LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 INTRODUCTION

The intent of this course is to help scientists and

engineers to be aware of the types of materials
available

To understand the general behavior and

capabilities of materials

To Recognize the effects of the environment and

service conditions on their materials
performance
 INTRODUCTION

This understanding is necessary

for engineers to be able to
participate in the design of
reliable and economical
components, systems, and
processes that utilize the wide
spectrum of materials
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Materials are probably more deep

seated in our culture than most of us
realize

Transportation
Housing
Clothing
Communication
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 The development and advancement of societies

have been ultimately tied to the members ability to
produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs

 Civilization have been designated by the level of

their materials development

 STONE AGE

 BRONZE AGE

 IRON AGE
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 The earliest humans had access to only a very
limited number of materials that occur
naturally (Stone, wood, clay, skins, e.t.c)

 With time they discovered techniques for

producing materials that had properties
superior to those of the natural ones (Pottery
and various metals)

 Later it was discovered that properties of a

material could be altered by heat treatments
and by addition of other substances
 MODERN ERA

Ten of thousands of different materials

have evolved with specialized
characteristics (metals, plastics, glasses,
fibers, biomaterials, e.t.c)

Sophisticated electronic devices rely on

components that are made from what are
called semiconducting materials
 WHAT IS MATERIALS
SCIENCE

Materials Science involves

investigating the relationship
that exist between the structure
and properties of materials
 WHAT IS MATERIALS
ENGINEERING

Materials engineering is the

designing or engineering the
structure of a material to
produce a predetermined set of
properties
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
 Structure of materials relate to the
arrangement of internal components

 Sub atomic structure involves electrons

within the individual atoms and
interaction with their nuclei

 On an atomic level, structure

encompasses the organization of atoms or
molecules to one another
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Property is a material trait in terms of the
kind and magnitude of response to a
specific imposed stimulus

 Properties are independent of material

shape and size

 All important properties of solid materials

are grouped into six
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Mechanical Properties relate deformation
to an applied load or force (e.g. elastic
modulus and strength)

 Electrical properties: the stimulus is an

electric field (e.g. electrical conductivity
and dielectric constant)

 Thermal properties: Thermal behavior of

solids can be represented in terms of heat
capacity and thermal conductivity
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Magnetic Properties demonstrate the
response of a material to the application
of a magnetic field

 Optical properties: the stimulus is

electromagnetic or light radiation (e.g.
index of refraction and reflectivity)

 Deteriorative properties: this relate to

the chemical reactivity of materials
 In addition to structure and
properties, two other important
components are involved in the
science and engineering of materials

 PROCESSING

 PERFORMANCE
 TYPES OF PROCESSING
METHODS

 Casting
 Thermal (Annealing)
 Thermo-mechanical
 Sintering
 Vapor Deposition
 Joining
 The structure of a material will
depend on how it was
processed

 A material performance will

be a function of it properties
 The four components of the discipline of
materials science and engineering and their
interrelationship
Example of processing-structure-properties-
performance principle
 ROLE OF MATERIALS
SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING
 ROLE OF MATERIALS
SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING
 The role of a Materials Scientists is to
develop or synthesize new materials

 Materials Engineer is called upon to

create new products or systems using
existing materials

 Materials Scientists and Engineers also

develop techniques for processing
materials
 ROLE OF MATERIALS
SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING

 Many Scientists and Engineers,

whether Mechanical, Civil,
Chemical, Electrical or Marine will
at one time or another be
exposed to a design problem
involving materials
 ROLE OF MATERIALS
SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING

 The more familiar an engineer is

with the various characteristics
and structure-property
relationship, as well as processing
techniques of materials, the more
efficient and confident the
engineer will make a choice