Colegio de Montalban

Kasiglahan Village, Rodriquez, Rizal

SCIPHYS: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REPORT

THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY:

ESTRADA, GENICA B.
GONZALES, DONALD L.
BINALLA, REGIN T.
PRADO, JONARD P.

PRESENTED TO:
MRS. NORA CONDING
NAME: ESTRADA, GENICA B.

SUBJECT: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

TOPIC: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The Endocrine system is the

collections of glands that produce
hormones that regulate metabolism,
growth and development, tissue function,
sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and
mood, among other things
The word endocrine derives from
the Greek word “endo” meaning within,
and “krine” meaning to separate or
secrete

The endocrine system comprises

various glands and organs that produce hormones, which regulate numerous bodily functions.
Here are the main parts of the endocrine system:
 HYPOTHALAMUS
 PITUITARY
 PINEAL GLAND
 THYROID
 PARATHYROID
 THYMUS
 ADRENALS
 PÁNCREAS
 OVARIES (IN FEMALES)
  TESTICLES (IN MALES)

What are the endocrine system organs?

Your endocrine system consists of three types of tissues:
 Endocrine glands
 Organs
 Endocrine-related tissues.

There are two major categories of glands in the body:

- ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE

ENDOCRINE GLANDS - Are glands that release their produced substance directly into the
blood stream. Endocrine glands are part of the endocrine system, which is a system of
structures within the body that work together to monitor, produce, and secrete hormones
throughout the body. Endocrine glands do not
use ducts to release their products.
 PINEAL GLAND

This is a tiny gland in your brain that’s

beneath the back part of your corpus callosum.
It makes and releases the hormone melatonin.

 PITUITARY GLAND

This is a small, pea-sized gland at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus.
  THYROID GLAND

This is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the

front of your neck under your skin. It releases
hormones that help control your metabolism

 PARATHYROID GLAND

These are four pea-sized glands that are

typically behind your thyroid. Sometimes they
exist along your esophagus or in your chest
(ectopic parathyroid glands).

 ADRENAL GLAND

These are small, triangle-shaped glands on top

of each of your two kidneys.

EXOCRINE GLAND:
These glands create a wide variety
of products and excrete them
through a network or ducts. The
products that are created in the exocrine glands are released to the outside environment (such
as on the skin or in the mouth) and not into the blood stream.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ORGANS - Certain organs in your body also make and release
hormones. An organ is a group of tissues that form a structure that performs specific
important functions in your body. The organs that are part of your endocrine system include:

 HYPOTHALAMUS

This is a structure deep within your brain (which is

an organ). It makes two hormones that your
pituitary gland stores and releases (oxytocin and
vasopressin) and makes and releases two hormones
(dopamine and somatostatin).

 PANCREAS

This organ is in the back of your abdomen

(belly). It’s both an organ and a gland and is
also part of your digestive system. It releases
two hormones that are essential to maintaining
healthy blood sugar levels: insulin and
glucagon.

 OVARIES
These are small, oval-shaped glands located on
either side of your uterus. They produce and
store your eggs (also called ova) and make sex
hormones that control your menstrual cycle
and pregnancy.

 TESTICLES (TESTES)

These are small, round organs

underneath your penis in your scrotum.
They make sperm and sex hormones,
particularly testosterone.

OTHER TISSUES THAT RELEASE

HORMONES:

 KIDNEYS
Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter your blood. They’re part of your urinary
system, but they also produce hormones, like erythropoietin and renin.

 LIVER

Your liver is part of your digestive system, but

it also produces hormones

 PLACENTA

The placenta is a temporary endocrine organ

that forms during pregnancy. It produces
hormones that are important for maintaining
a healthy pregnancy and preparing your
body for labor and breastfeeding (chest
feeding).

FUNCTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The main regulatory function of the endocrine system are the following:

 METABOLISM –
The endocrine system regulates the rate of metabolism, the sum of chemical
changes that occur in tissues.
 CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE AND DIGESTION –
The endocrine system regulates the level of satiety (fullness) and the
breakdown of food into individual nutrients.

 WATER BALANCE –
The endocrine system regulates water balance by controlling solutes in the
blood.
 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION –
The endocrine system helps regulate the heart rate and blood pressure and help
prepare the body for physical activity.
 CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE AND OTHER NUTRIENTS –
The endocrine system regulates the level of blood glucose and other nutrients
in the blood.
 CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION –
The endocrine system controls the development and function of the
reproductive systems in male and female.
NAME: BINALLA, REGINE T.

SUBJECT: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

TOPIC: NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

What is Neuroendocrine System?

The neuroendocrine system is a complex network of interactions between the nervous system
and the endocrine system. It involves the release of hormones by specialized cells in response to
signals from the nervous system. These hormones then regulate various physiological
processes in the body, such as metabolism, reproduction, stress response, growth and
development, and fluid balance.

 Metabolism
Hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones regulate energy metabolism,
nutrient uptake, and storage.
 Reproduction
Hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and follicle- st imulating
hormone (FSH) regulate reproductive functions, including menstruation, ovulation,
and sperm production.
 Stress Response
Hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) are released in response to
stressors, helping the body respond to challenges by increasing heart rate, blood
pressure, and energy availability.
 Growth and Development
 Growth hormone (GH) and other growth factors play key roles in cell proliferation,
different iation, and t issue growth, influencing overall growth and development from
childhood through adulthood.

 Fluid Balance
Hormones such as antidiuret ic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone help regulate fluid
balance and electrolyte levels in the body, ensuring proper hydration and blood
pressure regulation.

Two Chemical Categories of Hormone

1. Lipid-Soluble Hormone

Lipid-soluble hormones are hormones that are soluble in lipids (fats) and therefore can
easily pass through cell membranes. These hormones include steroid hormones (such
as cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone) and thyroid hormones (such as thyroxine, or T4,
and triiodothyronine, or T3).

Unlike water-soluble hormones, which cannot pass through the cell membrane easily
due to their polar nature, lipid-soluble hormones can diffuse direct ly across the lipid
bilayer of cell membranes. Once inside the cell, they bind to specific receptor proteins
located in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The hormone-receptor complex then acts as a
transcription factor, direct ly influencing gene expression and protein synthesis within
the target cell.

Due to their ability to direct ly affect gene expression, lipid-soluble hormones often
have slower but more prolonged effects compared to water-soluble hormones, which
typically act more rapidly through cell surface receptors and second messenger
systems.

2. Water-Soluble Hormone
 Water-soluble hormones are hormones that are soluble in water but not in lipids (fats).
These hormones include peptidehormones, protein hormones, and catecholamines.

Peptide hormones and protein hormones are composed of chains of amino acids, while
catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. These hormones cannot pass
through the cell membrane easily due to their polar nature. Therefore, they typically
bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells.

Upon binding to their receptors, water-soluble hormones trigger intracellular signaling

pathways, often involving second messenger systems such as cyclic AMP (cAMP),
calcium ions (Ca^2+), or inositol triphosphate (IP3). These pathways ultimat ely lead to
various physiological responses within the target cell.

Water-soluble hormones generally act relatively quickly compared to lipid-soluble

hormones, which must pass through the cell membrane to bind to intracellular
receptors.

Control of Hormone Secretion

3 types of Stimuli Regulate Hormone Release

 Hormonal Stimuli

Hormone release can also be regulated by other hormones. This form of regulation involves a
cascade of hormonal signals, where one hormone st imulates or inhibits the release of another
hormone from an endocrine gland. For example, the hypothalamus secretes releasing and
inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland, which
in turn st imulates other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

 Humoral Stimuli

This type of regulation involves changes in the concentration of certain ions or nutrients in
theblood. When blood levels of a particular substance deviate from the normal range, it can
trigger hormone release to restore homeostasis. For example, the secretion of insulin by the
pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels is an example of humoral st imuli.

 Neural Stimuli
Some hormones are released in response to neural signals. Nerve impulses can st imulate or
inhibit hormone secretion from certain endocrine glands. For instance, the release of
adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal medulla in response to stress is regulated by neural
st imuli from the sympat hetic nervous system.

These three types of st imuli work together to maint ain hormonal balance in the body and
regulate various physiological processes.

NAME: GONZALES, DONALD

SUBJECT: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
TOPIC: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
 Endocrine glands are specialized organs in the body responsible for producing and
secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel throughout the
body to regulate various physiological processes, such as metabolism, growth and
development, reproduction, mood, and stress response.

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system and
released into the bloodstream. These molecules travel throughout the body and exert specific
effects on target cells or organs, regulating various physiological processes and maintaining
homeostasis. Hormones play crucial roles in coordinating growth and development,
metabolism, reproduction, mood regulation, and responses to stress and environmental
changes.

HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is in the lower central part of
the brain. It links the endocrine system and nervous
system. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus make chemicals
that control the release of hormones secreted from the
pituitary gland. The hypothalamus gathers information
sensed by the brain (such as the surrounding temperature,
light exposure, and feelings) and sends it to the pituitary.
This information influences the hormones that the pituitary makes and releases.

PITUITARY GLAND

Pituitary gland (also known as hypophysis) is a

small, pea-sized gland located at the base of brain below
hypothalamus. It’s a part of endocrine system and is in
charge of making several essential hormones. Pituitary
gland also tells other endocrine system glands to release
hormones.

Major Parts of Pituitary Glands

Anterior Pituitary Gland

 Also known as adenohypophysis.

 The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes various hormones under the control of
releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary Gland

 Also known as the neurohypophysis.

 It originates from an outgrowth of the hypothalamus called the hypothalamic
neurosecretory cells.
 The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones itself but stores and releases
hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

SECRETIONS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Growth Hormone (GH)

Essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs. It also
enhances protein synthesis, decreases the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction.

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Essential for the growth of the adrenal cortex, It stimulate the adrenal glands to
release cortisol.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland.
It stimulates the production of the Calcitonin, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), by
the thyroid gland by binding to its receptors in the thyroid gland.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Is a gonadotropic hormone. It stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female to
undergo oogenesis and spermatogenesis in the male.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

 Is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of corpus luteum in the
female ovarian follicles and the production of testosterone in the male. The yellow corpus
luteum remains after ovulation; it produces estrogen and progesterone.

Prolactin (PRL)
stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production
during pregnancy. The sucking motion of the baby stimulates prolactin secretion.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):

Regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after
exposure to sunlight

SECRETIONS FROM THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the
amount of water and salt in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the amount of
urine that is made.
Antidiuretic hormone is made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus and is secreted
into the blood by the pituitary gland

Oxytocin
Stimulates the uterus to contract during labor and delivery. It also stimulates the
mammary glands to release milk.
Human body also produce oxytocin when we're excited by sexual partner, and when
experience love.

PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland, also called the pineal body or epiphysis
cerebri, is a tiny gland in your brain that’s located beneath the
back part of the corpus callosum. It secretes the hormones like
melatonin and serotonin. Pineal gland’s main job is to help
control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by
secreting melatonin.
SECRETIONS FROM PINEAL GLAND

Melatonin
Communicates information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body.
Has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such
as a lower production of gastric secretions at night.

Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood,
sleep, anger, and metabolism.
Serotonin is often called the body's natural "feel-good" chemical because it makes a person
feel happy and calm at normal levels.

THYROID GLAND

Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate
the body's metabolic rate, growth and development. It plays
a role in controlling heart, muscle and digestive function,
brain development and bone maintenance. Its correct
functioning depends on a good supply of iodine from the
diet.

SECRETIONS FROM THE THYROID GLAND

Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate
calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it
Thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3):
essential to BMR – basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a person’s body burns calories
while at rest); influences physical/mental development and growth.

PARATHYROID GLAND
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid
hormone, which plays a key role in the
regulation of calcium levels in the blood.
Precise calcium levels are important in the
human body, since small changes can cause
muscle and nerve problems.

SECRETIONS FROM THE THYROID GLAND

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The parathyroid hormone stimulates the following functions:
 Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream
 Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines

THYMUS

Is a small gland that’s part of endocrine and

lymphatic system. Lymphatic system is a part of your
immune system. It helps defend against infection and
disease.

SECRETIONS FROM THE THYMUS

Thymosin
Hormone that is necessary for the Thymus’ normal production of T cell for the
immune system.

ADRENAL GLAND
Adrenal Gland
Also known as suprarenal glands, are small,
triangle-shaped glands that are located on top of each
of two kidneys. They’re a part of endocrine system
and produce certain hormones that help regulate several important bodily functions,
including:
 Metabolism
 Immune system
 Blood pressure
 Response to stress
 Development of sexual characteristics.

The triangular-shaped adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney. The inside is
called the adrenal medulla and the outside layer is called the adrenal cortex.

SECRETIONS FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX

Cortisol
Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; has an anti-inflammatory effect;
helps the body cope during times of stress, also known as stress hormone.

Aldosterone
It is a hormone that plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and the levels of
sodium and potassium (electrolytes) in blood. This means aldosterone helps regulate blood
pH (how acidic or basic it is) by controlling the levels of electrolytes in blood

Androgens
Several hormones including testosterone; they promote the development of secondary
sex characteristics in the male. Androgens are usually thought of as male hormones, but the
female body naturally produces a small amount of androgens too

SECRETIONS FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

Dopamine
 Is a type of neurotransmitter and hormone. It plays a role in many important body
functions, including movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation.

Epinephrine
Is also called adrenalin. It elevates systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and
cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose from the liver… giving a spurt of energy,
dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is
often used to counteract an allergic reaction.

Norepinephrine
like epinephrine, is released when the body is under stress. It creates the underlying
influence in the fight or flight response. While epinephrine has slightly more of an effect on
your heart, norepinephrine has more of an effect on your blood vessels
NAME: PRADO, JONARD P.
SUBJECT: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
TOPIC: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Endocrine System: Hormones

The endocrine system uses
hormones as its messengers to
communicate with the body's organs
and tissues. Hormones are released into
the bloodstream and travel to their
intended organ or tissue, where they are
recognized and responded to by
receptors in the target organ or tissue.

Below are some of the examples of

hormones that are produced by the
endocrine system:

Hormones Organ: Secreting gland(s) Functions

BRAIN
Thyrotropin-releasing Hypothalamus Stimulates the release of
hormone (TRH) thyroid-stimulating hormone
 and prolactin from the
anterior pituitary gland
Triggers sexual development
at the onset of puberty and
maintains female and male
Gonadotropin-releasing
physiology after that by
hormone (GRH)
controlling the release of
follicle-stimulating hormone
and luteinizing hormone.
Stimulates the secretion of
Growth hormone-releasing
growth hormone by the
hormone (GHRH)
anterior pituitary
Stimulates the release of
Corticotropin-releasing adrenocorticotropic
hormone (CRH) hormone from the anterior
pituitary
Inhibits the release of both
growth hormone and
Somatostatin thyroid-stimulating
hormone, and various
intestinal hormones
Inhibits the release of
prolactin from the anterior
pituitary, modulates motor-
Dopamine
control centers, and
activates the reward centers
of the brain.
Also known as the anti-
diuretic hormone or ADH,
Vasopressin acts on the collecting ducts
in the kidneys to facilitate
reabsorption of water
Oxytocin Stimulates contractions of
the uterus at birth and
 release of milk when an
infant begins to breastfeed
Known to increase appetite.
So these hormones enhance
Orexin & ghrelin the action of the lateral
hypothalamic nucleus while
leptin does the reverse.
Promotes the function of the
Leptin ventromedial nucleus by
decreasing appetite
Melatonin Pineal Controls sleep-wake cycles
Follicle-stimulating hormone Controls the production of
(FSH) eggs and sperm
Controls estrogen and
Lutenizing hormone testosterone production as
well as ovulation
Pituitary
Helps with lactation,
Oxytocin childbirth, and mother-child
bonding
Promotes breast-milk
Prolactin
production
THYROID
Thyroid Helps control several body
functions, including the rate
Thyroid hormone
of metabolism and energy
levels.
Triiodothyronine (T3) and These hormones are an
Thyroxine (T4) essential component of the
endocrine system and
regulate many bodily
functions, including
metabolism, internal
temperature, skin, hair, and
nail growth, as well as
 weight and energy levels.
Controls calcium levels in
Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid
bones and blood
THYMUS
Fuels the production of T-
Thymopoietin cells and tells the pituitary
gland to release hormones
Thymus gland Helps make specialized of
Thymosin & thymulin
T-cells.
Keeps your immune system
Thymic humoral factor
working properly.
PANCREAS
Helps increase levels or
Glucagon
blood glucose (blood sugar)
Pancreas
Helps reduce your blood
Insulin
glucose levels
KIDNEY
Increase blood pressure,
Adrenaline heart rate, and metabolism
in reaction to stress.
Controls the body’s salt and
Aldosterone
water balance
Adrenal
Plays a role in stress
Cortisol
response
Aids in production of body
Dehydroepiandrosterone
odor and growth of body
sulfate
hair during puberty
TESTES
Contributes to sex drive and
body density in males and
Testosterone Ovary, testes & adrenal females as well as
development of male sex
characteristics.
OVARY
 Works to regulate the
menstrual cycle, maitain
Estrogen pregnancy, and develop
female sex characteristics;
Ovary
aids in sperm production
Helps prepare the body fr
Progesterone pregnancy when an egg is
fertilized

CONDITIONS THAT CAN AFFECT THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hormone levels can occasionally be too high or low. Your health may be affected in a
number of ways when this occurs. The hormone that is out of balance determines the
symptoms and indicators.

HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hyperthyroidism happens when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones
than necessary. This can be caused by a range of things, including autoimmune conditions.

Some common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:

 Fatigue
 Nervousness
 Weight loss
 Diarrhea
 Issues tolerating heat
 Fast heart rate
 Trouble sleeping

Treatment depends on how severe the condition is, as well as its underlying cause. Options
include medications, radio iodine therapy, or surgery.
Graves‘ disease is an autoimmune disorder and a common form of hyperthyroidism. In
people with Graves‘ disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid, which causes it to
produce more thyroid hormone than usual.

HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism occurs when your thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone. Similar
to hyperthyroidism, it has many potential causes.

Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

 Fatigue
 Weight gain
 Constipation
 Issues tolerating the cold
 Dry skin and hair
 Slow heart rate
 Irregular periods
 Fertility issues

Treatment for hypothyroidism involves supplementing your thyroid hormone with

medication.

CUSHING SYNDROME
Cushing syndrome happens due to high levels of the hormone cortisol.

Common symptoms of Cushing syndrome include:

 Weight gain
 Fatty deposits in the face, midsection, or shoulders
 Stretch marks, particularly on the arms, thighs, and abdomen
 Slow healing of cuts, scrapes, and insect bites
 Thin skin that bruises easily
 Irregular periods
 Decreased sex drive and fertility in males

Treatment depends on the cause of the condition and can include medications, radiation
therapy, or surgery.

ADDISON’S DISEASE
Addison’s disease happens when your adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol or
aldosterone. Some symptoms of Addison’s disease include:

 Fatigue
 Weight loss
 Abdominal pain
 Low blood sugar
 Nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Irritability
 A craving for salt or salty foods
 Irregular periods

Treatment for Addison’s disease involves taking medications that help replace the hormones
your body isn’t producing enough of.

DIABETES
Diabetes refers to a condition in which your blood sugar levels aren’t regulated within a
certain range.

People with diabetes have too much glucose in their blood (high blood sugar). There are two
types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Some common symptoms of diabetes include:

 Fatigue
 Increased hunger or thirst
 Frequent urge to urinate
 Irritability
 Frequent infections

Treatment for diabetes can include blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, and medications.
Lifestyle changes, such as getting regular exercise and eating a balanced diet, can also help.

POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)

This common condition is caused by unbalanced reproductive hormones in people with
ovaries, which can create issues in the ovaries. Living with PCOS can mean that an egg may
not be released every month, or may not develop as it should when it is released.

Some of the common symptoms of PCOS are:

 Irregular periods
 Fertility issues
 Cysts that form on the ovaries
 Acne
 Hirsutism, which is an unusual amount of hair growth on the face or chin
 Thinning hair
 Weight gain
 Skin tags

Treatment for PCOS focuses on easing the symptoms. Treatments include medications, like
birth control and metformin, and lifestyle changes, such as focusing on nutrition and trying to
reach a moderate weight if your doctor has recommended it.

HYPOGONADISM
A common condition, especially in older males and occasionally in females, hypogonadism is
caused by a lowered production of the sex hormone testosterone. This can lead to lowered
libido, as well as a variety of other symptoms, such as:

 Erectile dysfunction in people with a penis

 Reduced energy
 Reduced muscle mass
 Depressed mood
 Increased irritability

Treatment for hypogonadism focuses on improved testosterone levels. Testosterone

replacement therapy and lifestyle changes (such as working toward a moderate weight if your
doctor has recommended it) are two popular methods.

OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis is an abnormal loss of bone mass and changes in bone tissue. It can be caused
by a variety of issues, but two common causes are lowered estrogen levels in people with
ovaries and lowered testosterone levels in people with testicles. These lowered hormone
levels can be caused by age, as well as other diseases.

Osteoporosis doesn‘t always cause obvious symptoms. But some of the more common
symptoms are bone fractures and injuries related to minor falls, lifting, and even coughing.

Treatment for osteoporosis focuses on slowing or stopping bone loss. Proper nutrition,
exercise, and medications are three of the most common treatments.

ACROMEGALY
This rare disease is caused when the body makes too much growth hormone, which is mainly
produced in the pituitary gland. Mostly diagnosed in middle-aged adults, it can cause organs,
bones, cartilage, organs, and certain tissues to grow in size.

The common symptoms of acromegaly include:

 Swollen nose
 Swollen ears
 Swollen hands and feet
 Joint aches
 A deeper voice than usual
 An increase in sweating and body odor
Treatment for acromegaly includes medications, radiation therapy, and surgery

MENOPAUSE
Menopause is a natural process that occurs when a woman's ovaries stop producing eggs and
her menstrual cycles cease. It is associated with a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels,
leading to symptoms such as;
 Irregular menstrual cycle
 Hot flashes
 Night sweats
 Vaginal Dryness
 Sleep disturbances
 Mood changes
 Fatigue
 Weight gain
 Changes in libido
 Joint pain and muscle aches
 Memory problems

Treatment decisions should be individualized based on a woman's overall health, medical

history, and preferences. It's important to discuss treatment options thoroughly with a
healthcare provider to make informed decisions about managing menopausal symptoms.
Regular follow-up appointments are essential to monitor treatment effectiveness and adjust
the treatment plan as needed.

GYNECOMASTIA
This condition involves the development of breast tissue in males due to an imbalance of
estrogen and testosterone hormones. It can occur during infancy, puberty, or later in life due
to various factors such as hormonal disorders, medication side effects, or certain health
conditions.

The common symptoms includes:

 Enlarge breast tissue
  Swelling
 Breast sensitivity
 Asymmetry
 Pseudogynecomastia
 Psychological effects
 Tenderness of Pain
 Nipple changes
 Nipple discharge

Before pursuing any treatment for gynecomastia, it's essential to consult with a healthcare
provider for proper evaluation and guidance. Treatment recommendations will depend on the
underlying cause of gynecomastia, overall health status, and individual preferences.
Additionally, regular follow-up appointments may be necessary to monitor treatment
effectiveness and address any concerns or complications.

DELAYED PUBERTY
Delayed puberty occurs when the onset of sexual maturation is significantly later than usual.
It can result from hormonal imbalances affecting the production of estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone, or growth hormone.

Common symptoms includes:

 Delayed or Absent Secondary Sexual Characteristics
 Short Stature
 Delayed Bone Age
 Delayed Growth Spurt
 Delayed or Absent Menstruation (Amenorrhea
 Delayed Sexual Maturation
 Psychological Effects

It's essential for individuals with delayed puberty to undergo a comprehensive evaluation by a
healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment
plan. Treatment decisions should be individualized based on the specific needs and
circumstances of each person, and regular follow-up appointments may be necessary to
monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed.