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Full Chapter Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments Effect of Gentrification in The Process of Sustainable Urban Revitalization 1St Edition DR Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd PDF
Full Chapter Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments Effect of Gentrification in The Process of Sustainable Urban Revitalization 1St Edition DR Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd PDF
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Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs
2017, Volume 1, Number 1, pages 1– 9
A R T I C L E I N F O: ABSTRACT
Article history: Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and
Received 20 October 2016 social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable
Received in revised form 27 should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies
December 2016 have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an
Accepted 2 January 2017 increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical
Available online 2 January revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization,
2017 historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban
Keywords: revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops
Revitalization; theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a
Historic urban particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result
environments; derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification
Sustainability; contribute to sustain the historic environments.
Gentrification. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)1-9
www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2017 Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
many industries such as tourist and helping In the form of these threats, the idea is
communities to regenerate and support in the becoming prevalent that the solution to these
distribution of housing, community cohesion and tensions is the utilization and applicability of
education aims to support social development sustainability principles in historic urban
and “sustainable economic” of its communities environments (Rodwell, 2007; Strange, 1997;
(Department for Communities and Local Pendlebury, 2009; Gunay et al., 2010). Stubbs, M.
Government, 2012; Veirier, 2008; Scottish (2010) point out ‘A Force for Our Future’
Government, 2008). Recognizing the special (DCMS/DTLR, 2001)1 was published in which the
needs of the historic urban environment, heritage sector was regarded as “something of
improvement and enabling of occasions for a sleeping giant both in cultural and economic
high-quality progress which embedded in those terms”. A notion or vision was debut that heritage
environments can assist to sustain the resource was an important component of a broader
(Scottish Government, 2008). sustainable agenda. Thus, many historic urban
Historic urban environments start with two quarters rather than being destroyed and
essential qualities that implement in defining redeveloped due to impacts of de-urbanization
sense of belonging, social cohesion and a sense which was often the case in the 1950s and 1960s,
of place: a) first, the environmental capital that is now being revitalized (Tiesdell et al., 1996).
is meant by urban infrastructure and their Recognizing and acting upon the full range of
buildings b) second the “socio-cultural values”. values inherent in historic environments is a core
Historic environments are stated in the urban component of the challenge (Rodwell, 2007).
grain, architecture, and the socio-economic In this background revitalization as a part of an
organization of cities. Historic environments unified ‘conservation process’ in the historical
contain physical and immaterial cultural context which includes preservation and
heritage, environmental matters, equity within development (Veirier, 2008) is the best way to
and among age group (Rodwell, 2007). Historic overcome various types of obsolescence and
areas and their surroundings should considered make conservation activity “sustainable”
as irreplaceable universal heritage and in their (Vehbi et al., 2009). Revitalization efforts need to
totality as a coherent whole which include operate within a sensitive context which acts as
buildings, human activities and the spatial both a restriction and advantage. All urban
organization within its atmospheres. (UNESCO, areas undergo change, but these areas have
1976). to manage with change in their economic
Along with the cities development and fortunes while changes in their physical
changing in socio-economic, socio-politic and landscapes is restricted and controlled in the
socio cultural conditions, these environments fall interests of conservation (Tiesdell et al., 1996).
into a kind of incompatibility between the Accordingly, this paper tries to define the
capability of buildings and users’ needs (Doratli, successful approach to apply the term
2005). As a result, many people and activities, sustainability in historic urban environment.
move out from areas in order to be close to the Adopting sustainability as a code in
contemporary amenities. These problems management of historic quarters to ensure a
contribute to the decrease in livability, vitality balance among the requirement to keep the
and sustainability of the “historic urban quarters” values of cultural heritage in historical
(Vehbi et al., 2009) environment, financial interests and socio-
cultural needs. Secondly, this paper will focus on
1 “Department of Culture, Media and Sport/Department of Force for Our Future, London, DCMS.”
Transport Local Government and the Regions (2001) A
become unmaintainable (Doak and Lynch, and musicians) and make it viable and
1998). revitalized like SoHo in New York. This issue
considers revisited and “avant-garde” form of
3. Sustainable urban revitalization through “Gentrification” which act as added cultural
gentrification explanation of “gentrification” (Ley 1994). The
In this part, the study aimed to extract some phenomenon of “Gentrification” as people
social issue during the process of urban based movement is also shared by Florida and
revitalization and will evaluate rather than these Mellander with his “Creative Class”. This type of
issues are inevitable to make the historic urban revitalization process may create a new
environment sustain or not? desirability to the areas and artists may
While urban revitalization has been viewed as a progressively substitute by upper salary. The
part of a sustainable and integrated straightforward proposal is that urban creativity
conservation process of the cultural, which is confined to a small area can alter tasks
architectural properties by highlighting their into areas which good-looking to higher income
economic and social capacities; however, they contexts (Zukin, 2010). Overall, both group’s
are being pushed of their social context and intention is to prevent environmental
turned into an expression of the economic and deterioration.
political interests and gained new values within Manzi (2010) in the book Social Sustainability in
the framework of personal interests. As a result of Urban Areas developed “facilitating
these changes, urban revitalization is pushed gentrification” as a theme that has emerged
backwards in some cities (Gulersoy et al., 2003; from research into sustaining mixed-income
Gunay, et al., 2010) and was often beset with communities. In his book, He also stated that it is
social difficulties such as expulsion of vulnerable problematic to find firm evidences that working-
groups and obliteration of existing social class groups are being intentionally excluded
networks (Couch, 1990; Lee, 2003) in terms of from new “mixed-income” community
gentrification. developments. A crucial aspect of a mixed
The term “Gentrification” was used for the first community’ agenda is the need to generate
time by Glass in the 1960s to clarify a “residential economic activity, in order that localities can
replacement” in London. “Gentrification” has become neighborhoods of choice rather than
been developed based on two different neighborhoods of last resort (Manzi, 2010).
theories: a) socially deteriorating classes or the Overall, “economic segregation” signifies the
use of some parts of the city by emergent social most essential factor of whether mixed
classes and b) some art-oriented at the communities can work (Meen et al., 2005).
expenditure of other economically (Longa, Keep all comments in mind, “the World
2011:36). The first theory connects alteration to Commission on Environment and Development
the people of one specific area, such as, the report” (WCED, 1987) and UNESCO (2007)
working-class of the central city, transforming recommend that “social sustainability” look for to
into middle-class commercial or residential use safeguard the environment through “economic
which have been organized with an allied growth” and the mitigation of poverty and
alteration in the built environment through improves the living conditions of all urban
investing in “fixed capital” (Zukin, 1987, p. 129; residents. Sustainable societies, although meet
Atkinson, et al., 2005). According Tonkiss (2005) various needs of current and forthcoming
the second theory can be introduced based on occupants, are susceptible to their environment
technical concerns for the specific parts of the and chip in to a high quality of life. They are well
city by creative class strategies (such as people planned, safe and comprehensive, built and run,
working in the fashion industry, artists, architects,
and offer equivalent opportunity and good interconnected ring with the three overlapping
amenities for all (ODPM, 2006). circles and cores of sustainability.
4. Conclusion
The study revealed that, parallel with the
principles of sustainable development, the
responses to historic environments have led to a
new approach of urban conservation which
involve social and economic aspects.
The aims of revitalization in historic urban
environments are common with sustainability,
which first has focused on efforts to make the Figure 2. Location of historic environment in the
economic development able to provide the overlapping Russian Doll model (Author, 2014).
finance necessary to preserve and improve the
quarter through regeneration of the traditional Therefore, during the process of revitalization
activities of the locality or a restructuring of the person who tends to be in the area should be
quarter's economic base and second social aware of the environmental value and take the
interaction within the area. sensibility of the environment into consideration
Considering the literature, historic environments and make it sustain in terms of physical and
are the most vulnerable parts of cities in regards economic through stability in
to its social sustainability. Although many scholars incompatible/appropriate use and in the
mentioned that the process of urban contextual situation.
revitalization may undermine the social balance This can be done with all communities, whether
through displacement of the original population/ low class, middle or high, whether artists or none
gentrification, here it may seem as a positive and they should involve in the process of urban
concern. Despite gentrification seems to be a conservation in search of a balance between
negative outcome of urban revitalization, in economic, environmental, cultural and social
some cases it is an unavoidable procedure to constraints and governing the concept of social
have a sustainable historic urban environment. If justice with a strategic planning. As Stubbs (2010)
people understand the causes and aims of notes that increasing people’s confidence and
gentrification, its consequence turns out to be self-esteem is a vigorous component of “social
favorable. Because without underlying societies inclusion” in such a kind of area. The broader
to economic revitalization in order to support concern for “conservation-led regeneration” is
core services, infrastructure and maintain, it is that harnessing historic buildings needs a strong
extremely doubtful such societies and idea of the needs of “local people”. Overall, The
environment will be sustainable. This doesn’t following figure reveals different terms used in the
mean the historic environment should gentrify process of historic urban revitalization.
and be a place for high income people, rather
means the creative class who are often young
people, with low income are interested to be in
the historic urban environment. Figure 2 tries to
show the historic environment as an
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Models and Public-Private Partnership (1
III
IV
SO tall that he looked over most men’s heads, so strong that his
movements must be for ever circumscribed and timid, Dudley
Leicester had never in his life done anything—he had not even been
in the Guards. Least of all did he ever realize personal attitudes in
those around him. The minute jealousies, the very deep hatreds, and
the strong passions that swelled in his particular world of deep
idleness, of high feeling, and of want of occupation—in this world
where, since no man had any need of anything to do, there were so
many things to feel—Dudley Leicester perceived absolutely nothing,
no complexities, no mixed relationships. To him a man was a man, a
woman a woman; the leader in a newspaper was a series of
convincing facts, of satisfying views, and of final ideals. Belonging as
he did to the governing classes, Dudley Leicester had not even the
one outlet for passion that is open to these highly groomed and stall-
fed creatures. The tradition of the public service was in his blood. He
owned a slice of his kingdom that was more than microscopic on the
map. But though he had come into his great possessions at the age
of twenty-seven, he made no effort whatever to put things straight,
since he had more than enough to satisfy his simple needs,—to
provide him with a glass bath and silver taps, to pay his subscription
at his club, to give him his three cigars a day, his box at a music-hall
once a week, his month on the Riviera—and to leave him a thousand
or two over every year, which was the fact most worrying to his
existence.
It was Robert Grimshaw who set his estates in order; who found
him a young, hard steward with modern methods; who saw to it that
he built additions to several Church schools, and who directed the
steward to cut down the rent on overburdened farms, to raise other
rents, to provide allotments, to plant heavy land with trees, and to let
the shootings to real advantage. It was, indeed, Robert Grimshaw
who raised Dudley Leicester’s income to figures that in other
circumstances Leicester would have found intolerable. But, on the
other hand, it was Robert Grimshaw who put all the surplus back into
the estates, who had all the gates rehung, all the hedges replanted,
all the roofs of the barns ripped and retiled, and all the cottages
rebuilt. And it was Robert Grimshaw who provided him with his
Pauline.
So that at thirty-two, with a wife whom already people regarded
as likely to be the making of him, a model landlord, perfectly sure of
a seat in the House, without a characteristic of any kind or an enemy
in the world, there, gentle and exquisitely groomed, Dudley Leicester
was a morning or so after his return to town. Standing in front of his
mantelshelf in a not too large dining-room of Curzon Street, he
surveyed his breakfast-table with an air of immense indifference, of
immense solitude, and of immense want of occupation. His shoulder-
blades rubbed the glass front of the clock, his hand from time to time
lightly pulled his moustache, his face was empty, but with an
emptiness of depression. He had nothing in the world to do. Nothing
whatever!
So that turning round to take a note from the frame of the mirror
behind him was with him positively an action of immense
importance. He hadn’t a visit to pay to his tailor; there wouldn’t be at
his club or in the Park anyone that he wanted to be talked to by. The
one bright spot in his day was the P—— exercise that he would take
just before lunch in his bath-room before the open window. This
interested him. This really engrossed him. It engrossed him because
of his docility, his instructor having told him that, unless he paid an
exact attention to each motion of his hands and wrists the exercises
would cause him no benefit whatever. He longed immensely for
physical benefit, for he suffered from constant panics and ideas of ill-
health. He remembered that he had an aunt who had been a
consumptive; therefore he dreaded tuberculosis. He had read in
some paper that the constant string of vehicles passing us in the
streets of London so acted on the optic nerves that general paralysis
was often induced. Therefore sometimes he walked along the streets
with his eyes shut; he instructed his chauffeur to drive him from
place to place only by way of back streets and secluded squares,
and he abandoned the habit of standing in the window of his club,
which overlooked Piccadilly. Because Pauline, by diverting his
thoughts, diverted also these melancholy forebodings, he imagined
that marriage had done him a great deal of good. The letter that he
took from the mantelshelf contained an invitation from the Phyllis
Trevors to dine that night at the Equator Club, and to go afterwards
to the Esmeralda, the front row of whose stalls Phyllis Trevors had
engaged. That matter was one for deep and earnest consideration,
since Dudley Leicester had passed his last three evenings at the
place of entertainment in question, and was beginning to feel himself
surfeited with its particular attractions. Moreover, the Phyllis Trevors
informed him that Etta Stackpole—now Lady Hudson—was to be
one of the party. But, on the other hand, if he didn’t go to the Phyllis
Trevors, where in the world was he to spend his evening?
Promptly upon his return to town, he had despatched letters to
the various more stately houses where he and Pauline were to have
dined—letters excusing himself and his wife on account of the
extreme indisposition of his wife’s mother. He dreaded, in fact, to go
to a dinner alone; he was always afraid of being taken ill between the
soup and the fish; he suffered from an unutterable shyness; he was
intolerably afraid of “making an ass of himself.” He felt safe,
however, as long as Pauline had her eyes on him. But the Phyllis
Trevors’ dinners were much more like what he called “a rag.” If he
felt an uncontrollable impulse to do something absurd—to balance,
for instance, a full glass on the top of his head or to flip drops of wine
at his neighbour’s bare shoulders—nobody would be seriously
perturbed. It was not necessary to do either of these things, but you
might if you wanted to; and all the Phyllis Trevors’ women could be
trusted either to put up the conversation for you, or—which was quite
as good—to flirt prodigiously with their neighbours on the other side.
The turning-point of his deliberations, which lasted exactly three-
quarters of an hour, the actual impulse which sent him out of the
room to the telephone in the hall, came from the remembrance that
Pauline had made him promise not to be an irrational idiot.
He had promised to go out to some dinners, and it was only
dinners of the Phyllis Trevors’ sort that he could bring himself to face.
So that, having telephoned his acceptance to Mrs. Trevor, who
called him the Great Chief Long-in-the-fork, and wanted to know why
his voice sounded like an undertaker’s mute, a comparative
tranquillity reigned in Dudley Leicester’s soul. This tranquillity was
only ended when at the dinner-table he had at his side red-lipped,
deep-voiced, black-haired, large, warm, scented, and utterly
uncontrollable Etta Stackpole. She had three dark red roses in her
hair.
VI