HEALTH ECONOMICS
LECTURE/PPT / PROF. ROMEO C. CLEMENTE, PhD, DPA
[TRANS] UNIT III: IMPORTANCE, ASPECTS AND DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
OUTLINE
I Importance of Health
II Aspects of Health
A Physically Healthy
i Economic Bearing of Physical Health
B Mentally Healthy
i Economic Bearing of Mental Health
C Spiritually Healthy
i Economic Bearing of Spiritual Health
D Sexually Healthy
i Economic Bearing of Sexual Health
E Emotionally Healthy
i Economic Bearing of Emotional Health
F Environmentally Healthy
i Economic Bearing of Environmental Health
III Determinants of Health
A Sex and Gender Roles
i Lead Agencies Attending to the Advocacies of
Gender Roles
B Environment
i Aspects of the Environment
C Income
D Occupation
i High Risk Occupations
E Personal Health Practices
F Health Services
G Culture, Tradition and Indigenous Practice
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH
 “Health is Wealth”
o A critical requirement to fully live a human life
 Critical requirement in the sense that hindi
pwedeng pwede na
 Critical in the sense that it is both a personal and
social responsibility
 Also a governmental responsibility for people
in the country to live peacefully, to ensure
their health well-being, there has to be proper
attention given by the person and also
attended to properly by the government
o Health and education are two (2) social
government functions
o A state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
[WHO]
 There is a very intriguing point of view and here
you can just confirm that even people who are
incomplete of body parts, for as long as they
perform well their tasks, they seem to be just
normally performing with what is expected of
them, they too are normal/healthy
 Relating the case of the lady pilot who was
granted with aviation permit to fly an aircraft
(walang kamay, paa lang nagpapalipad sa
aircraft), so the lady is also healthy
 As going on, there is a need for understanding
on dimensions of health
o How is it to be completely healthy?
WORK IN ACTION, LEAD BY EXAMPLE, BE THE PROFESSIONAL YOU NEED!
BS MLS
3rd Year
ASPECTS OF HEALTH
 Health is a composite of the state in which one is able to
function well
o Physically
o Mentally
o Emotionally
o Socially
o Spiritually
o Sexually
o Environmentally
PHYSICALLY HEALTHY
 Physically healthy means:
o The human body functions well as a consequence of
right food and medicine intake, proper exercise and
regulated diet that develop balanced energy and right
weight
 This is the measure of physically health
 To be physically healthy, people must be
conscious of the food they eat
o People have different conditions
(difference in blood chemistries, health
conditions) as they age
 As they age, people must be
disciplined and they should not have
cholesterol buildup and the like
 There should be consciousness of
the food intake and medicine also
 There are people who when they are
sick, they do self-prescription of
medicine, they no longer refer
matters to professional experts in
medicine, pharmacists
 Exercise is necessary
 People need to burn calories
 Proper diet, balanced energy and right weight
 Across age bracket, there is a prescribed
weight
o Obese at a young age – not physically
healthy
ECONOMIC BEARING OF PHYSICAL HEALTH
 Physical health could be maintained by natural or artificial
method
o There are some people who are handicapped of time/
do not have luxury of time to do such exercises, and
they do not it regularly and they do it on a certain day
in a week, it is very expensive when they buy
necessary physical fitness facilities but if and when/if
and only if there is just that what is called as proper
discipline and there is just patience to in partner with
some physical tasks at home, then you perspire and of
course you burn calories and there is no buildup in the
human body that is harmful to the physical existence
 Physical fitness is not exactly costly when
o Consciously attended with proper discipline for diet
o Regular exercise through routinely done household
tasks and some physical and sports-related exercises
such as jogging, body twisting and indoor or outdoor
sports activities during the weekends
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 Expensive when body building among men and women
o Requires facilities for stretching, weight lifting, running
board and many other amenities
o A person chooses expensive food and food ingredients
over those that are indigenously available
MENTALLY HEALTHY
 Mentally healthy when:
o Wellness (stability and consistency) in mind’s
perceptual or conceptual perspective specially in
judging and discerning pressing concerns or crucially
critical circumstances
 We can say that the person is healthy when in him,
rationally, he/she has stability and consistency in
mind’s perceptual or conceptual perspective
 People who are not judgmental, people who are
conscious of what they say (before they say
something, they have to think it further)
 There is really a need for a person to process
first what he/she would like to tell otherwise, if
people notice this, you know thinking beings,
they easily judge you on as whether you have
stability on your concepts or consistency over
your perceptual views also, sometimes, our
mind is being affected by our emotions, by our
psychological behavior
o At times, we are being put in a scenario
wherein, it triggers us to react because
people are sometimes categorized into
three (3)
 Active
 Reactive
 Proactive
o To discern such a thing, you will do, to
think first and discern well on what you
will do, so that you can be able to
minimize some sort of mistake,
misjudgments, you have to take a little
time, you also have to recall what those
best moments that you can base on for
whatever that you are going to dispose
of/discern with.
 It is difficult to make decisions in
times that you are angry, you will
make the greatest blunder and that
is why you need to think of it first, but
if you are put in crucial/crucially
critical circumstance or situation, it is
your mind that work well, do not be
swayed by emotions, while it is true
that EQ is very important in human
person, it is nice that the EQ is
balanced by the IQ
ECONOMIC BEARING OF MENTAL HEALTH
 Mental health care programs of hospitals could entail:
o Capital outlays that are also costly due to the nature of
their patients
 Having a good mental state/having a mature
mental conditions, it could be the concern of the
person or it could be a concern of institutions and
there are some people, who are psychologically
and emotionally depressed, they do not find
themselves in themselves
 People who love them, who take care of
them/caretaker to them bring them to hospital
o It could be mental hospital/rehabilitation
center
WORK IN ACTION, LEAD BY EXAMPLE, BE THE PROFESSIONAL YOU NEED!
 For the government to have these
kinds of health amenities,
government is spending much
o Health workers who are trained and highly competent
to handle patients’ anxieties
 Government is spending for the training of nurses
to deal with this, because they are not just into
identifying the cure or medicine but they too are on
particular directions of knowing the behavioral
patterns/behavioral attitudes of the person in order
that they are mentally rehabilitated
 It is expensive when workers are deployed to
these institutions to take care to those clients
of rehabilitation with which they are not well
trained
SPIRITUALLY HEALTHY
 Spiritually healthy when:
o A person upholds the non-fanatic faith/religion bias-
free dimensions of ethics, virtues and values of life
which will help him/her express the essence of maturity
and moral integrity
 How can we say that a person is spiritually
healthy?
 Description: when the person upholds the
non-fanatic faith
 There are Filipinos who are religious, they have faith, and
even called faithful but there are also those beliefs which
are considered jurassic, but the worst, there are also those
beliefs of the disgruntled
o Disgruntled: beliefs of those people who embrace
something that has no very rational basis (very
jurassic/very ancient) what they believe is no longer
applicable to our time and what they believe is not
consistent to that requirement for ‘pro-life’
 Imagine if there are these religious who love so
much to put something on their body and have
exploded in a certain public
 Even Muslims, Judaist, Hinduist, Christians
do not like the idea
 There are those who believe differently, that,
they can be able to somewhat assert that they
seem to be very much responsive and
defensive and just be fair to their God, their
faith and religion when they do this but it is
pottle in character
 A person is also spiritually healthy when the religion and the
religious faith he embraces is free from biases
o Ethics he/she observes
o Values and virtues – not far from the commonalities of
mankind
 Human acceptable standards
o People are different across the world
 These things must be observed to say that we are
spiritually healthy/have spiritual maturity
ECONOMIC BEARING OF SPIRITUAL HEALTH
 Some sectarian counseling centers and hospitals operating
around the world have become spiritually and customarily
adaptive to the practice of invoking God’s spiritual powers
in medical undertakings
o There are sectarian schools and hospitals managed by
religious institutions and it is always a practice among
them to put up a prayer corner and even if it is quite
expensive to put up that corner
 Somewhat a way by which it can remind those who
practice their professions to also invoke God’s
might power
 Ex. CVMC has prayer area
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 There are some articles that doctors
seemingly do not have self-confidence, self-
trust, complete self-esteem if they do not
invoke the spiritual powers in their medical
undertakings
 It is nice to remind the professionals for them
to be stronger, they must have that fighting
spirit because as if they cannot just be able to
do what they do humanly, sometimes, they
also need spiritual powers
o But we are not the same with atheists
 There are countries with which their
doctors, since it is their orientation,
their early inhabitants did not have
the kind of embrace so, it is the area
with which we cannot cover in this
part
SEXUALLY HEALTHY
 Sexually healthy when:
o A person is wholesome in understanding and
accepting what gender does to his masculine or to her
feminine sexuality
 If you feel that you are a girl, you are a girl, if you
feel you are boy then you are a boy
 If you think you are a boy but you feel you are a
girl, then, other people does not care about it
 Most important thing is that you must know
how to carry yourself in public because the
society where you are living in is a society with
standards, ethical norms
 People around you are judgmental, if they find
you a disturbance to them, they say nasty
things against you
 To be sexually healthy, carry well yourself in
public and with it, people would accept you
and even appreciate you
o You should know how to meritoriously fit
in a society
o You should be able to give respect to
yourself because of it, you will be able to
gain respect from others
o If you are a parent, you should know your
limits, you must have agreement with the
partner, because it is not good for you
(especially for mothers) to be treated as
there in a corner to bear children, as you
also have parental responsibilities and it
is obligatory to your part to give the best
to your children and therefore having an
ideal number children in the family is your
responsibility and we can say that with it
knowing who you are, knowing your
tasks and responsibilities to perform, we
can say you are sexually healthy
 Same sex marriage, cause of HIV/AIDS, different
diseases which can be transmitted from one
person to another sometimes is caused by the
disrespect of the sexual identity of the person
o An individual fits him/herself in society that is set with
ethical norms, moral standards and religious tents
ECONOMIC BEARING OF SEXUAL HEALTH
 Social institutions or agencies as well as NGOs spend
millions of cash for the distribution of healthcare supplies
and IEC fliers or posters for information-dissemination
o For the sexual health to be push straight forward, for
people to be oriented, there are NGOs whose
objectives, whose goals, whose direction is to intensify
information dissemination and they are spending much
on such
WORK IN ACTION, LEAD BY EXAMPLE, BE THE PROFESSIONAL YOU NEED!
 Example: to curb the spread of diseases (AIDS,
HIV), they have lots of IEC fliers/posters and do
intensive information dissemination
 Usually these are philanthropic organizations
o The government also have this kind of organization
with which is the DSWD
 DSWD – lead government agency in promoting
information dissemination, however, it is just
expensive
 Congress always allocate budget for the
operation of DSWD
 Family planning should also be disseminated to young
people who are still in school so that once they are already
there, they know what to do
o Findings: mas maganda takbo ng pamilya at mas
malinaw ang direksyon ng mga anak kapag ang mga
magulang ay may kinalaman sa mga bagay bagay
 What stops them to have more children is to give
the best for their children
EMOTIONALLY HEALTHY
 Emotionally healthy when:
o A person adheres to balanced and non-destructive
feeling of sensibility or responsiveness over sympathy,
apathy, paranoia, anxiety, and varied forms of
baseless provocations
 A person is emotionally mature/healthy when the
person is not just being swayed by his/her
emotions or not just being immediately affected by
very pressing situation
 Ex. people watching series gets swayed by
the emotions the character portrays (e.g.
crying due to a scene or when the character
cries)
o Do not be swayed and it is better to
appreciate the ability and competence of
film maker rather than on acting because
acting came from the direction of the
director
 There are cases when you are put in a
scenario that as if you are pushed against the
wall, there are things that you like to happen
and they do not happen on time
o You became impatient and you suffer
from paranoia, emotional anxiety
 Learn to cope with this, otherwise, if
you cannot be able to withstand with
such, the drawbacks of your
emotion, people judge you
differently and it is even burden in
your part, therefore, you study well
how you behave (behavioral
maturity is not one time)
 As you encounter people, as
you go through life, as you
practice your profession, time
will come that will know how to
be emotionally mature
 Making experience
ECONOMIC BEARING OF EMOTIONAL HEALTH
 High IQ gets a person to a high paying job but high EQ gets
a person stay longer in a stressful but high paying and time
bound job (Howard Gardner)
o Sometimes what is crucial in a person is more on the
EQ
o Intellectual intelligence
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 Many are intellectual but they do not know how to
go down to the level of those people they are
talking with
 If talking with a child, do not talk like a
graduate of PhD or prestigious universities
 If talking with a mature people, you should
also project, so that we can say that you do
not only have sensibility, responsiveness
(responsibility to respond) but also sensitivity
o Sensitivity is one competence a person
has
 We can say that a person that is
sensitive over things and match it
with sense of rationality is a person
who is mentally and emotionally
mature
 Happy people are more likely to work toward goals. They
possess key building blocks of success to find the
resources they need to attract others with substantive
energy and optimism (APA, 2015)
o People who are happy have better ways of looking
things since they have positive minds, which is very
powerful
 If you entertain more of the negativities, then you
cannot move on, it is more of the weaknesses that
work with you
 You try to see first your strength then try to
study well your weaknesses and try to cope
with whatever requirements necessary
therein for you to entertain
o Emotional health can be seen to those people selling
insurance but we can also see it with medical
practitioners
 Even though the patient suffers a lot, because of
their encouragement, it looks like their pieces of
advice can be a cure, like they know that their
patients are suffering a lot but because of those
words coming from the mouth of the professional,
one person who has a high education but go down
to the level of the patient and say something which
consists of hope
 It can be a cure even just a touch on shoulder
sometimes can be curative
ENVIRONMENTALLY HEALTHY
 Environmentally Healthy when:
o A person lives in a geographical place where there is
fresh air, peace and security from lawlessness,
topographically free from disease outbreaks and
regular visit of natural calamity
 It is not the environment that makes it healthy but
is the person that makes good environment
 It is the people in the society who should
construct and reconstruct and enhance the
environment, so the environment is friendly to
the inhabitants of the place or the
environment or they are secured in the
environment that is if they know how to take
care of the environment
 Nature is there, it is ready, but it requires
nurture from people
 We can say that the person is environmentally
healthy when that person is so conscious,
conscientious in giving and performing his/her
responsibility and accountability
 Destruction of Pasig river, Flashfloods, Global
Warming are all because of the humans
 In order that the environment to be fresh, it needs
participation from the government
o Needs regulation
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ECONOMIC BEARING OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
 Investment of gov’t and people is required to maintain:
o Harm-free supplies of food and drinking water
o Facilities used in the treatment and disposal of solid
and toxic wastes and/or hazardous chemicals
 Maintenance facilities
 Government must make policies
o Ex. No bottling industries could operate without water
treatment plant
 Produces waste waters – contains chemicals that
can kill living organisms
 Compliance with the safety production and sanitation
standards entails investment among private industrial firms.
 Early safety warning devices installed in:
o Nuclear power generation plants using plutonium and
uranium
 Happened in Russia (melting) and have radiation
o Weather forecast facilities
o Seismologic forecast facilities (for tsunami, volcanic
activity, and geological structure movements)
 In other countries, they have well equipped
facilities
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
 Factors of health
SEX AND GENDER ROLES
 Sex refers to being naturally, biologically and physically by
birth male or female. Thee basis of reproductive health
program focused on population development (e.g. family
planning, human resource management, nutrition program)
o Health to be on its stable state, it is the making of health
and gender role, it is influenced by our way of
responding to that on our being male or being female
 On that ability on our part to understand our role if
we are man, woman, or homosexual
 You know where to place yourself
o Sex as to male or female, gender as to male, female
and even LGBT+
o Role of male/female should be well understood by
people and must be concern of government
 POPCOM – lead agency in population
development
 Not only concern on to number of population,
rather, as DSWD has the data on such, it
should be able to give very good advisory to
national government or to legislature on what
else of basic social services must be done
o There are countries with higher number
of male rather than female
 In the Philippines, females are
generally higher than males (not so
sure ratio 7:1)
 In China, it is difficult to have a
spouse since they have fewer
females
 In Canada, there are higher number
of adults (70%)
 Has 35 M in population
 In Metro Manila alone, we have
1/3 of the total population of
Canada
 Higher number of adults just like
in Canada implies that there are
sufficient number of agencies
catering to the needs of the
elderly that is why they live
longer
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 In Philippines, there are higher
number of youth and middle aged
population (65 – 70%)
 Cause: agencies failing to
provide the full potentiality, like
that of their programs
 Effect: poverty rises and there
would be higher liabilities since
they lack enough
capability/manpower/ able-
bodied individuals
 We have resources and
some of such are in the
hands of private individuals
 If most of the population are
young, then they do not have
yet the wholesome
competence, exceptional
abilities to manage the
resources
 We become poorer
because our population
ratio is on factor of health
which is imbalanced, in as
much as possible, it should
only go with 55 – 45 so that
we do not have much
liabilities
 We also need to have
high number of assets
 It means that
there are people
who have specific
skills and good
health, which can
also help for the
country to be
developed and
make it grow
since they are in
good condition,
which can then
help balance
assets and
liabilities
 Responsibility of
DSWD on its role
as agency to look
into population
development
 Population
development will
look into how
members of
society would look
into growth and
development of
the country
 Gender refers to the sexual orientation that widely covers
gender roles in being (e.g. male, female, lesbian, gay,
bisexual or transgender)
 Gender role – the set of behavioral functions that a person
in a specific gender desires to perform in life based on,
economic challenges, permissive socio-cultural norms
o Implication of gender role: if you are gay, then you are
gay, world does not care but the most important thing
is your choice as livelihood should not rude and not
disadvantageous in the society and the one that is
promoted through the goodness of people
WORK IN ACTION, LEAD BY EXAMPLE, BE THE PROFESSIONAL YOU NEED!
 Humanity needs kind of exceptionality therefore,
whatever your gender is, you should know your
role
 It is nice that psychologists, psychiatrist, students in the
medical field would always be ready to tell something about
human identity so that the human can be able to identify
who he/she is in function as human person
o Necessarily human person should be human being, not
being human
LEAD AGENCIES ATTENDING TO THE ADVOCACIES
OF GENDER ROLES
 DOH (health care services)
o Tasked to perform its mandated to provide the
necessary health care services
 POPCOM (population development)
o Tasked to perform the task of doing population
development
 Population development in its meaning is not just
promoting the contraceptive but it is some kind of
knowing how in certain way there is balance in the
population, in the area of age, in the area of male
and female
 If females are only 10 percent, what would be
the population?
 PCW (gender sensitivity and mainstreaming through rights
advocacy)
o Women can also do what men can do
o In terms of intellectual abilities, not all men has
superiority over women
 In the history of England, they have female prime
minister in the name of Margaret Thatcher
 In the Philippines, we also have women president
 CHED (education, training and reorientation)
o It is not just CHED, but also DOH that undertakes the
education, training and research function
 CSC (employment and workplace rights advocacies)
o DOLE should also be identified here
ENVIRONMENT
 Environment as a determinant of health refers to the
immediate surrounding that account for the social, physical,
biological, chemical as well as climatic conditions where the
humans live with the biotic and abiotic organism or species.
o Environment is a factor of health
o Environment can make or unmake the society or the
people in a certain place
o For environment to be friendly, stable, to provide life,
ensure safety, security, stability, it is the making of
humans
ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
 Social aspect of the environment – refer to the social
support and social networks within a community where
people share resources in order to improve the wellbeing of
individuals and society. The relationship that is formed
reduces or avoids many potential risk to good health
o Social aspect means the behavioral attitudes of the
persons in the society
o Environment that can be influenced by people
 People who inhabit from it are the ones making the
environment
 People can make or unmake the environment
o Social support
 Ability of the humans to be subservient to the
simple sanitation rules
 Ability and the willingness and the voluntariness
and the aspiration of humans to do a little of a
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sacrifice in order that they can be able to promote
the wellbeing of the majority in the environment
o Social network
 Not just a responsibility of one group
 Not just a responsibility of the environmentalist
 It is the responsibility and business of the
everybody
 Business of the government
 Concern of all people be it young or old, be it in
different affiliations (e.g. religious or political
affiliations (across affiliations))
 Networks within community where people share
 There should be self-invocation
 Physical aspect of the environment – refers to absence of
man-caused (e.g. radiation, pathogens and pollution) and
natural phenomenal hazards (e.g. global warming)
o Physical
 Has something to do with whatever is man-made
structures available in the environment
 Whatever is, those called as “kung anong ginawa
ng tao na meron diyan”
 Make-up of the environment is knows
guarantees that can be made available by
people
o We cannot avoid the creation of nuclear
power plants but these power plants
should be regulated, well monitored and
well assessed
 It should be well studied
 People who have good education in
engineering should be the ones
managing it
 Small amounts of leaks or
radiation can give big impact in
the environment (pathogens,
pollutions)
 Metro Manila has airport (MIA/NAIA)
– it was created during the time of
Americans
 It should not be created there
because airports should be far
from the heart of the city
because the turbines of the
airplanes can destroy the ears
and ear systems of the people
in the surrounding (ear can hold
10 decibels)
 Emissions can also affect
 Physical setup – Proper Zoning
 Biological aspect of the environment – refers to the non-
existence of pathogenic organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses
and parasites that cause outbreak of diseases)
o Areas that diseases can be present – low lying areas
(especially if there are flood), dingy and tickly
populated places (especially in Manila (squatter area)
 Chemical aspect of the environment – refers to the absence
of hazardous reagents and substances (e.g. petro-gas
pipes, natural gas deposits and toxic elements in
workplaces
o As stated earlier, in America, there are those pipes that
fuel supplies pass through, but in order to be safe,
there are flexible hose, pipes that even there are
earthquakes, there will be no breakage since if there
would be breakage, there would be friction and it would
be the start of the fire
o They also supply their tubes with water as there are
instances of forest and bush fires since it is difficult to
have chopper to extinguish such fires
o Chemical – refers to the climatic aspect of the
environment
WORK IN ACTION, LEAD BY EXAMPLE, BE THE PROFESSIONAL YOU NEED!
 There are areas that are hot and there are those
that are having cold climates
 In Tuguegarao City alone, temperature can
rise up to 420C, which is why air conditioning
units are always in households in Tuguegarao
City
 When temperature are cold, it is mostly
affecting in the northern parts of the country
 Many people get sick because of the climate
conditions especially those which are
advanced in age
 In other countries, they have ‘fire place’
INCOME
 Income as determinant refers to readiness or availability of
adequate budget allocation of a person or the agencies of
the country to finance the health prevention and
intervention programs and health care services
o Money cannot buy all because money is not the be –
all and end – all but what is said is that people who are
better well off are people who have the freedom to
decide on how they can be able to immediately and
quickly respond to their health ends
 Ex. Enrile (he’s 98) – he has money and he can
have stem cell
 If you have the money, subject yourself for medical
check-up, easily and immediately there is a
medical intervention
OCCUPATION
 Occupation as a factor refers to the nature of work, work
tasks or employment of a person that is determined with
workplace safety and sanitation as well as risks involved in
the performance of duties and responsibilities
o Many get sick because of their occupation but there are
those who have good life because of their occupation
o There are those who have hard job, harmful job but
they have measures/safety procedures
 Those who have risky jobs (those who go up on
cables, in electricity connection wiring and all)
 Those working in shoe-making factories, they use
strong chemicals like rugby causing the worker to
be at risk and etc.
o There should be safety nets in the occupation
o Being a driver needs having ‘airbag’ as you might be
very careful in driving but those whom you are
interacting in the road are not that careful
o Lifetime of people in respect to their occupation: those
who do office work or those working outside?
 Can be a research topic
HIGH RISK OCCUPATIONS
 Exposure for longer time to radiation
 Manufacturing of toxic or acidic chemicals
 High tension electric lines
 Garbage collection
 Traffic Management in urban areas (susceptible to ling and
heart malfunction and brain capacity deteriorations)
 Employees in hazardous workplaces enjoy hazard pay
which is twenty five percent of their salary but is subject to
the availability of funds
PERSONAL HEALTH PRACTICES AND COPING
SKILLS
 Refers practices /skills of a person to prevent him/her from
diseases, e.g. management of illness during the early
stage, conduct of first aid and basic life support
o The personal discipline can contribute to good health
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 TRANS: IMPORTANCE, ASPECTS AND DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
 Too much food intake, sedentary lifestyle can lead
to greater risks
o Leproso can be experienced by those who usually eat
foods which are stinky
 Sometimes it can also be affected by genes
HEALTH SERVICES
 Refer to sound policies, programs, and activities of
government and private institutions anchored to
maintaining and promoting quality health, treatment of
diseases and rehabilitation or post-ailment activities like
improving nutrition status and vaccination of patients
o Has something to do with the programs, projects and
policies of the government and those auxiliary and all
those other partners of the government
 There are health and environment enthusiasts
outside the country that could be international in
character
 When there is collaboration between and
among these internal and external
governmental and non-governmental
people’s organization, when they are being
put together and they are all geared towards
trying to come up with programs, projects and
activities and in commonality, they are all for
health services, this will become determinant
of health
o The ability, the desire, the aspiration and
the willingness of these institutions, be
external, be it internal, be it
governmental, be it private, once they
collaborate, they contribute to the
composite or to the totality of the health
services deserving to our people
WORK IN ACTION, LEAD BY EXAMPLE, BE THE PROFESSIONAL YOU NEED!
CULTURE, TRADITION AND INDIGENOUS
PRACTICE
 Refers to KAP of people along health care that are affected
by the culture and traditions of the communities
o KAP – Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices
o Good Practice: intervention kapag nabalian: use of
‘tawa-tawa’ tree which has curative value
REFERENCES
Notes from the discussion by Prof. Romeo C. Clemente,
PhD, DPA
This subject may not that be too important in the course but, it
can help you to learn that health anchored with economics is
also an important aspect.
We must therefore learn that it should not be taken for granted,
by faith, God had proven that He will be always there. You might
think of this as like a burden to the learning because time and
time again, you also need to pass it, but take it slowly.
It is not just a subject that we must be memorizing each concept,
but also a subject we must take by heart as it will help to make
us better each day when we perceive our future profession.
Be the professional you are needing! Lead by example
Work ahead, future RMT!
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