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Homeostasis ■ Learning Objectives:

– Define Physiology
– Describe the organization of the
human body
– Describe the composition of fluids
within the human body: extracellular
and intracellular
– Compare the regulation of the body by
body systems
– Compare positive and negative
feedback control mechanisms.

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Human ■ Human Physiology: the study of physical

and chemical processes within the human

Physiology body.

https://www.scientificanimations.com/

Organization ■ At a microscopic level, the human body is

composed of trillions of specialized cells.

of the Human – molecules

– cells
Body – tissues
– organs
– organ systems
– organism (human body)

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Example:
Types of smooth muscle cardiac muscle skeletal muscle

Muscle

https://www.scientificanimations.com/

Body Systems ■ Integumentary System

■ Musculoskeletal System
■ Skeletal System
■ Nervous System
■ Cardiovascular System
■ Respiratory System
■ Immune System
■ Endocrine System
■ Digestive System
■ Urinary System
■ Reproductive System

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Homeostasis ■ Homeostasis: maintaining internal

conditions despite changes in the external
environment.

“Internal ■ Homeostasis refers to balance within the

body despite external changes

Environment” ■ The “internal environment” refers to the

fluid and cellular compartments within the
body
■ Fluid Pressure, Fluid Volume, Fluid
Composition (nutrients, waste)

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Fluids: ICF ■ 60% of the human body is fluid, mainly

water

and ECF ■ Total Body Water (TBW)

– Intracellular fluid (ICF)
– Extracellular fluid (ECF)
■ Interstitial fluid (between cells)
■ Intravascular fluid (blood plasma)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#/medi
a/File:Vein_art_near.png

Membrane ■ Cell membranes separate the inside of the

cell from the outside of the cell within the

Transport body.
■ Membrane transport processes are the key
to regulate the composition, balance and
movement of materials between ICF and
ECF

LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz

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Normal ■ Ions, nutrients, wastes and other

substances are regulated to stay within a

Range? normal range for the human body.

■ Get to know your lab values!

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Pathological ■ Pathology is the study of disease or injury.

■ Disease can be considered disruption of
States homeostasis
■ Begin to ask questions! Why? What
process is occurring? Is this an expected
response to …? Cause or Compensation?

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Negative ■ Negative Feedback control systems provide

balance by opposing disruptions to push
back to normal range.
Feedback ■ “Balance”

Control ■ Attention!
– stimulus
– sensor(s)
– effector(s)
– response

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Positive ■ Positive Feedback systems enhance

signals to create larger and larger changes.

Feedback ■ “Domino”

Control ■ Attention!
– stimulus
– sensor(s)
– effector(s)
– response

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References ■ Medical Physiology, 13th edition (2016):

Guyton & Hall
– Ch. 1 pg. 3 - 10

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Challenge ■ Parathyroid Hormone is released by the

parathyroid glands when calcium levels are

Question 1 sensed to be low in the blood. It stimulates

osteoclast cells to breakdown bone and
release calcium into the blood, kidneys to
reabsorb more calcium and remove
phosphate, and Vitamin D activation for
intestinal absorption of calcium.
■ Can you identify:
– Body System(s)?
– Type of Regulation?
– Pros/Cons?

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Example:
Parathyroid
Hormone

http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. - OpenStax College

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Challenge
■ Parathyroid Hormone is released by the
parathyroid glands when calcium levels are
sensed to be low in the blood. It stimulates
Question 1 osteoclast cells to breakdown bone and
release calcium into the blood, kidneys to

ANSWERS
reabsorb more calcium and remove
phosphate, and Vitamin D activation for
intestinal absorption of calcium. The result is
an increase in calcium.
■ Can you identify:
– Body System(s)?
■ Skeletal, Renal, Digestive
– Type of Regulation?
■ Negative Feedback
– Pros/Cons?
■ Calcium is critical for many intracellular
reactions and membrane stability
■ Excessive stimulation of PTH can lead to
weakening of bones

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Challenge ■ Clotting Factors are released in response

to injury to a blood vessel. As some clotting

Question 2 factors are sensed, more clotting factors

are released. This will continue until the
hole in the vessel wall is plugged.
■ Can you identify:
– Body System(s)?
– Type of Regulation?
– Pros/Cons?

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Example:
Blood Clotting

https://www.scientificanimations.com/

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Challenge ■ Clotting Factors are released in response

to injury to a blood vessel. As some clotting
factors are sensed, more clotting factors
Question 2 are released. This will continue until the
hole in the vessel wall is plugged.
ANSWERS ■ Can you identify:
– Body System(s)?
■ hematologic System
– Type of Regulation?
■ Positive Feedback
– Pros/Cons?
■ Fast response to injury
■ Excessive clotting can lead to high
resistance to blood flow, thrombus or
embolus formation

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