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Background In fluid mechanics, added mass or virtual mass is the inertia added to a system because an
Virtual mass force accelerating or decelerating body must move (or deflect) some volume of surrounding fluid as it moves
through it. Added mass is a common issue because the object and surrounding fluid cannot occupy the
Applications
same physical space simultaneously. For simplicity this can be modeled as some volume of fluid moving
Naval architecture with the object, though in reality "all" the fluid will be accelerated, to various degrees.
Aeronautics
The dimensionless added mass coefficient is the added mass divided by the displaced fluid mass –
Hydraulic structures i.e. divided by the fluid density times the volume of the body. In general, the added mass is a second-
See also order tensor, relating the fluid acceleration vector to the resulting force vector on the body.[1]

References
Background [ edit ]
External links
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel proposed the concept of added mass in 1828 to describe the motion of a
pendulum in a fluid. The period of such a pendulum increased relative to its period in a vacuum (even
after accounting for buoyancy effects), indicating that the surrounding fluid increased the effective mass
of the system.[2]

The concept of added mass is arguably the first example of renormalization in physics.[3][4][5] The
concept can also be thought of as a classical physics analogue of the quantum mechanical concept of
quasiparticles. It is, however, not to be confused with relativistic mass increase.

It is often erroneously stated that the added mass is determined by the momentum of the fluid. That this
is not the case, it becomes clear when considering the case of the fluid in a large box, where the fluid
momentum is exactly zero at every moment of time. The added mass is actually determined by the
quasi-momentum: the added mass times the body acceleration is equal to the time derivative of the fluid
quasi-momentum.[4]

Virtual mass force [ edit ]

Unsteady forces due to a change of the relative velocity of a body submerged in a fluid can be divided
into two parts: the virtual mass effect and the Basset force.

The origin of the force is that the fluid will gain kinetic energy at the expense of the work done by an
accelerating submerged body.

It can be shown that the virtual mass force, for a spherical particle submerged in an inviscid,
incompressible fluid is[6]

where bold symbols denote vectors, is the fluid flow velocity, is the spherical particle velocity, is
the mass density of the fluid (continuous phase), is the volume of the particle, and D/Dt denotes the
material derivative.

The origin of the notion "virtual mass" becomes evident when we take a look at the momentum equation
for the particle.

where is the sum of all other force terms on the particle, such as gravity, pressure gradient, drag,
lift, Basset force, etc.

Moving the derivative of the particle velocity from the right hand side of the equation to the left we get

so the particle is accelerated as if it had an added mass of half the fluid it displaces, and there is also an
additional force contribution on the right hand side due to acceleration of the fluid.

Applications [ edit ]

The added mass can be incorporated into most physics equations by considering an effective mass as
the sum of the mass and added mass. This sum is commonly known as the "virtual mass".

A simple formulation of the added mass for a spherical body permits Newton's classical second law to
be written in the form

becomes

One can show that the added mass for a sphere (of radius ) is , which is half the volume of
the sphere times the density of the fluid. For a general body, the added mass becomes a tensor
(referred to as the induced mass tensor), with components depending on the direction of motion of the
body. Not all elements in the added mass tensor will have dimension mass, some will be mass × length
and some will be mass × length2.

All bodies accelerating in a fluid will be affected by added mass, but since the added mass is dependent
on the density of the fluid, the effect is often neglected for dense bodies falling in much less dense
fluids. For situations where the density of the fluid is comparable to or greater than the density of the
body, the added mass can often be greater than the mass of the body and neglecting it can introduce
significant errors into a calculation.

For example, a spherical air bubble rising in water has a mass of but an added mass of
Since water is approximately 800 times denser than air (at RTP), the added mass in this
case is approximately 400 times the mass of the bubble.

Naval architecture [ edit ]

These principles also apply to ships, submarines, and offshore platforms. In the marine industry, added
mass is referred to as hydrodynamic added mass. In ship design, the energy required to accelerate the
added mass must be taken into account when performing a sea keeping analysis. For ships, the added
mass can easily reach one fourth or one third of the mass of the ship and therefore represents a
significant inertia, in addition to frictional and wavemaking drag forces.

For certain geometries freely sinking through a column of water, hydrodynamic added mass associated
with the sinking body can be much larger than the mass of the object. This situation can occur, for
instance, when the sinking body has a large flat surface with its normal vector pointed in the direction of
motion (downward). A substantial amount of kinetic energy is released when such an object is abruptly
decelerated (e.g., due to an impact with the seabed).

In the offshore industry hydrodynamic added mass of different geometries are the subject of
considerable investigation. These studies typically are required as input to subsea dropped object risk
assessments (studies focused on quantifying risk of dropped object impacts to subsea infrastructure).
As hydrodynamic added mass can make up a significant proportion of a sinking object's total mass at
the instant of impact, it significantly influences the design resistance considered for subsea protection
structures.

Proximity to a boundary (or another object) can influence the quantity of hydrodynamic added mass.
This means that added mass depends on both the object geometry and its proximity to a boundary. For
floating bodies (e.g., ships/vessels) this means that the response of the floating body (i.e., due to wave
action) is altered in finite water depths (the effect is virtually nonexistent in deep water). The specific
depth (or proximity to a boundary) at which the hydrodynamic added mass is affected depends on the
body's geometry and location and shape of a boundary (e.g., a dock, seawall, bulkhead, or the seabed).

The hydrodynamic added mass associated with a freely sinking object near a boundary is similar to that
of a floating body. In general, hydrodynamic added mass increases as the distance between a boundary
and a body decreases. This characteristic is important when planning subsea installations or predicting
the motion of a floating body in shallow water conditions.

Aeronautics [ edit ]
In aircraft (other than lighter-than-air balloons and blimps), the added mass is not usually taken into
account because the density of the air is so small.

Hydraulic structures [ edit ]

Hydraulic structures like weirs or locks often contain moveable steel structures like valves or gates,
which are submerged under water. These steel structures are often constructed with thin steel plates
mounted on girders. When the steel structures are accelerated or decelerated, substantial amounts of
water are moved, too. This added mass must e.g. be taken into account when designing the drive
systems for these steel structures.

See also [ edit ]

Basset force for describing the effect of the body's relative motion history on the viscous forces in a
Stokes flow
Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen equation for the description of the motion of – and forces on – a particle
moving in an unsteady flow at low Reynolds numbers
Darwin drift for the relation between added mass and the Darwin drift volume
Keulegan–Carpenter number for a dimensionless parameter giving the relative importance of the
drag force to inertia in wave loading
Morison equation for an empirical force model in wave loading, involving added mass and drag
Response Amplitude Operator for the use of added mass in ship design

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Newman, John Nicholas (1977). Marine hydrodynamics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. §4.13,
p. 139. ISBN 978-0-262-14026-3.
2. ^ Stokes, G. G. (1851). "On the effect of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums".
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 9: 8–106. Bibcode:1851TCaPS...9....8S .
3. ^ González, José; Martín-Delgado, Miguel A.; Sierra, Germán; Vozmediano, Angeles H. (1995).
Quantum electron liquids and high-Tc superconductivity. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-540-60503-4.
4. ^ a b Falkovich, Gregory (2011). Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists . Cambridge University
Press. Section 1.3. ISBN 978-1-107-00575-4.
5. ^ Biesheuvel, A.; Spoelstra, S. (1989). "The added mass coefficient of a dispersion of spherical gas bubbles in
liquid" . International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 15 (6): 911–924. doi:10.1016/0301-9322(89)90020-7 .
6. ^ Crowe, Clayton T.; Sommerfeld, Martin; Tsuji, Yutaka (1998). Multiphase flows with droplets and
particles . CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b11103 . ISBN 9780429106392.

External links [ edit ]

MIT OpenCourse Ware

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory
Det Norske Veritas DNV-RP-H103 Modelling And Analysis Of Marine Operations Archived 2016-03-
04 at the Wayback Machine

Category: Fluid dynamics

This page was last edited on 21 March 2024, at 18:57 (UTC).

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