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The Globalization of World Politics
JOHN BAYLIS STEVE SMITH PATRICIA OWENS

THE GLOBALIZATION
OF WORLD POLITICS
AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

EIGHTH EDITION

1
 1
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To Marion, Jeannie, and Maggie/Edith
 Brief contents

Preface ..............................................................................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................xvi
New to this edition .......................................................................................................................................................xvi
How to use the learning features ...........................................................................................................................xviii
How to use the online resources ............................................................................................................................... xx
List of case studies .......................................................................................................................................................xxii
About the contributors .............................................................................................................................................xxiv
World map ..................................................................................................................................................................xxviii

Part One International relations in a global era

Introduction: From international politics to world politics ................................................................... 5

patricia owens · john baylis · steve smith
1 Globalization and global politics ..................................................................................................................19
anthony mcgrew

Part Two The historical context

2 The rise of modern international order .....................................................................................................39

george lawson
3 International history of the twentieth century ........................................................................................54
len scott
4 From the end of the cold war to a new world dis-order? ....................................................................70
michael cox
5 Rising powers and the emerging global order .........................................................................................84
andrew hurrell

Part Three Theories of world politics

6 Liberal internationalism ............................................................................................................................... 103

tim dunne
7 Marxist theories of international relations ............................................................................................ 115
stephen hobden · richard wyn jones
8 Realism .............................................................................................................................................................. 130
tim dunne · brian c. schmidt
9 Feminism ........................................................................................................................................................... 145
helen m. kinsella
10 Postcolonial and decolonial approaches ................................................................................................ 160
meera sabaratnam
11 Poststructuralism ............................................................................................................................................ 177
lene hansen
12 Social constructivism .................................................................................................................................... 192
michael barnett
13 International ethics ........................................................................................................................................ 207
richard shapcott
viii Brief contents

Part Four Structures and processes

14 War and world politics .................................................................................................................................. 225

tarak barkawi
15 International and global security .............................................................................................................. 240
john baylis
16 Global political economy ............................................................................................................................. 256
nicola phillips
17 Gender ............................................................................................................................................................... 271
paul kirby
18 Race in world politics .................................................................................................................................... 287
robbie shilliam
19 International law ............................................................................................................................................ 303
christian reus-smit
20 International organizations in world politics ........................................................................................ 319
susan park
21 The United Nations ........................................................................................................................................ 334
devon e. a. curtis · paul taylor
22 NGOs in world politics .................................................................................................................................. 349
jutta joachim
23 Regionalism in international affairs ......................................................................................................... 365
edward best · thomas christiansen

Part Five International issues

24 Environmental issues .................................................................................................................................... 387

john vogler
25 Refugees and forced migration .................................................................................................................. 404
ariadna estévez
26 Poverty, hunger, and development .......................................................................................................... 419
tony evans · caroline thomas
27 Global trade and global finance ................................................................................................................ 435
matthew watson
28 Terrorism and globalization ........................................................................................................................ 449
james d. kiras
29 Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction ...................................................................................... 466
sheena chestnut greitens
30 Nationalism, national self-determination, and international relations ....................................... 481
john breuilly
31 Human rights ................................................................................................................................................... 498
ratna kapur
32 Humanitarian intervention in world politics ........................................................................................ 514
alex j. bellamy · nicholas j. wheeler

Glossary .........................................................................................................................................................................531
References .....................................................................................................................................................................553
Index ...............................................................................................................................................................................591
 Detailed contents

Preface ..............................................................................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................xvi
New to this edition .......................................................................................................................................................xvi
How to use the learning features ...........................................................................................................................xviii
How to use the online resources ............................................................................................................................... xx
List of case studies .......................................................................................................................................................xxii
About the contributors .............................................................................................................................................xxiv
World map ..................................................................................................................................................................xxviii

Part One International relations in a global era

Introduction: From international politics to world politics ................................................................... 5

From international politics to world politics 6
The study of International Relations 6
Theories of world politics 8
Theories and globalization 14
Globalization: myth or reality? 15

1 Globalization and global politics ..................................................................................................................19

Introduction 20
Making sense of globalization 20
The crisis of globalization and the liberal world order 27
Globalization and the transformation of world politics 30
Conclusion 33

Part Two The historical context

2 The rise of modern international order .....................................................................................................39

Introduction 40
Historical international orders 40
How did modern international order emerge? 43
The consequences of the global transformation 47
Conclusion 51

3 International history of the twentieth century ........................................................................................54

Introduction 55
Modern total war 55
End of empire 58
Cold war 60
Conclusion 67

4 From the end of the cold war to a new world dis-order? ....................................................................70
Introduction 71
The United States: managing the unipolar ‘moment’ 71
After the USSR: Yeltsin to Putin 72
x Detailed contents

Europe: rise and decline? 74

A new Asian century? 75
A new Global South 78
From 9/11 to the Arab Spring 79
From Obama to Trump 80
Conclusion 82

5 Rising powers and the emerging global order .........................................................................................84

Introduction 85
The post-cold war order 85
The US order under challenge 87
Three questions about the power of rising powers 90
Debating the impact of rising powers on international relations 93
Beyond the BRICS 95
Conclusion: rising states and the globalization of world politics 96

Part Three Theories of world politics

6 Liberal internationalism ............................................................................................................................... 103

Introduction and context 104
Founding ideas of nineteenth-century liberal internationalism 105
Internationalism and institutionalism: peace through law 107
The challenges confronting liberal internationalism 109
Conclusion: incomplete, but indispensable, internationalism 113

7 Marxist theories of international relations ............................................................................................ 115

Introduction 116
The essential elements of Marxist theories of world politics 118
Marx internationalized: from imperialism to world-systems theory 119
Gramscianism 121
Critical theory 124
New Marxism 125
Conclusion 127

8 Realism .............................................................................................................................................................. 130

Introduction 131
Realism in context 131
One realism, or many? 135
The essential realism 138
Conclusion 142

9 Feminism ........................................................................................................................................................... 145

Introduction 146
What is feminism? 147
What is feminist international relations theory? 150
Gender and power 152
Four feminist international relations theories 152
Conclusion 157
 Detailed contents xi
10 Postcolonial and decolonial approaches ................................................................................................ 160
Introduction 161
What are postcolonial and decolonial approaches? 161
Where did postcolonial and decolonial ideas come from? 164
What are the main ideas underpinning postcolonial and decolonial thought? 167
Postcolonial and decolonial approaches to studying world politics 170
Decolonization: the struggle continues? 173
Conclusion 174

11 Poststructuralism ............................................................................................................................................ 177

Introduction 178
Studying the social world 178
Poststructuralism as a political philosophy 179
Deconstructing state sovereignty 184
Identity and foreign policy 187
Conclusion 190

12 Social constructivism .................................................................................................................................... 192

Introduction 193
The rise of constructivism 193
Constructivism 195
Constructivism and global change 201
Conclusion 205

13 International ethics ........................................................................................................................................ 207

Introduction 208
The study of ethics: methods 209
Global justice, poverty, and starvation 214
Just war tradition 217
Conclusion 220

Part Four Structures and processes

14 War and world politics .................................................................................................................................. 225

Introduction 226
Defining war 227
War: international and global 228
Clausewitz’s philosophy of war 230
War, state, and society in the West 233
War, state, and society in the Global South 236
Conclusion 238

15 International and global security .............................................................................................................. 240

Introduction 241
What is security? 241
The traditional approach to national security 243
Alternative approaches 245
Globalization and the return of geopolitics 248
Conclusion 252
xii Detailed contents

16 Global political economy ............................................................................................................................. 256

Introduction 257
Approaches to IPE 258
What drives globalization? 260
Who wins and who loses from globalization? 265
The future of globalization 268
Conclusion 269

17 Gender ............................................................................................................................................................... 271

Introduction 272
Sex and gender in international perspective 272
Global gender relations 274
Gendering global politics 276
Gendering global security 279
Gendering the global economy 282
Conclusion 284

18 Race in world politics .................................................................................................................................... 287

Introduction 288
Histories of race in world politics 288
Thinking through race 294
Contemporary manifestations of race in world politics 296
Conclusion 300

19 International law ............................................................................................................................................ 303

Introduction 304
Order and institutions 304
The modern institution of international law 305
From international to supranational law? 310
The laws of war 311
Theoretical approaches to international law 314
Conclusion 315

20 International organizations in world politics ........................................................................................ 319

Introduction 320
What are international organizations? 320
Why are international organizations important? 324
Why do states create IOs? 325
How can we analyse IO behaviour? 331
Conclusion 332

21 The United Nations ........................................................................................................................................ 334

Introduction 335
A brief history of the United Nations and its principal organs 335
The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security 339
The United Nations and economic and social questions 344
Conclusion 347

22 NGOs in world politics .................................................................................................................................. 349

Introduction 350
What are NGOs? 351
 Detailed contents xiii
The growing importance of TNGOs 356
Conclusion 363

23 Regionalism in international affairs ......................................................................................................... 365

Introduction 366
Regional cooperation and regional integration 366
Regional cooperation in a global context 370
The process of European integration 377
Conclusion 380

Part Five International issues

24 Environmental issues .................................................................................................................................... 387

Introduction 388
Environmental issues on the international agenda: a brief history 389
The functions of international environmental cooperation 391
Climate change 395
The environment and international relations theory 400
Conclusion 401

25 Refugees and forced migration .................................................................................................................. 404

Introduction 405
Concept production and the politics of international protection 406
Types of forced migration 408
The international refugee regime and institutionalized racism 415
Conclusion 417

26 Poverty, hunger, and development .......................................................................................................... 419

Introduction 420
Poverty 420
Hunger 422
Development 425
Conclusion 433

27 Global trade and global finance ................................................................................................................ 435

Introduction 436
The globalization of trade and finance 436
The regulation of global trade 440
The regulation of global finance 444
Conclusion 447

28 Terrorism and globalization ........................................................................................................................ 449

Introduction 450
Definitions 450
Terrorism: from transnational to global phenomenon (1968–2001) 451
Terrorism: the impact of globalization 453
Globalization, technology, and terrorism 456
Combating terrorism 460
Conclusion 464
xiv Detailed contents

29 Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction ...................................................................................... 466

Introduction 467
WMD technology and its spread 467
Theoretical debates about nuclear proliferation 473
Evolution of non-proliferation efforts 476
Conclusion 479

30 Nationalism, national self-determination, and international relations ....................................... 481

Introduction 482
Nationalism, nation-states, and global politics 482
The changing meanings of NSD since 1918 489
Conclusion 494

31 Human rights ................................................................................................................................................... 498

Introduction 499
The global human rights structure 499
The core assumptions on which human rights are based 503
Doing human rights advocacy 508
Conclusion 511

32 Humanitarian intervention in world politics ........................................................................................ 514

Introduction 515
The case for humanitarian intervention 515
The case against humanitarian intervention 517
The 1990s: a golden era of humanitarian activism? 519
The responsibility to protect (RtoP) 521
Conclusion 527

Glossary .........................................................................................................................................................................531
References .....................................................................................................................................................................553
Index ...............................................................................................................................................................................591
 Preface

In this new edition of The Globalization of World Politics we have followed a similar format and
structure to previous editions, but we have added several new and exciting chapters that we believe
make this already popular and successful book even better. These alterations are based on the edi-
tors’ sense of changes that are happening in the field of International Relations, but they are also in
response to feedback from students from around the world, comments from teachers and scholars of
International Relations, and the extremely detailed reviews of the seventh edition commissioned by
Oxford University Press. Together, all these comments have helped us identify a number of additional
areas that should be covered. We have included a thoroughly rewritten chapter on globalization and
global politics that explores the implications of the current crisis of globalization for world politics
and world order. We have made the excellent section on the diversity of theoretical perspectives even
better by strengthening the historical contextualization of the theories that have shaped the field and
by including a new chapter on postcolonial and decolonial approaches. We have improved the section
on international issues by commissioning new chapters on human rights and on refugees and forced
migration. We have also updated the learning features, including nearly two dozen brand new case
studies and many new suggestions for further reading.

Praise for The Globalization of World Politics

‘The chapter on Postcolonial and Decolonial Approaches offers many new insights and excellent examples
and debates. The Opposing Opinions feature will ignite heated and reflexive debate amongst students.’
Birsen Erdogan, Lecturer in International Relations, Department of
International and European Law, Maastricht University

‘The new chapter on Refugees and Forced Migration covers a topic of great relevance and interest to
students, including good discussion of the theoretical and legal debate of various categories of refugees
and effective examples and case studies to illustrate the complexities of such a challenging policy issue.’
Craig Mark, Professor in the Faculty of International Studies,
Kyoritsu Women’s University

‘The updated chapter on Human Rights pushes the reader to challenge and re-think common assump-
tions – the critical and reflective focus is a very welcome addition to the current IR textbook market.’
Samuel Jarvis, Teaching Fellow in International Relations,
University of Southampton

‘It still does what it has always set out to do, introducing students to the main theoretical and conceptual
underpinnings of global politics while offering a set of highly relevant and contemporary case studies
to show these ideas in action. I am really delighted that the editors are engaging with authors from the
Global South - this is long overdue and demonstrates the quality of scholarship from these regions. In
particular, Chapter 10 provides excellent coverage of the origins, historical context and main intellectual
contribution of postcolonial and decolonial approaches.’
Neville Wylie, Deputy Principal and Professor of International History,
University of Stirling
 Acknowledgements

Producing an edited book is always a collective enterprise. But it is not only the editors and authors
who make it happen. We make substantial revisions to every new edition of this book based on the
numerous reviews we receive on the previous one. We are extremely grateful to all those who sent to us
or Oxford University Press their comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the seventh edition and
our plans for this eighth edition of the book. Very many of the changes are the result of reviewers’ rec-
ommendations. Once again, we would also like to thank our excellent contributors for being so willing
to respond to our detailed requests for revisions, and sometimes major rewrites, to their chapters. Many
of these authors have been involved with this book since the very first edition, and we are extremely
grateful for their continued commitment and dedication to International Relations pedagogy.
Here we would also like to make a special acknowledgement and extend our greatest thanks to
the editorial assistant on this edition, Dr. Danielle Cohen. With efficiency, deep conscientiousness,
patience, and humour, she has done an excellent job working with the contributors and the editors to
ensure deadlines were met and all tasks completed on time. The book is much better because of her
hard work.
The editors would also like to thank the editorial and production team at Oxford University Press,
especially Sarah Iles and Emily Spicer. They are always a pleasure to work with.
John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens

The authors of Chapter 32 are grateful to Zeenat Sabur for her research support in preparing this
updated version of the chapter.
The publishers would be pleased to clear permission with any copyright holders that we have in-
advertently failed, or been unable, to contact.

New to this edition

The eighth edition has been rigorously updated following extensive reviewer feedback. Key changes
include:
• New Chapter 25 on refugees and forced migration by Professor Ariadna Estévez, University of
Mexico
• Incorporation of postcolonial and decolonial approaches in Chapter 10 by Dr Meera Sabaratnam,
SOAS University of London
• Newly authored Chapter 31 on human rights encourages you to think critically about key issues in
the field and consider whether human rights are universal
• Expanded coverage of non-Western approaches, particularly perspectives from the Global South,
is woven throughout the chapters to ensure you appreciate the importance of viewing interna-
tional relations from representative and varied perspectives
• Updated International Relations theory chapters reflect a more contextualized and historical per-
spective, allowing you to gain a thorough, nuanced understanding of the historical and political
context in which these approaches emerged
 Nationalism, national
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practices overall.
of spirituality—that range
in which of critical
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the mind’.and
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fibeen andseek tocent
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women, and and labour: Redclift
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summits
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rity,
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Decolonization the feminine. Nature:
ts, or theFood,
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companies curriculum
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eFlexible
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exibility
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companying questions will help you evaluate the- money
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arefarmers move to the cities for George who1987 :leading
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of universities provide, cashmeaning that they can organization knowledge.
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26.1
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lishing
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globalization
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26.1 illustrates
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Haiti’s
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to knowledge.world. They enmesh t
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Points:
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of diplomacy on society, World fi rstWar, articulated
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Case Studies activists involved in decolonization struggles other they
conduct
provide
struggles
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for guarantees
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diplomacy
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of
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Hunger
createin
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Two engaging and relevant Case Studies in every are spaces
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networks,
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rice was in the Haitian market at

chapter illustrate how ideas, concepts, and issues static institution, but rather becomes whatever its students and
Education
provide has historically functioned as a tool of liberation.
staff make of it.guarantees of independence andbelow
than radically changing
dominated
territorial
them.
that of localimported
world
growers. GATT:
Forced rice outwas
economy. of theav
see Gen
For most
market,
Many activists involved in decolonization struggles and other world they
farmers abandoned encounter
below
their that
farms and ofis local
moveda more grcities in
to the
are manifested in the real world. Each Case Study struggles for rights have found that universities across the world of work, to change
adding furtherit.toThis
farmers means
the legions
abandoned that ittheir
of unemployedis mor
peo
1. Do you agree that today we have more democratic forms of knowledge-making and knowledge-sharing than in the past?
are spaces to develop their ideas, create social networks, andThe 2008 sityglobal economic crisis brought
willincreases in tr
is followed by questions to encourage you to apply 2. Is the predominance
produce of theown.
writing of their EnglishThe
language a barrieristotherefore
university decolonization? price
not a
of rice
education
(and of work
many
they
other
seek
staple
established fields of knowledge or wa
foods),
be about
leaving man
short of the daily calorieThe 2008
intake global by the W
recommended
theory to current and evolving global events. static
3. Areinstitution,
more peoplebut ratherin becomes
interested whatever
trying to survive its students
in the world and
than in trying than
to change
Programme. it?Inradically
2010, Haitichanging them.
was struck by
price of rice (and many
an earthquak
staff make of it. further misery, killing an untold number of people, and
For advice on how to answer these questions, see the pointers www.oup.com/he/baylis8e short
1.5 million with limited of to
access the daily
food calorie
and shelter.
brought Category 4ProgrHurricane Matthew, which left
1. Do you agree that today we have more democr ple in need of emergency food supplies. Food
further misery,drought,
further aggravated by a three-year killingmade
an
2. Is the predominance of the English language a barrier to decolonization?
the El Niño effect of 1.5 million
2015–16, with alimited
bringing 50 per cent
in local food production. According to the World Bank
© US Navy Photo / Alamy Stock Photo brought Category 4
3. Are more people interested in trying to survive in the world58 than
per in trying
cent of thetopopulation
change it? suffer food insecurity
of women and children plearin need of emergency
There was a time, over 30 years ago, when Haiti produced suf- old children), 30 perfurther aggravated
cent of children are stunted,by a
19 per
For advice on how to answer these questions, see the pointers
ficient rice to feed the population. In the 1980s, faced with an
www.oup.com/he/baylis8e
underweight, 10 per cent are wasted, and 23 per cent
acute economic crisis and sharp rises in food prices, Haitians
the El Niño effect of
born babies are underweight.
© US Navy
took toPhoto / Alamy
the streets Stock Photo
in rebellion against the dynastic president The scale of these indisasters,
local food
and theproduction.
level of hunger
Jean Claude ‘Baby Doc’ Duvalier. Under pressure from US and currently suffer, leaves farmers in a ‘catch 22’ situation:
 Trump and the emergence of other ‘strongman lead- The structure of the
ers’ in recent years, individual and societal insecurity is challenges, particular
increasingly
254 john baylisas the forces How
evident to use the learning
of fragmentation and features nature, andxix the forces
integration associated
remains unclear how
Chapterwith 25
Chapter
great power
globalization
Refugees destabilize
Refugees
25relations
and forced migration
and forced
will develop There
all impose important
seems no sign that a407
migration
407
paradigmatic
traditional identities and thereby
in the years ahead as geopolitical and geostrategic complicate relation-
a more peaceful world is takingand
viduals, states, placeint
in i
(2007), Boxes
by the late 1980s there was a ‘fractioning’ ships
of within
the changes and unfold.among There are states.
also the security issues asso- politics, or indeeddoes the
perhaps continuing
that such a pe
(Each
2007),chapter
by the late 1980s there was aof‘fractioning’ of the Box what25.1
refugee label label
withinoffers a rich
forced supply
migration concise boxes
studies—that In many ciated with
ways, Box 25.1 Colonial
one commentator
contemporary Colonial has calledpowers
powers
international the ‘crisisand
and
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is possible.
forced The empirical historical eviden
towards international
refugee within forced migration
that enhance your understanding of key IR develop- studies—that of international institutions’ (Weiner 1995).
migration contemporary events, suggest caution. Peri
is, theis,multiplication of related labels used to toare
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migration
of what
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peoplepeople
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of refugee status.
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necessarily of other ‘strongman
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political The structure
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kinds of political syst
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as ‘types of of
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forced conflict. The
The situation
increasingly evident as the forces of fragmentation and
has changed
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migration years,
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see ‘Types of forced
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). Zetter integration associated with globalization all impose important constraints on the
order hastraditional
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confl ict, it would not be such a pressing issue. Mainstream lit- unimpor
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complicate a it serves
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viduals, states,politics
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international instituti
(2007)(2007 ) regrets
regrets this shift
this shift fromfrom refugee
refugee studies
studies to
toWesternforced
forced interests
ships within and
and
erature undermines
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erature argues that forced migration is produced by problems is of non-
does
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of real
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migration studies
studies sincesince
it has it has negative
negative consequences In manyofways,
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governance andthe international
the legitimacy politics
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of governance andactors. Thereashas
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for policy,
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allowed for characterized and Sorensenby what might
2014be). described
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is no (see Ch.
some for unease inand the Sorensen
US and 2014
some ). In other mainstream
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tension is noand confl ict.
real protection
real protection fromfrom persecution.
persecution. He He claims
claims thatthat 164
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rity paradox’.meera
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. may
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themselves be self-
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balization is reshaping the refugee regime, and there- maintained a atdecolonial
a global level and postcolonial perspective, Th however,
is is not toforced
balization is reshaping the refugee regime, andprevailing there- liberal a decolonial andbypostcolonial
a rules-based Western perspective, however, argue
forced that there is no room
order against
migration
international istheir
order. not anown
In recent innocent interests.
years, consequence
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that of structural
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2009: 7). a desirable migrant and who is not (Squire international Postcolonial
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2009: 7).Discussing voluntary/involuntary migration, or at the same From
understand
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from
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practitioners
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Discussing voluntary/involuntary migration, or not achieved, From a geopolitical and non-Western perspective, forced
such
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miscalculation createlead- extreme intomainstream
crack. This is what
deprivation, vio-makes the study of g
r
label, and some scholars seek to ground these
forced migration, is a form of fractioning the refugee ing to seriousnew labels such
migration people
international
approaches.
is a desired areicts
confl oftenoutcome
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future. of a series insuchmainstream
of
a policies,and
fascinating laws, important r
activity.
lence, and deadly forms of life in poor or middle-income
in human rights law and rhetoric,
label, and some scholars seek to ground these new labels for both analyti- andapproaches.
omissions intended to create extreme deprivation, vio-
countries subordinated to the hegemonic and colonial power
cal and policylawobjectives. Certainfor academics, some of lence, and deadly forms of life in poor or middle-income
in human rights and rhetoric, both analyti- of the West. For instance, Mexican scholar Guadalupe Correa-
them from the Global South, believe that forced migra- countries
Cabrera subordinated
(2017) has established to the hegemonicempiricallyand the colonial
link between power
cal and Questions
policy objectives. Certain academics, some timof Questions
tion should in fact becomenot a legal 144
category subsuming
dunneof · killings,
brian
the Questions
West. c .Forschmidt
instance, Mexican
forced disappearances, femicides, displacement, and scholar Guadalupe Correa-
End-of-chapter
them from the Globalquestions
South, believe only
thatprobe
forcedyour un-
migra- Cabrera (2017)extraction. has established empirically the link
hydrocarbon Correa-Cabrera argues that between
in the
both internal and international displacement,
derstanding of each chapter, but also encourage you while 1. 1.
Why Why
is is security a ‘contested concept’?
security a ‘contested concept’?
tion should
also
in fact
including
become a legal category subsuming 6. How
killings,
case of would
forced
north-eastern a realist
disappearances, explain
Mexico, the 9/11
femicides,
2. Why do traditional realist writers focus on national security? by
violence haswars?displacement,
been produced and
to reflect on theother types
material of forced
you’ve mobility, such as
just covered. 2. Why do traditional realist writers focus
argueson national security?
both deportation
internal and andinternational displacement,
qualified migration, which 144 while
are ofttim Postcolonial and decolonial ideas are inspired by theNATO)
7.
en dunne
Will
hydrocarbon
elites 3. Western
to Whyforce do governments
extraction.
corporations
wars occur? and
Correa-Cabrera
to hire their institutions
private security. that
She (such in asthe
claims his- ha
A
case ·the
that
3. of 4.ideas
north-eastern
there
Why
brian Whyc do associated
do
. isschmidtstates
awars
spatial fi nd with
it diffiWestern
Mexico,
coincidence
occur? violence
cult civilization
to cooperate?
between has beenglobalare produced
fluxes to survive
(theby in the twenty
also including other types of forced
ignored (Riaño-Alcalá 2008; De Génova 2002; Gzeshmobility, such as Postcolonial
tory global
and
5. mobility
Do you find and
practice decolonial
of
of ‘liberal
people, ideas
decolonization.
institutionalism’ are
convincing? inspired
Th ey share by the
many his- the
8.
elites
4. What to
Why is at
force domightstake in
corporations
states the
findthe itcapital,
debate
todiffi and
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cult tocrime)
private and economic
defensive
security.
cooperate? She andclaims
offensive realism?
deportation and qualified
2012; Delgado-Wise migration,
2014 ). which are often tory common
9. and
6. How 6. would
inequality.
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Why
structural historical
practice
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this
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democratic
explain
particular
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cient to
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ignored From
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a postcolonial perspective (see Box 25.1), common Gzesh between
10. at
global least
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claims philosophical
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the reasons for forcedperspective
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www.oup.com/he/baylis8e of in
of hydrocarbons, postcolonial
the region, sinceapproaches
‘neorealists’? migration, and
the
law designed to tackle it, in order
Estévez (2018c) claims it is necessary to incorporate to analyse it as an and African
internal dynamics descent, broaden decolonial
the gap further approaches
between richthis and have beenChoicesaid
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crime. The impact withby trying
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community and private actors ranging from multi- andled African

to increased descent,
income decolonialinequality in the approaches
region, since
(Correa-Cabrera have
2017 ) been
law designed to tackle it, in order to analyse it as an
Further Reading look
Further
internal at Reading
the
dynamics common broaden historical
the gaproots between of theirrich and approaches
poor, and
national
on-going process corporations
initiated to organized
both by the crime groups. principally
international
Further Reading
before
while looking
reinforcing
cultivated
at the
social
by Latin American thinkers. We will
di erences
inequality. between them. tari
Annotated recommendations for further reading at
Estévez argues that forced migration is a process that look at the common historical
the end and
community private
of each chapter actors
help you ranging fromyourself
familiarise multi- ForForaAn ageneral
important
general survey
survey ofrealist
the
foundation
of the realist is a roots
traditiontradition shared ofunderstanding
(Correa-Cabrera their approaches 2017) of so
starts with structural and accumulation projects— before production looking of forced
at the migration
di erences is determined
between them. by LA:
three
nationalwithcorporations
the key academic to organized
literature and crime groups.
suggest how the history
Smith,
Smith, M. J. (1986),
M. J. (1986), of Western
Realist Thought
Realist Thought empires.
from Weber
fromtoManyWeberWestern
Kissinger (Baton Rouge,
to Kissinger countries
(Baton Rouge,sive
Louisiana State
LA
often facilitated by law enforcement or organized elements: An important 1) geographical foundation specifi
isthe city
aparts
shared alongseminalthe realistinter-
understanding rofV. Milner
University Press). An excellent discussion of many of the thinkers.
Estévez youargues that forced
can explore migration
your interest is a process
in a particular that
aspect controlled
University
Walt, S. M. (2002), and
Press).
‘The dominated
An excellent
Enduring other
Relevance discussion
of Realistof of the
many
Tradition’ ,world,
ofI. the
in begin-
seminal
Katznelson and H. indi
crime activities—that displace or ultimately kill Walt, national lines of‘Therace, gender, and(New class; 2)W.aNorton).process
IR. structural and accumulation projects— the
startspeople.
ofwith history
production S.with
(eds), M. Political
of
(2002),
of Western
forced
Science: TheEnduring
empires.
migration
State of the Discipline
isMany
Relevance andof
determined
York:
Western
the W.Realist
countries
byTradition’
of the, in I.ofWh
three
An exposition Kthe
The forcibly displaced are further exposed to ning starting with
realist tradition
the from
Spanish
structural conquest
one of its leading and accumulation
proponents.
(eds), Political Science: The State of the Discipline (New York: W. W
occupation projects
often gangs,
facilitated
organizedby law
crime, enforcement
and sexual violence while on controlled
or organized elements:
that
realistdisplace and
1)
tradition
Twentieth-century
dominated
geographical
people,
fromrealism
classical who
one
other
specifi
are
of its in turn
leading
parts
cityfurther of the the
along
proponents.exposed
world, inter- begin-
crimetheiractivities—that
way to a new home. displace or ultimately
The lives of those whokill national
sur- ning toCarr,
thewith
E. H.
lines
threats the of
(1939), The
race, gender,
Spanish
represented conquest
Twenty Years’ Crisisby
andand
gangs,
1919–1939:
class;
Anorganized
2) a crime,
occupation
Introduction to the
process of the
Study of International
people. Th e forcibly displaced are further
vive the fi rst two stages of the process are managed by exposed to starting
Twentieth-century
Relations with(London: structural
classical
and sexual violence; and 3) the management of peo-
Macmillan). and
realism
An important accumulation
critique of liberal idealism. projects
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948), Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York:
gangs,legal
organized crime, and sexual
and administrative violence
apparatuses suchwhile on
as migra- that
ple displace
Carr, byH.legal
E.
Alfred (1939),
A. Knopf). people,
and The Twenty
A foundationalwhotext
administrative are
Years’ indiscipline
Crisis
for the turn
apparatuses further
1919–1939:
of International An exposed
such
Intr as
Relations.
their tion
way andto a asylum
new home. The From
systems. lives of those
this who sur-the tomigration
perspective, the
Relationsthreats
Structural realism
and
(London: represented
asylumMacmillan). systems,by Angangs,
which
important organized
expel critique people ofcrime,to idealism.
liberal
vive the fi rst two stages of the process are managed by andKeohane,
sexual
Morgenthau,
R. O.violence;
H. J. (1948), and 3)
(ed.) (1986), Neorealism
Politics
andthe
among management
its Critics
Nations: The
(New York: Columbia ofUniversity
Struggle peo- for Po
Press). This
legal and administrative apparatuses such as migra- Alfred
collection A. Knopf).
of essays A foundational
ple by legal and administrative apparatuses such as of realism by
includes key chapters bytext for
Kenneth the
Waltz, discipline
an interesting of International
defence R
How to use the online resources

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 List of case studies

Case Study 1.1 Rubbishing globalization: the crisis in toxic trade ······························································ 25
Case Study 1.2 Globalization 4.0: the next phase ··························································································· 30

Case Study 2.1 The standard of civilization ······································································································ 50

Case Study 2.2 Imperialism with Chinese characteristics ············································································· 51

Case Study 3.1 China’s cold wars ························································································································· 62

Case Study 3.2 The Cuban missile crisis ············································································································· 63

Case Study 4.1 Russia and the West: a new cold war? ··················································································· 73
Case Study 4.2 Populism, globalization, and the end of the liberal order? ············································· 81

Case Study 5.1 The BRICS ······································································································································ 88

Case Study 5.2 Brazil ················································································································································ 89

Case Study 6.1 The 1990–1 Gulf War and a ‘new world order’ ·································································108
Case Study 6.2 Imperialism and internationalism in nineteenth-century Britain ································112

Case Study 7.1 The Naxalite Rebellion in India ·····························································································116

Case Study 7.2 Greece and the disciplining power of capitalism ·····························································117

Case Study 8.1 The Melian dialogue—realism and the preparation for war ··········································134
Case Study 8.2 Strategic partnerships with ‘friendly’ dictators ·································································141

Case Study 9.1 Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom ··················································149
Case Study 9.2 The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan ·····································155

Case Study 10.1 The Buen Vivir movement ······································································································162

Case Study 10.2 The debate over ‘failed states’ ·······························································································171

Case Study 11.1 Discourses on the Ebola outbreak in 2014 ········································································182

Case Study 11.2 Foreign policy and the construction of identity—Russian discourse on Crimea ·····188

Case Study 12.1 Social construction of refugees and the contemporary migration crisis ···················199
Case Study 12.2 The ‘human rights revolution’ ································································································203

Case Study 13.1 Ethics of migration ····················································································································213

Case Study 13.2 Targeting civilians and non-combatant immunity ···························································219

Case Study 14.1 War and Eurocentrism: the Second World War ································································229
Case Study 14.2 War and society: France, the United States, and Vietnam ·············································231

Case Study 15.1 Insecurity in the post-cold war world: the Democratic Republic of Congo ·············243
Case Study 15.2 Growing tensions in the South and East China Seas ·······················································249

Case Study 16.1 The BRICs and the rise of China ····························································································264
Case Study 16.2 Slavery and forced labour in global production ·······························································267
 List of case studies xxiii
Case Study 17.1 Female guerrillas in the El Salvadoran civil war ································································279
Case Study 17.2 Neo-slavery and care labour in Asia ····················································································283

Case Study 18.1 The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African
Communities League (UNIA-ACL) ························································································293
Case Study 18.2 Race, caste, and Dalits ··············································································································299

Case Study 19.1 Is international law an expression of Western dominance? ··········································307

Case Study 19.2 Individual criminal accountability and the non-Western world ··································313

Case Study 20.1 Challenging or upholding the international order? The Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank ························································································································322
Case Study 20.2 The limits to IO action: UNCTAD and the Group of 77 (G77) ·······································330

Case Study 21.1 UN peacekeeping in the Congo ····························································································340

Case Study 21.2 The 2003 intervention in Iraq ································································································343

Case Study 22.1 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 ‘Women, Peace
and Security’ and NGOs ··········································································································357
Case Study 22.2 Migrants and NGO search and rescue missions in the Mediterranean Sea ·············359

Case Study 23.1 Central America: a perpetual pursuit of union? ·······························································371

Case Study 23.2 Regionalism in Southeast Asia—beyond intergovernmentalism? ································375

Case Study 24.1 Common but differentiated responsibilities? ····································································397

Case Study 24.2 The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) ········································································398

Case Study 25.1 Illegalizing refugees: the case of the Rohingya ·································································411
Case Study 25.2 Geographies rich in resources, and forced migration in Central America ················413

Case Study 26.1 Hunger in Haiti: food security and rice imports ·······························································424
Case Study 26.2 Multidimensional poverty alleviation in Himachal Pradesh ·········································428

Case Study 27.1 The Chinese currency and the US trade deficit ································································437
Case Study 27.2 Tax havens and overseas aid budgets ··················································································445

Case Study 28.1 Three generations of violent Islamic extremists ·······························································457

Case Study 28.2 The 2016 Lahore terrorist attack ···························································································461

Case Study 29.1 Nuclear programmes: North Korea and Iran ·····································································470
Case Study 29.2 Japan’s Fukushima nuclear disaster ······················································································471

Case Study 30.1 Kurdish nationalism and Kurdistan ······················································································483

Case Study 30.2 Germany ······································································································································488
Case Study 30.3 India ··············································································································································492
Case Study 30.4 Yugoslavia ····································································································································493

Case Study 31.1 The Islamic veil ban ··················································································································506

Case Study 31.2 Same-sex relationships and LGBTQ rights in Uganda ·····················································507

Case Study 32.1 Darfur: barriers to intervention ·····························································································518

Case Study 32.2 The role of Middle Eastern governments in Operation Unified Protector
(Libya, 2011) ·······························································································································524
 About the contributors

Tarak Barkawi is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and
Political Science.

Michael Barnett is University Professor of International Affairs and Political Science at the George
Washington University.

John Baylis is Emeritus Professor of Politics and International Relations and a former Pro-Vice-
Chancellor at Swansea University.

Alex J. Bellamy is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director of the Asia Pacific Centre for
the Responsibility to Protect at the University of Queensland.

Edward Best is Head of Unit at the European Institute of Public Administration, Maastricht, and
Senior Fellow of Maastricht University.

John Breuilly is Emeritus Professor of Nationalism and Ethnicity, London School of Economics and
Political Science.

Thomas Christiansen is Professor of Political Science and European Integration at Luiss Università
Guido Carli in Rome, Italy.

Michael Cox is Professor Emeritus of International Relations at the London School of Economics
and Political Science and Director of LSE Ideas.

Devon E. A. Curtis is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the
University of Cambridge.

Tim Dunne is Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, where he is also
Pro-Vice-Chancellor.

Ariadna Estévez is a Professor at the Centre for Research on North America, the National
Autonomous University of Mexico.

Tony Evans was Professor of Global Politics at the University of Southampton.

Sheena Chestnut Greitens is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Missouri.

Lene Hansen is Professor of International Relations at the University of Copenhagen.

Stephen Hobden is Reader in International Relations in the Department of Social Sciences,

University of East London.

Andrew Hurrell is Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford University.

Jutta Joachim is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Radboud University, Nijmegen, the
Netherlands.
 About the contributors xxv
Ratna Kapur is Professor of International Law at Queen Mary University of London.

Helen M. Kinsella is Associate Professor of Political Science, Affiliate Faculty in Gender, Women,
and Sexuality Studies, and at the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change at the
University of Minnesota–Minneapolis.

James D. Kiras is Professor at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell Air Force
Base, Alabama.

Paul Kirby is Assistant Professorial Research Fellow at the Centre for Women, Peace and Security at
the London School of Economics and Political Science.

George Lawson is Associate Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics
and Political Science.

Anthony McGrew is currently Distinguished Professor in Global Public Policy at Shanghai

University, Shanghai, and previously Pro-Vice-Chancellor at La Trobe University, Melbourne.

Patricia Owens is Professor of International Relations at the University of Sussex.

Susan Park is Associate Professor in International Relations at the University of Sydney.

Nicola Phillips is Professor of Political Economy and Vice-President and Vice-Principal (Education)
at King’s College London.

Christian Reus-Smit is Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and Professor of
International Relations at the University of Queensland.

Meera Sabaratnam is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at SOAS University of London.

Brian C. Schmidt is Associate Professor of Political Science at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.

Len Scott is Emeritus Professor of International History and Intelligence Studies at Aberystwyth
University.

Richard Shapcott is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Queensland.

Robbie Shilliam is Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins University.

Sir Steve Smith is Vice-Chancellor and Professor of International Politics at the University of
Exeter.

Paul Taylor is Emeritus Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics and
Political Science.

Caroline Thomas was Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Global Politics at the University of
Southampton, until her death in October 2008.

John Vogler is Professorial Research Fellow in International Relations at the University of Keele, UK.
xxvi About the contributors

Matthew Watson is Professor of Political Economy at the University of Warwick, and a UK

Economic and Social Research Council Professorial Fellow.

Nicholas Wheeler is Professor of International Relations and Director of the Institute for Conflict,
Cooperation and Security at the University of Birmingham.

Richard Wyn Jones is Professor and Director of Cardiff University’s Wales Governance and Dean
of Public Affairs.
xxviii World map

180°
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American French Polynesia BRAZIL
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SAMOA

Cook Islands BOLIVIA St. Helena (UK)

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international boundary
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