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Full Chapter The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics South Asian Edition Betty Chou Jessica L Bienstock Andrew J Satin PDF
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South Asian Edition of
THE JOHNS HOPKINS
MANUAL OF GYNECOLOGY
AND OBSTETRICS
Sixth Edition
South Asian Edition of
THE JOHNS HOPKINS
MANUAL OF GYNECOLOGY
AND OBSTETRICS
Sixth Edition
Betty Chou, md
Residency Program Director
Assistant Professor
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Andrew J. Satin, md
The Dr. Dorothy Edwards Professor and
Director (Chair) of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Obstetrician/Gynecologist-in-Chief
Johns Hopkins Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Sixth edition
Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer
Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business
Copyright © 2007, 2002 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based on health care professionals’ exam-
ination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior
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publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance, and this work is merely a reference tool. Health
care professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all
medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.
Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional
verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and
treatment options should be made and health care professionals should consult a variety of sources.
When prescribing medication, health care professionals are advised to consult the product information
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tions of use, warnings and side effects, and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications,
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This edition is for sale and distribution in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and the
Maldives. Circulation outside this territory is strictly prohibited.
Andrew J. Satin, MD
Jessica Bienstock, MD, MPH
Betty Chou, MD
vii
Preface
The history of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics extends over 130 years.
We are very proud of our historic tradition of leadership in gynecology, obstetrics,
and our subspecialties, dating back to Drs. Howard Kelly, J.W. Williams, Richard
TeLinde, Nicholson Eastman, Howard and Georgeanna Jones, and so many others
who have come before us. Our proud tradition inspires us today to advance our tri-
partite mission of clinical care, research, and education. In an era of economic and
market challenges to academic medicine, we remain steadfast to ensuring advances in
all arms of our tripartite mission. Now in its sixth edition, this manual continues to
be created by the cooperative efforts of a resident or fellow, faculty preceptor, and a
senior faculty editor at Johns Hopkins. It draws its strength from the collaboration
of experienced faculty and insightful practical input from rising stars in our field. In
using this edition, we hope you will appreciate the camaraderie in which the manual
was created. This manual is truly a team effort. Over the years, this book has been a
trusted companion carried in the lab coats of residents, medical students, and busy
clinicians.
This edition contains several new chapters addressing contemporary topics affect-
ing our patients. Substance abuse, specifically opioid use, in pregnancy has escalated
dramatically in recent years. The rise of fetal therapy programs including management
options for twin-to-twin transfusion led us to expand content on multifetal gestation.
The recognition of the role of genetics prompted a new chapter on genetic and hered-
itary syndromes. In addition to new chapters in obstetrics addressing substance abuse
and multifetal gestation we added chapters on psychiatric disorders, dermatologic
disease, and neoplastic disease in pregnancy. New gynecologic chapters focus on organ
prolapse, incontinence, and benign vulvar disease. Emphasis on safety sciences and
value-based care is pervasive in modern medicine and is now incorporated throughout
the practice of obstetricians and gynecologists. We dedicate a new chapter in this edi-
tion of the manual to this most important topic. As much as things change, we hope
and trust that the content, readability, portability, format, and size continue to have
great appeal for practicing clinicians and learners.
Andrew J. Satin, MD
Jessica Bienstock, MD, MPH
Betty Chou, MD
ix
Contributors
All chapter first authors are current or former residents/clinical fellows of the Johns
Hopkins Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics. All chapter senior authors are
current or former faculty of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Part I: Obstetrics 1
1 Prepregnancy Counseling and Prenatal Care 1
Marlena Simpson Halstead and Rachel Chan Seay
4 Fetal Assessment 45
Nicole R. Gavin and Ahmet Baschat
5 Prenatal Complications 55
Jerome J. Federspiel and Jeanne S. Sheffield
7 Third-Trimester Bleeding 78
Isa Ryan and Shari M. Lawson
8 Perinatal Infections 87
Edward K. Kim and Jeanne S. Sheffield
xix
xx CONTENTS
29 Abortion 386
Jessica K. Lee and Chavi Kahn
Index 797
I Obstetrics
Prepregnancy
1 Counseling and
Prenatal Care
Marlena Simpson Halstead and Rachel Chan Seay
1
2 OBSTETRICS
Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HPV, human papilloma-
virus; IgG, immunoglobulin G.
a
Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Caring for Our Future: The Content
of Prenatal Care. A Report of the Public Health Service Expert Panel. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart-
ment of Health and Human Services; 1989.
Prepregnancy Counseling and Prenatal Care • Prepregnancy Care and Counseling 3
degree of successful control. Further investigation into secondary causes of hy-
pertension and other systemic sequelae may be needed, such as an assessment of
baseline renal function or testing for ventricular hypertrophy. Recommendations
should be made to alter current medication regimens to avoid angiotensin-con-
verting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, as these agents are
contraindicated in pregnancy. Preconception counseling should include a discus-
sion about the risk of adverse outcomes during the pregnancy, including super-
imposed heart failure, stroke, worsening underlying renal disease, preeclampsia,
placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, and preterm delivery.
• Obesity. The incidence of obesity in reproductive-aged women is increasing.
Obesity is associated with problems including but not limited to infertility, re-
current pregnancy loss, preterm delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, ges-
tational diabetes, stillbirth, and higher rates of cesarean delivery.
¢ Optimal control and management obesity ideally occurs prior to conception.
and the majority of these patients are reproductive-aged females. Higher fer-
tility rates are seen following surgery as a result of the rapid weight loss and
restoration of predictable ovulation. Women should be counseled regarding
contraceptive options with the recommendation to avoid pregnancy for 12 to
24 months following bariatric surgery.
Tolerance How many drinks does it take to make you feel high?
Annoyed Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
Cut down Have you ever felt you ought to cut down on your drinking?
Eye-opener Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady
your nerves or get rid of a hangover?
a
Positive score is 2 or more points. Two points are assigned if more than two drinks for the Tolerance
question. One point is assigned if person responds “yes” to the Annoyed, Cut down, or Eye-opener
question.
Prepregnancy Counseling and Prenatal Care • Prepregnancy Care and Counseling 5
• Opioids. The prevalence of opioid use in pregnancy has increased dramatically in
recent years. Opioid use disorder is a chronic disease that can be managed success-
fully when identified. Several validated screening tools exist, and ACOG recom-
mends early universal screening in pregnancy for opioid use disorder.
• Opioids can be ingested orally, intravenously, or by inhalation. They can be swal-
lowed, chewed, or placed as suppositories. All opioid substances may result in
overdose, causing respiratory depression or death. Additionally, injected opioids
carry the risk of blood-borne diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) and hepatitis, and additional vaccination and testing should be consid-
ered. Opioid use disorder is also associated with concomitant psychiatric disor-
ders such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Thus, mental
health screening is particularly important in these patients.
• The literature is inconsistent regarding the risk of congenital anomalies follow-
ing prenatal opioid exposure. Chronic use during pregnancy is associated with
an increased risk of fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, stillbirth, and placen-
tal abruption. Neonatal abstinence syndrome is the drug withdrawal pattern that
may develop in neonates exposed to chronic maternal opioid use in utero. It may
last days to weeks and is characterized by poor feeding, poor sleep, hypertonicity,
sneezing, high-pitched cry, diarrhea, tremors, or seizure.
• Cocaine. Many of the adverse effects of cocaine are related to vasoconstriction
or hypertensive events. Cocaine use is associated with cardiac ischemia, cerebral
infarction or hemorrhage, and malignant hypertension and may lead to sudden
cardiac death. Cocaine use in pregnancy is associated with spontaneous abortion,
stillbirth, placental abruption, preterm labor, preterm rupture of membranes, and
fetal growth restriction. Fetuses exposed to cocaine in utero have an increased risk
of behavioral abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and impaired motor function.
• Amphetamine. Data are limited when looking specifically at methamphetamine
use in pregnancy. Women who use methamphetamine frequently use other illicit
drugs as well which can confound outcomes. As trends demonstrate an increase in
use within the United States, it is important to be aware of this compound and its
effects. Methamphetamine can be ingested orally, intravenously, or rectally as well
as by inhalation or nasal insufflation. Intrauterine exposure has been consistently
associated with infants who are small for gestational age and may increase the risk
of early childhood neurodevelopmental abnormalities. At present, teratogenicity
has not been demonstrated.
Psychiatric Health
Psychiatric illness during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of postpartum psy-
chiatric illness, less or inconsistent prenatal care, and poor maternal and infant out-
comes. In addition, antidepressants and antipsychotic medications have been associated
with decreased ovulation and infertility. Evaluation for psychiatric illness and optimi-
zation of a medical regimen should be encouraged prior to pregnancy (see chapter 18).
Review of Medications
All prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, and dietary supplements should
be reviewed. Male partners should also be screened for the use of androgens, which
is associated with male factor infertility. If attempting pregnancy, it is important to
review the safety of all current medications prior to conception. Secondary to the
6 OBSTETRICS
Language: German
Kulturgeschichte
der Deutschen
im Mittelalter
Von
1916
Verlag von Quelle & Meyer in Leipzig
Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
Altenburg
Pierersche Hofbuchdruckerei
Stephan Geibel & Co.
Inhaltsverzeichnis.
Seite
Einleitung: Kultur und Volkstum 1
Erstes Kapitel: Zusammenstoß und erste Auseinandersetzung
urdeutschen Wesens mit der Weltkultur 3
Zweites Kapitel: Erste Fortschritte deutschen Lebens im
Rahmen deutscher Eigenart unter wachsender Führung
der Herrenschicht (Ländlich-kriegerische Kultur) 21
Drittes Kapitel: Die stärkere Durchdringung deutschen Lebens
mit der antik-kirchlichen Kultur unter zunehmender
Beeinflussung durch die Romanen: Aristokratisches
Zeitalter 58
Viertes Kapitel: Ausbildung einer allgemeineren Laienkultur
volkstümlichen Charakters: Bürgerlich-demokratisches
Zeitalter 113
Einleitung.
Kultur und Volkstum.
Fußnote:
[1] Vgl. die näheren Ausführungen in meinem Aufsatz: Kultur und
Volkstum im »Archiv für Kulturgeschichte« Bd. VIII, Heft 2.
Erstes Kapitel.
Zusammenstoß und erste Auseinandersetzung
urdeutschen Wesens mit der Weltkultur.