolo francese; alla dinastia ripristinata dagli stranieri, una che
fondava i suoi diritti sulla rivoluzione, cioè sovra ciò che, per l’istesso
suo nome, manca di stabilità. Poichè non può scuotersi la Francia
senza che tutt’Europa se ne risenta, vi tennero dietro sollevazioni nel
Belgio, in Polonia, in Grecia, e commovimenti per tutta Europa.
La Francia sta sempre in occhio che l’Austria, sua antagonista, non
ingrandisca di troppo in Italia, solletica le aspirazioni nazionali, ostili
all’Austria: eppure ripugna dal lasciare che vi si formi uno Stato
poderoso, e noi ci diciamo traditi perchè supponiamo gratuitamente
che sia generosità disinteressata quel ch’è tornaconto nazionale. Da
un pezzo gli accorti denunziano una siffatta politica: eppure coloro
che vedono unica salvezza nelle rivoluzioni, ne considerano unica
leva la Francia, e perciò l’invocano, e dai movimenti di essa
prendono impulso e norma ai proprj; delusi cento volte, cento
ricascano, come l’amante coll’amica infedele, o come il naufrago che
s’aggrappa a qualunque corpo, foss’anche un altro naufragante.
Ora però sembrava affatto al caso nostro il simbolo della nuova
rivoluzione francese: perchè, alla Santa Alleanza, ch’erasi arrogato
d’intervenire in qualunque paese onde impedire le istituzioni
dissonanti dal sistema di lei, Francia contrapponeva il non-
intervento, cioè che nessuna nazione potesse impedire che un’altra
mutasse gli ordinamenti interni, secondo la volontà del principe o del
popolo. Chi sbandì sempre le Costituzioni d’Italia? L’Austriaco,
diceano. Ora che la magnanima Francia proclamò il non-intervento,
potranno i popoli di essa costituirsi, forse d’accordo coi re: se non
resta altra via che l’insurrezione dove mancano rappresentanza e
diritto di petizione, la Francia democratica sosterrà certo una
rivoluzione democratica; tanto più che così l’Austria sarà costretta
occupare in Italia le armi, che affilava contro la nuova rivoluzione. Il
ministro Lafitte avea dichiarato alla tribuna: — La Francia non
permetterà che il non-intervento sia violato»; e Dupin soggiunse: —
Se la Francia, rinserrandosi in un freddo egoismo, avesse detto che
non interverrà, sarebbe vigliaccheria: ma dire che non soffrirà
s’intervenga, è la più nobile attitudine che possa prendere un popolo
forte e generoso» [197].
La Santa Alleanza e i principi nostri sentirono il pericolo, e
prepararonsi: il re di Piemonte tolse le armi alla Savoja, mise le
fortezze e l’esercito in istato di guerra, ma subito stendeva la mano
al nuovo re Luigi Filippo come al solo che poteva allora salvare
l’autorità. Al contrario il duca di Modena mai nol volle riconoscere,
ebbe sempre come legittima soltanto la linea primogenita, e lasciava
che in Parlamento i Francesi minacciassero cacciarlo a colpi di
scudiscio. La situazione restava complicata dall’essere allora
appunto vacanti i troni di Piemonte, di Sicilia, di Roma.
L’interregno papale fu tumultuoso, non solo fra gli ambasciadori che
imponevano chi eleggere o no a pontefice, ma nella città dove si
tentò una sollevazione (9bre), istigandola principalmente la famiglia
Buonaparte colà ospitata; anzi Napoleone e Luigi, figli del già re di
Olanda, con alcuni Côrsi e con vecchi soldati corsero gridando Italia
e Libertà, ma non trovando consenso, andarono dispersi o furono
presi. Tra siffatte irrequietudini era elevato alla tiara Mauro
Cappellari, dotto e pio camaldolese di Belluno (1831 2 febb.); e col
nome di Gregorio XVI «si assunse liberamente in faccia all’Europa
gl’impegni che si rendeano necessarj per la durevole unione tra
gl’interessi del trono e quelli della nazione» [198].
La rivolta, che era fallita in Roma mercè l’attenzione del cardinale
Bernetti segretario di Stato, meglio riuscì in provincia. I cospiratori,
sempre tenendosi sicuri del non-intervento, divisavano far in
ciascuno Stato particolari rivoluzioni, salvo poi a fondersi in un solo
che avesse centro Bologna. I Menotti di Carpi erano ricca famiglia e
industriosa, con estesa fabbrica di cappelli di trucioli; col qual
pretesto Ciro viaggiò, ed affiatossi colla propaganda a Parigi e coi
Buonaparte a Roma. Ch’egli si facesse intermedio di questi presso il
duca di Modena, col quale era associato per negozj, e che il duca lo
lusingasse per tradirlo, è smentito da lettere; Enrico Misley riceveva
denari dal duca per ispiare i cospiratori a Parigi, mentre da questi
faceasi credere devoto alla libertà [199]. La tresca cresceva; ma di
mezzo al preparare vien arrestato Nicola Fabrizj modenese,
principalissimo fra i cospiratori, sicchè questi non potendo più
mettere indugio, raccolgonsi in numero di quindici nella casa Menotti
(3 febb.), e spacciano per sollecitare soccorsi dalla campagna e
dalle città. Il duca informatone, unisce i pochi soldati, e segnatosi,
marcia a capo di quelli, e con pochi colpi obbligatili a rendersi, li
caccia prigione, e scrive: «Mandatemi il boja». Al domani però,
udendo che anche gli Stati vicini insorgeano, egli non credesi più
sicuro, e rifugge sul Mantovano, seco traendo Ciro Menotti, che
confida ai carcerieri austriaci. Subito Modena si grida libera, e con
un atto di sole settantadue firme proclama dittatore l’avvocato Nardi
1831 con tre consoli Maranesi, Minghelli, Morano. Reggio, dove le
trame faceano capo alla Giuditta Sidoli, fece rivoluzione da sè, poi si
unì alla modenese, preponendo al governo l’insigne giureconsulto
Pellegrino Nobili; e si cominciò a disfare il vecchio, e cacciare i
Gesuiti, soliti capri emissarj.
A Parma e Piacenza l’austriaca Maria Luigia mostrava cuor buono e
generosa carità; istituì un ospizio della maternità; se, come tutti gli
Stati, contrasse debiti [200], alle scarse rendite del paese suppliva col
proprio lauto appanaggio; in occasione di feste di Corte mandava
abiti e ornamenti alle dame; arricchì d’insigni professori l’Università;
a disegno del Coconcelli fece costruire i ponti del Taro e della
Trebbia, spendendo in questo un milione, quasi due in quello; e
conservò i codici, gli ordinamenti amministrativi, la moneta di
Francia: ma l’essere austriaca e l’avere rotto fede all’ancor vivo
Napoleone screditava la duchessa, di cui solo quando morì
lasciando ben fornite le casse, confessaronsi i meriti. Regnante al
modo del secolo passato anche pei costumi, un generale austriaco
(Neipperg), poi un conte francese (Bombelles) da governatori si fece
amanti e mariti; e ad essi abbandonava il paese nelle lunghe sue
dimore ai bagni o a Vienna. Non mancarono cortigiani che
coll’avidità e l’ignoranza corruppero le benevole intenzioni di essa e
il denaro pubblico malversarono, mentre al commercio, all’industria,
alle miniere, ad ogni durevole istituto non si badava, com’era
naturale in dominio goduto a vita. E di tal condizione provvigionale
risentivansi tutte le ordinanze, oggi fatte, domani casse, e mutate le
persone. Anche la rivalità della pingue ma abbandonata Piacenza
colla preferita Parma seminava zizzania.
Nè i sudditi odiavano l’arciduchessa, bensì il ministro Werklein, in cui
tutta affidavasi dopo morto lo splendido Neipperg: ed avendo anche i
Parmigiani inalberato la bandiera italiana, ed ella dichiarato che i
suoi legami le impedivano di fare le chieste concessioni, venne
cortesemente accompagnata al confine austriaco, e istituito il
Governo con Linati, Casa, Castagnola, Sanvitale, Melegari, Ortalli,
Macedonio Melloni. Piacenza fu tenuta in fede dalla rivalità o dalla
cittadella.
Bologna compiva la sua rivoluzione, incruenta come le altre; e il
prolegato rimetteva i poteri ai cittadini che eressero un Governo
provvisorio (8 febb.). Il cardinale Benvenuti, legato a latere, fu
arrestato; e gl’insorgenti, formato un piccolo corpo sotto Armandi,
intitolatosi generale e ministro della guerra, bloccano la fortezza
d’Ancona, e l’hanno dopo pochi giorni: il colonnello Sercognani,
avendo per commissario Carlo Pepoli, avanza con duemila
cinquecento uomini nelle Marche; Perugia, Spoleto, Foligno, tutta
l’Umbria rispondono al suo appello, quasi a una festa; e
senz’opposizione del Governo, senza riazione di partiti, senz’ombra
di pericolo, la bandiera tricolore sventola fin a Orticoli, a Terni, a
Ponte Felice, insomma in vista di Roma: dappertutto istituivasi la
guardia nazionale, diminuivansi i dazj del sale e del macinato,
spandevansi proclami.
Faville che traevano importanza dalla conflagrazione di tutt’Europa.
Perocchè, sull’esempio di Francia, e forse pe’ suoi incitamenti, la
Grecia che da dodici anni combatteva per respingere la mezzaluna
dalle fronti segnate dalla croce, ripigliava spiriti alla lotta in cui
l’Europa principesca l’avea sfavorita; Spagna e Portogallo rialzavano
le abbattute bandiere costituzionali; Germania credea venuto il
tempo di ottenere ciò che le era stato promesso e mentito; la
Svizzera già prima aveva riformato i suoi statuti in senso popolare; in
Inghilterra, al grido dei radicali chiedenti libertà mesceasi terribile la
voce della plebe chiedente pane; il Belgio, a nome del cattolicismo
conculcato, ribellavasi all’Olanda; la Russia che muoveva
gl’innumerevoli suoi eserciti per rimettere la quiete in Europa, vede
la vanguardia sua rivoltarsele, cioè la Polonia, che con valore
segnalato invoca il nome di Maria e la sua nazionalità.
Tutti questi insorti fissavano gli occhi alla Francia, come a promessa
salvatrice. Di là, mezzo secolo prima, era venuta una scossa, per cui
que’ medesimi che non avevano acquistato la libertà aveano però
spezzato la servitù; era fresco il ricordo delle irresistibili vittorie di
Napoleone; la bandiera tricolore riuscirebbe meno gloriosa ora che
veniva portata, non più da un conquistatore, ma dalla libertà? non
per minacciare l’indipendenza dei popoli, ma per restituirla? Tali e
più belle speranze vagavano per le menti: ma la Francia non era
diretta da una Convenzione, bensì da un re nuovo, rinvenuto più che
cercato, accettato più che voluto, e come unica tavola in un
naufragio nel quale si temeva perisse l’ordine sociale.
Luigi Filippo, intento a farsi soffrire dagli altri re, e assodare la
propria dinastia col rispettare le altre, invece di convergere quelle
sparse resistenze ad un rimpasto europeo, s’incaricò di eliderle; e
per un pezzo vi riuscì. Casimiro Perrier, abile ministro, professa voler
fiaccare le fazioni anzichè dar mano ai sollevati, e alle turbolente
Camere (8 marzo) intimava: — Noi sosteniamo che lo straniero non
ha diritto d’intromettersi a mano armata negli affari interni; ma forse
ci terremo obbligati a portare l’armi dovunque non venga questo
dogma rispettato? Sarebbe un’intervenzione anche questa. Lo
sosterremo per via di negoziati; ma sol l’interesse o la dignità della
Francia potrebbero farci prendere le armi: il sangue de’ Francesi
appartiene solo alla Francia».
Subito si formò a Londra una conferenza di ministri che non
rappresentavano le nazioni ma i re, e che si accingeano a ripristinare
ciò che le tre giornate aveano abbattuto; e il Governo francese, che
avea favorito le sommosse finchè opportune a sviare i nemici
minaccianti, s’affrettò a comprimerle. Guglielmo Pepe, il capitano
infelice della prima rivoluzione napoletana, e che struggeasi di
condurne un’altra, erasi diretto a Lafayette, generale della guardia
nazionale e centro di tutte le cospirazioni, chiedendogli duemila
uomini, diecimila fucili e due fregate, con cui sollevare le Sicilie.
Ebbe le buone parole che colui prodigava a tutti: ma all’atto non
trovò che tergiversazioni; onde esso meditò passare in Corsica,
reclutarvi a denaro da seicento a mille di que’ robusti, e arrischiare
uno sbarco, che fra otto giorni lo renderebbe padrone di Napoli.
Tanto sono irrimediabilmente ciechi i cospiratori di professione! Ma
quand’egli, solo con due uffiziali, era per salpare, n’ebbe divieto, e fu
rimandato a Parigi ad aspettare ancora e sognare per diciassette
anni. Altrettanto erasi usato cogli Spagnuoli. L’Austria, irremovibile
nel guardare come sua propria la causa di tutti i Governi d’Italia, rise
del proclamato non-intervento, e mosse sopra i ducati insorti, o
allegando le riversibilità, o l’esservi invitata; assalirebbe anche il
Piemonte se i rivoluzionarj vi prevalessero.
La insurrezione della media Italia non era costata nè pericoli nè
sagrifizj; leggermente abbracciata, fiaccamente sostenuta, nè grandi
virtù nè grandi vizj palesò. I rappresentanti delle città di Romagna
(26 febb.) dichiarano scaduto dal dominio temporale il papa, e
stringonsi in uno Stato solo, con presidente, consiglio di ministri,
consulta legislativa [201]; si pongono a moltiplicare atti, come suole
ogni amministrazione che si sente di breve durata; e il proclama
dell’avvocato Vicini vuolsi confrontare colla dichiarazione degli Stati
Uniti per vedere quali guasti faccia tra noi la retorica. È codardo
quanto facile il calunniare la sventura, ma perchè farsene adulatore?
Certamente al popolo non si mostrò lo scopo d’un’insurrezione, a cui
non era spinto da eccesso di sofferimenti; mancarono capi che colla
risolutezza e col gran nome abbagliassero e strascinassero
gl’indifferenti, che son sempre il numero maggiore; inesperti delle
politiche cose, come gente a tutt’altro allevata, i governanti
s’impigliavano nelle minime difficoltà; onesti, leali, con quella
moderazione che onora ma che non salva, in un mondo il quale
compassiona i deboli, ma s’allea solo coi forti, esitavano per paura di
compromettere una patria che amavano, una pace di cui sentivano
la necessità; e cullandosi nel promesso non-intervento, invece di
profittare dell’impeto popolare, assalire Roma, suscitare Piemontesi,
Lombardi, Toscani, raccomandavano la quiete come garanzia
dell’inviolabilità, rimandavano a casa i campagnuoli chiedenti armi.
Nulla dirò delle gelosie rideste fra le città; nulla dei disordini
inseparabili da Governi che, nati da vittoria popolare, restano schiavi
della moltitudine, guidata da chi più grida, più esagera, più promette.
Napoleone e Luigi Buonaparte, falliti in altri tentativi di sollevare
Roma, accorsero a infervorare la rivoluzione romagnuola, e
scrissero al papa, esortandolo a deporre il temporale dominio prima
che le forze giungessero su Roma invincibili [202]. Nuovo pretesto ai
nemici di dire l’indipendenza italica minacciata da un’usurpazione
napoleonica.
Ma di pretesti non facea mestieri dove francamente era stata
dichiarata l’inimicizia. Una colonna d’Austriaci guidata da Geppert,
passato il Po, ripose in dominio il duca di Modena e Maria Luigia (9 e
13 marzo): il veterano generale Zucchi, che dal servizio dell’Austria
era disertato a comandar la rivoluzione della sua Modena [203],
ritirasi col piccolo esercito sul Bolognese; ma quel Governo,
scrupoloso al non-intervento anche quando il vede conculcato,
ricusa ricevere quei fratelli se non disarmati. Quel Gregorio, che fu
poi moda di trattar da imbecille, era stato ricevuto dalla plebe
romana con applausi strepitosissimi; ma egli da savio non
lasciossene lusingare, e «poichè rare sono le clamorose riunioni che
disgiunte vadano da qualche discordia», sapendo che allestivasi
altra festa, fece pubblicare che «non aveva egli bisogno di tali
dimostrazioni per misurare l’attaccamento che gli porta questo suo
amatissimo popolo» [204].
Al primo annunzio della sollevata Romagna, la Corte mostrossi
disposta a larghi patti, volendo il Bernetti prevenire l’invasione
austriaca; intanto erangli venute assicurazioni non solo dall’Austria
ma e dalla Francia, dove quel non-intervento che offriva il tema di
mille variazioni alla tribuna parigina ed ai giornali, due campi
dell’eroismo parolajo, or sottoponeasi ad interpretazioni da casisti:
che l’imperatore d’Austria poteva bene prender parte alle vicende
della duchessa di Parma sua figlia; anche a quelle di Modena,
ducato a sè riversibile; ma quanto alla Romagna, mai non gli si
permetterebbe. Per verità, se i Francesi non ajutavano la Polonia col
pretesto della lontananza, per l’Italia sarebbe bastato affacciarsi al
ciglio delle Alpi. Ma Metternich, che vedeva pericolare o le provincie
austriache o l’ingerenza sul bel paese, negò alla Francia il diritto
d’impedirgli di ripristinare il dominio papale; — Se si ha a morire,
tanto vale un’apoplessia, quanto la lenta soffogazione: faremo la
guerra»; ed entrò sul territorio pontifizio. Allora la fragorosa Francia a
gridare vilipesa la dignità nazionale e traditi i patrioti, e volersene
vendetta; l’ambasciadore Maison da Roma incalzava a gettar il
fodero, e spedire un esercito in Piemonte: ma il casismo soccorse di
nuovo mostrando che l’Austria non v’interveniva per proprio conto,
sibbene a richiesta del papa; e che del resto, guaj a lei se pensasse
invadere il Piemonte [205], il quale in fatto non n’avea bisogno.
L’ardore esalò in magnanime ciancie, e i Romagnoli videro non poter
sostenersi che da sè. «Italiani, all’armi! chi ha un fucile, una spada,
una falce, la prenda e venga con noi, che la vittoria non ci può
fallire»; ebbero raccozzato un esercito di circa settemila uomini; ma
vedendo presa Bologna, si ritirarono innanzi agli Austriaci, che
procedeano a passo di carica sulla via Emilia: a Rimini tennero testa
(25 marzo) quel tanto che bastasse perchè la loro bandiera fosse
vinta, non macchiata; e avendo con quel fatto protetta la ritirata
sopra Ancona, lasciato molti morti sul campo e trasportatine i feriti, si
rassegnarono ad evitare una resistenza disastrosa quanto inutile.
Il Governo, ridottosi in Ancona, dichiarando non essersi mosso se
non per fiducia del non intervento, dai Francesi proclamato in
pubblico e promesso in particolare, rimette in libertà il legato
Benvenuti; il quale promette l’oblio di qualunque atto della
rivoluzione, e firma il passaporto de’ capi. Questi s’imbarcano;
Ancona è resa pacificamente dal generale Armandi (29 marzo): ma
la convenzione viene dichiarata nulla a Roma, giacchè il Benvenuti
avea cessato dalla sua carica col divenire prigioniero; s’istituisce
processo contro quelli che avessero firmato l’atto di decadenza, o
violato il giuramento militare, o pubblicato scritti empj o sediziosi; agli
altri intero perdono. Il colonnello Sercognani, ch’era proceduto fin a
Rieti, udito quel rovinío, volta per la Toscana, e ben accolto dal
popolo e soccorso dal Governo rifugge in Francia. Tre navi portarono
altri profughi in Francia, in Inghilterra, a Corfù; ma una fu arrestata
da due golette austriache, e ventun pontifizj e sessantasette
modenesi che vi stavano furono gettati nelle prigioni di Venezia.
Poco poi i pontifizj, più tardi i modenesi furono rimessi in libertà;
processati gli austriaci, e Zucchi, come disertore, sottoposto a
giudizio militare e condannato in fortezza per tutta la vita. Paolo
Costa di sessant’anni e malato della pietra, andò a Corfù ad
insegnare filosofia, come l’archeologo Orioli; Pellegrino Nobili di
settantasei anni, dopo una fuga piena di pericoli, raggiunse in
Francia suo figlio, insigne fisico fuggente anch’esso, sinchè
ottennero di ricoverarsi in Toscana. Questi e il filosofo Mamiani, i
fisici Amici e Melloni, il medico Sterbini, il poeta Pepoli ed altri colla
loro civiltà e sapienza cresceano la pietà per le sventure d’Italia in
quella Francia dove i nostri ricevettero ospitalità benevola, stentati
sussidj e fallaci promesse [206]. Napoleone Buonaparte era finito di
morte violenta: suo fratello Luigi dall’amorevole madre Ortensia fu
campato a preparar nuove trame, che doveano portarlo alla prigionia
poi al trono. Gli Austriaci tennero occupati i ducati della media Italia
e le Legazioni; in Lombardia spaventarono con processi rigorosi,
pure mondi di sangue; e Metternich fu decorato dall’imperatore
d’Austria «per aver tanto contribuito a mantenere l’indipendenza
degli Stati italiani».
Maria Luigia, non avendo destinato alcuno a governare in sua vece,
non poteva far colpa a chi erasi assunto gli affari; tornata a Parma,
presto bandì generale perdono, eccettuandone ventun profughi.
L’odio concentravasi sul Mistrali ministro, più ambizioso che
tristo [207], sul Sartorio, capo della polizia, che poi fu accoltellato; sui
Gesuiti annidati nel collegio di Piacenza, e contro i quali si fece poi
una chiassosa dimostrazione; mentre l’arciduchessa pensava a
goder la vita, e i resti d’un corpo ch’era stato di Napoleone diede al
conte di Bombelles che la ridusse e parca e devota.
Francesco di Modena, più irritato perchè avea previsto eppur non
ovviato, e persuaso che «i settarj si ostinano a voler abbattere altari
e troni, e che un sovrano è responsabile in faccia a Dio se tollera il
trionfo dell’irreligione» mandò al supplizio Vincenzo Borelli e Ciro
Menotti, il quale salì al patibolo esclamando — Italiani, non
lusingatevi a promessa di stranieri» [208]. Coll’editto 18 aprile 1832
sopprimeva le formole giuridiche contro i rei di Stato,
abbandonandoli agli sgherri e alle spie; e sparsasi voce d’un
attentato contro la vita di esso, i soldati giuravano, «Se l’inferno
vomitasse un’anima capace di rinnovare le ribellioni, noi renderemo i
concittadini responsali sulla vita loro della sicurezza di Francesco IV
con giustizia militare pronta sicura». Da tremilacinquecento volontarj
estensi rimanevano alle proprie case ma in armi, vigilando alla
pubblica tranquillità, e pronti ad accorrere quando bisognasse. Il
duca non curossi che Francia e Inghilterra interrompessero le
relazioni diplomatiche con lui, lasciava stampare contro di esse e
contro il liberalismo, e francamente si collocava campione de’
Governi assoluti, alla riazione pretendendo imprimere il carattere
religioso e patriarcale, dopo sei anni di processi, furono condannate
a gravissime pene cenquattro persone, ma tutte contumaci e due
morte; e quelle pene stesse ebbero mitigazione. Giuseppe Ricci,
guardia nobile del duca, al quale era rimasto fedele nei movimenti
del 1831, e che passava pel favorito di esso, accusato che
cospirasse ad assassinarlo, fu fucilato: vittima forse d’una ingiustizia,
ma non eroe politico.
Quel Canosa, che, parendo eccessivo a Napoli, n’era stato rinviato
con doni e mortificazioni, viveva oscuro a Genova, allorchè il duca di
Modena lo chiamò a capo della sua Polizia, dove per molti anni fu lo
spauracchio de’ liberali di tutta Italia. Più tardi ritiratosi a Nizza, si
congratulava seco «d’aver processato, imprigionato, frustato, ma
non impiccato; d’aver prevenuto le colpe collo sbigottire, ma non
ucciso un solo per crimenlese nè stando governatore militare a
Ponsa, nè ministro di polizia a Napoli; mentre dappoi abbondarono
congiure, sêtte, mandati di morte, e in conseguenza commissioni
militari, e un numero estesissimo di esiliati, vera e bestiale misura
per chi conosce il mestiere» [209].
In Piemonte Carlo Felice poco avea fatto per rimarginar le piaghe del
suo paese; pieno di sè, nè cerimonie volea nè malinconie, ripetendo
— Non son re per essere seccato». Ad un capitano di bastimento
che avea durato fatica nel salvarlo in una procella, volea dare
qualche centinajo di scudi, ma il ministro gli suggerì avrebbe meglio
aggradito la croce di san Maurizio e Lazzaro. — Oh che zugo!
(esclamò) dategliela subito». Intanto la giustizia era pessimamente
amministrata [210], sospetti i pensatori, mesto il paese pei tanti
profughi e per gli arbitrj della Polizia. Il re, disgustato di Torino come
covile di faziosi, sene teneva lontano; non raccoglieva regolarmente i
consigli di Stato, puzzandogli di costituzione, e lasciava far ai ministri
e principalmente al Latour. Avrebbe rinnegato la tradizione di tutta la
sua stirpe se si fosse accordato coll’Austria, delle cui spoglie par
destinata a ingrandire: onde avendogli questa offerto soccorsi contro
i faziosi, egli ricusò risoluto, e represse qualche tentativo de’
Savojardi.
Non ebbe figli, e con lui terminato (1831 27 aprile) il ramo
primogenito di casa di Savoja, appunto nel bollore delle sommosse
gli sottentrava il ramo cadetto di Carignano [211] nella persona di
Carlalberto, quel desso che vedemmo nella rivoluzione del 1821.
Giovane, allevato in mezzo alle armi, partecipe delle speranze se
non delle trame liberali, avea subíto gl’insulti dell’Austria, che
diceano si fosse adoperata a farlo credere indegno del trono per le
macchie del 21, mal lavate al Trocadero, e surrogargli il duca di
Modena. Tanto bastava perchè, dimenticando il passato, sopra di lui
si fissassero le speranze de’ Liberali, e girò l’indirizzo di un Italiano
(Mazzini), il quale gli mostrava come non gli restasse che essere
tiranno ed esecrato, o farsi costituzionale e italiano francamente
rompendola coi potentati; parziali riforme gli nimicherebbero l’Austria
senza amicargli i popoli, mentre con una parola libera e sincera
potea ricreare l’Italia, riunirne le membra sparte, e se pronunziasse,
«È mia tutta e felice», venti milioni d’uomini esclamerebbero, «Dio è
nel cielo, e Carlalberto sulla terra! — Respingete l’Austria, lasciate
addietro la Francia, e stringetevi a lega l’Italia; ponetevi alla testa
della nazione, e scrivete sulla vostra bandiera, Unione, Libertà,
Indipendenza! proclamate la santità del pensiero, liberate l’Italia dai
barbari, date il vostro nome ad un secolo, siate il Napoleone della
libertà italiana. Or che temete? il Tedesco? gridategli guerra, ardite
guardar da vicino questo colosso eterogeneo, forte solo perchè altri
è debole. Una voce ai vostri, una voce alla Lombardia, e avanti. Là,
nella terra lombarda hanno a decidersi i fati dell’Italia ed i vostri;
nella terra lombarda, che non aspetta se non un reggimento ed una
bandiera per levarsi in massa: ma siate forte e deciso; rinnegate i
calcoli diplomatici, gl’intrighi de’ gabinetti, le frodi dei patti. La salute
per voi sta sulla punta della vostra spada... Se voi non fate, altri
faranno, e senza voi e contro voi...».
Carlalberto re vedeva altrimenti che l’antico granmastro d’artiglieria,
e conobbe che un movimento avrebbe posta in compromesso
l’indipendenza del suo paese, determinando una nuova invasione
austriaca. Nonchè parlare di costituzione, nemmeno l’amnistia
concesse; nominò un consiglio di Stato, esprimendo che volea fare
miglioramenti, ma «senza scostarsi dagli esempj lasciati da’ suoi
maggiori», e «conservando inalterata la dignità della Corona». Si
disperò dunque anche di lui; onde molti s’affrettarono a ricoprire la
polvere di carbone colla polvere delle anticamere, altri si annoiarono
nelle società secrete.
Perocchè, mentre le rivoluzioni del 31 eransi fatte a pieno giorno
confidando nell’iniziamento del Governo francese, allora i novatori si
ridussero a trame sotterranee; e appoggiatisi ai radicali, meditarono
sommosse invece dell’insurrezione. Giuseppe Mazzini, nato a
Genova nel 1808, ivi fondò l’Indicatore genovese; soppresso questo
giornale, andò a piantare l’Indicatore livornese; poi a Genova
processato nel 30 e sbandito, ricoverò a Marsiglia, e con Bianchi
piemontese e Santi di Rimini istituì la società della Giovane Italia.
Suo simbolo un ramo di cipresso; parola d’ordine Ora e sempre.
Direttosi a «tutti quelli che sentivano la potenza del nome italiano e
la vergogna di non poterlo portare francamente», escludeva ogni
uom maturo; confidava nell’insurrezione armata; accennava anche
ad una religione da surrogare al cattolicismo, di cui dicea finito il
tempo; e d’accordo coi Carbonari nel volere sbrattar la patria dai
forestieri, ne discordava nel non chiedere più costituzione ma
repubblica, abbattere ogni privilegio, confidare nel popolo a cui quelli
non erano ricorsi. Venne sistemata a modo delle guerriglie, giacchè
derivava dalla solita fonte; e la dirigevano da Londra Mazzini, da
Malta i modenesi Giovanni e Nicola Fabrizj; stampava le sue
declamazioni e i suoi intenti; e fin dai primordj apparve una sentenza
di morte, eseguita col pugnale contro un preteso traditore.
Anche questa società parve più diretta a generare martiri che ad
assicurare la vittoria, mostrando perseveranza di moto più che
evidenza di meta. Il primo atto importante ne fu la spedizione di
Savoja. I nostri rifuggiti comprarono una mano di que’ Polacchi che
erano scampati dalla loro patria quando fu anch’essa abbandonata e
vinta, e sotto al generale Ramorino, genovese che avea combattuto
in Polonia, mossero dal lago di Ginevra e da Grenoble verso la
Savoja (1834 gennajo). I proclami dicevano, dovunque è
despotismo, essere sacro dovere l’insurrezione; delitto il non seguire
la bandiera di questa allorchè il momento sia giunto; non concepire
essi l’Italia che repubblicana, una dall’Alpi al Faro, non federativa;
aspirare a fondare una Roma del popolo, centro d’una grande e
libera unità religiosa, politica, sociale.
Ma parte furono arrestati sul territorio svizzero; alcuni entrati in
Savoja non incontrarono il minimo assenso nel popolo, nè disertori
dalla truppa, e pochi gendarmi li dissiparono. Malissimo concepita,
peggio condotta; pure volle spiegarsi colla solita bubbola del
tradimento, affisso al Ramorino.
Carlalberto avea già prima istituito corti marziali sotto di uffiziali
inesorabili, come il generale Galateri governatore d’Alessandria e il
Cimella nizzardo, e di cavillosi curiali; processati sessantasette
militari dal sergente in giù, dodici furono fucilati, anche alle spalle,
trenta alle galere «per aver avuto notizia della congiura, per aver
letto o fatto circolare un libro contrario ai principj della monarchia».
Coll’avvocato Andrea Vochieri d’Alessandria il Galateri insisteva
perchè rivelasse, promettendogli grazia; ed esso gli rispose: — La
sola grazia che desidero è che mi liberiate della vostra presenza». Il
generale gli dà un calcio nella pancia, e l’inquisito gli sputa in viso.
Galateri esacerbò la morte di lui facendolo traversar le vie dove
abitava, sicchè la moglie e i figliuoli lo vedessero, e alla fucilazione
assistette in grand’uniforme, pippando appoggiato a un
cannone [212]. Giacomo Ruffini genovese si ammazzò in prigione:
suo fratello fuggì in tempo per narrare, più tardi e ricreduto, le trame
e le speranze. E molti furono gli esigliati [213], molti i dolenti, molte le
decorazioni al Galateri e ad altri zelanti.
Dopo la spedizione di Savoja furono fucilati Volonteri e Borrel caduti
prigionieri in quella, ed altri processati; e il non sospetto Gualterio
assicura che Carlalberto ne provasse poi dolore e rimorso, e dal
bisogno d’espiazione cominciasse la sua vita ascetica. Certo quel re
assentiva ai concetti e ai comporti del duca di Modena [214], e lasciò
rinnovarsi l’onnipotenza della Polizia: in conseguenza tornò odioso ai
Liberali, che gl’imputavano di favorire a Gesuiti e missionarj, aver
cercato la beatificazione d’Umberto di Savoja e di Bonifazio
arcivescovo, dato ricetto a un prelato Pacca, già direttore della
Polizia di Roma, poi scacciatone per sozzure; favoreggiato alla
fazione che in Ispagna ed altrove contraddiva alle costituzioni:
garantito un prestito di seicentomila lire fatto dai Pallavicini di
Genova alla duchessa di Berry per tentare una controrivoluzione in
Francia, dove su bastimento genovese sbarcò infelicemente [215]:
sicchè Carlalberto fu denunziato per sanfedista con tanta giustizia,
quanto una volta per Carbonaro.
Anche l’Austria cominciò processi, dove il tirolese Zajotti, già
partecipe alle cospirazioni o alle speranze italiche, nel 1815, fu
chiamato a tradurre in requisitorie criminali i suoi epigrammi da sala
e le sue critiche di giornale: molti furono condannati a morte, a tutti
commutata in carcere temporario, poi nella deportazione in America.
E di nuovo ne usciva un effetto opposto di quel che i Liberali aveano
sperato, crescendo l’influenza dell’Austria sulla penisola. Che essa
mirasse a ingrandire di territorio è una baja, accettata da quella
credulità ch’è propria de’ tempi di rivoluzione; ma è vero che, sentita
necessaria dai principi, e ai popoli non suoi men odiosa, che i
principi proprj, essa poteva dirsi arbitra dell’italiche sorti. Nesselrode,
Fiquelmont, Ancillon, rappresentanti della Russia, dell’Austria, della
Prussia, a Berlino convenivano che i loro sovrani cercherebbero far
adottare, che un principe, nel cui dominio scoppiasse una rivolta, ha
diritto di chiamar in soccorso il sovrano vicino che sia in grado
d’ajutarlo a ristabilire la tranquillità, senza che verun altro Governo
possa opporvisi o rimostrare. Francia dichiarò non lascerebbe
applicare questo dogma di diritto pubblico al Belgio, alla Svizzera, al
Piemonte, ma Metternich incaricava il conte Appony, ambasciadore
austriaco a Parigi, di chiarire quel ministero che il suo imperatore era
risoluto di portar soccorsi anche al re di Sardegna qualora li
domandasse, quand’anche dovesse seguirne una guerra. A ciò
risolveasi il proclamato non-intervento.
Che che ne blatterino i caffè, la politica pontifizia fu sempre gelosa
del predominio austriaco; Leone XII non meno che Pio VII ne
stettero in guardia; molto più il cardinale Bernetti, segretario di Stato
di Gregorio XVI. S’adoprò egli vivamente perchè gli Austriaci
uscissero al più presto: e di fatti non rimasero in Bologna che fino al
15 luglio 1831, quando le varie potenze si furono obbligate a
conservare il dominio temporale della santa Sede. Ma persuase che
non si otterrebbe mai tranquillità se non adattando il Governo ai
tempi, chiesero al papa v’istituisse assemblee comunali e provinciali
di elezione popolare; una giunta centrale sindacasse gli uffizj
amministrativi; secolarizzate le cariche pubbliche; con cittadini
notabili si componesse un consiglio di Stato [216].
Tali promesse arrisero ai Romagnuoli, e confidarono nell’êra nuova
che il Bernetti aveva preconizzata pubblicamente: ma ben presto fu
disdetta, e negate le riforme che era bello attuare quando non
avevano aria d’essere strappate a forza. L’editto del 5 luglio 1831 la
nomina de’ consigli comunali e provinciali attribuiva non al popolo,
ma al preside di ciascuna provincia; esclusi i secolari dal Governo
delle Legazioni; nè consentito d’aggiungere un Consiglio di Stato
laico al sacro Collegio [217]. Prendeasi paura de’ moderati quanto de’
sommovitori, e forse più, perchè contro loro non si poteva invocare
gli Austriaci.
Si dovettero aggravare le imposte, giacchè in que’ tre anni lo Stato
ebbe a spendere otto milioni cennovantottomila scudi più
dell’entrata: si comprarono due reggimenti svizzeri, il cui impianto
costò cinquecentomila scudi, e trecensessantamila l’annuo
mantenimento: si ordinò il disarmo delle Legazioni, alle guardie
urbane surrogando corpi di volontarj, cerniti alla peggio, che
diventarono tiranni e ladri atroci. Inveleniti gli animi, si ripigliarono le
coccarde tricolori; la guardia urbana si fece deliberatrice, e