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PDF The Texas Chain Saw Massacre The Film That Terrified A Rattled Nation Joseph Lanza Ebook Full Chapter
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Copyright © 2019 by Joseph Lanza
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN: 978-1-5107-3790-7
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-5107-3792-1
The Carpenters
Johnny Carson
Alice Cooper
Wes Craven
Paul Ehrlich
Charles Fort
Ed Gein
Patty Hearst
E. Howard Hunt
Henry Kissinger
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
R.D. Laing
Norman Lear
Linda Lovelace
Martha Mitchell
Richard M. Nixon
Madalyn Murray O’Hair
The Ray Conniff Singers
Charles A. Reich
Marie Hèlène de Rothschild
B.F. Skinner
The Trilateral Commission
Loudon Wainwright III
The Zodiac Killer(s)
For Nicolas Roeg
(1928–2018)
Special thanks to the University of Texas Press, Louis Black
Productions, and Watchmaker Films for essential information on
Tobe Hooper and his early work.
“From everything that’s happened, from the way people act, the threats that
have been made, I get the sensation of conspiracy at work. What the nature
is, or even the rationale, is a subject I find increasingly fascinating.”
—from E. Howard Hunt’s 1973 novel, The Coven
CHAPTER ONE
“THE ZEITGEIST BLEW THROUGH”
CHAPTER TWO
“CRYPTOEMBRYONIC” JOURNEY
CHAPTER THREE
SCARY WEATHER
CHAPTER FOUR
“I WAS THE KILLER!”
CHAPTER FIVE
“THE COST OF ELECTRICITY”
CHAPTER SIX
“GRISLY WORK”
CHAPTER SEVEN
“A WHOLE FAMILY OF DRACULAS”
CHAPTER EIGHT
THE COOK AND THE “CROOK”
CHAPTER NINE
“YOU THINK THIS IS A PARTY??”
CHAPTER TEN
LEATHERFACE AND LOVELACE
CHAPTER ELEVEN
YOU’RE GONNA MEET SOME MENTAL PEOPLE
CHAPTER TWELVE
NO COUNTRY FOR “JUST AN OLD MAN”
In the early 1970s, before Jaws, Star Wars, Saturday Night Fever,
Jimmy Carter, and even the pet rock, America writhed in a pre-disco
inferno.
CHAPTER ONE
“You don’t have to look and you don’t have to see ’Cause you
can feel it in your olfactory.”
—“DEAD SKUNK,” LOUDON WAINWRIGHT III
O
ne day in Austin, Texas, during a frantic Christmas shopping
season in 1972, Tobe Hooper had an epiphany. He stood in a
crowded hardware section of a Montgomery Ward, wary of the
holiday spirit, and desperate for an exit. Noticing a bunch of chain saws in
an upright display, he fantasized about slicing and dicing his way through
the consumer swarm. He repressed his dream of a Yuletide bloodbath, but
once he escaped the claustrophobic maw and settled back home, visions of
chain saws whirred in his head, setting off a chain reaction of story ideas.
Hooper’s muse appeared at a wild time in modern U.S. history. In the
early ’70s, before Jaws, Star Wars, Saturday Night Fever, Jimmy Carter,
and even the pet rock, America writhed in a pre-disco inferno. As he told
Texas Monthly in 2004, “I went home, sat down, all the channels just tuned
in, the zeitgeist blew through, and the whole damn story came to me in
what seemed like about thirty seconds. The hitchhiker, the older brother at
the gas station, the girl escaping twice, the dinner sequence, people out in
the country out of gas.”
While Hooper plotted out his narrative, the holiday season of 1972 was
already fraught with Hooper-ish gloom. Nixon won his re-election in a
landslide the month before, but shadows of scandal stalked him when a
grand jury indicted seven of the Watergate burglars months before. Bob
Woodward and Carl Bernstein were already on a case that would
metastasize, forcing many Americans to perceive their Commander-in-
Chief as a mask with two faces: the leader and the liar, the potentate and the
scoundrel. Like Hooper in the hardware department, the President grew
impatient and sought a violent solution. This time he had an alibi. The
North Vietnamese stalled about signing a peace accord, so he ordered the
Christmas bombings over Hanoi and Haiphong, with dozens of U.S. airmen
becoming casualties, captors, or among the missing.
Also, during the dark December of 1972, the final manned Apollo
moon-landing mission returned to Earth as a bittersweet swansong to the
“space age.”
On December 8, United Flight 553 crashed into a residential area near
Chicago’s Midway Airport, killing Dorothy Hunt, wife to the infamous
Watergate player E. Howard Hunt. Mrs. Hunt (involved in OSS and later
CIA activities since World War II) was allegedly carrying thousands in cash
at the time. Some conspiracy theorists believe the crash was the result of
sabotage, and that Mrs. Hunt might have also been aiding her husband in
either blackmailing or exposing the president regarding his connections
from Watergate and all the way back to the Bay of Pigs fiasco.
Then, on December 23, the otherwise miraculous discovery of sixteen
plane crash survivors in the Andes took a macabre twist when they credited
their seventy-two-day endurance to cannibalism. It seems that Hooper’s
Chain Saw storyline was writing itself, drawing from events and moods in
America and sometimes from around the globe. Occasions formed
confluences with other occasions: social, political, and personal themes that
would make The Texas Chain Saw Massacre more than just a movie.
With his collaborator Kim Henkel, Hooper planned a post-’60s version
of Hansel and Gretel: lost but blindly optimistic young people wandering
into strange places that waited to gobble them up. But instead of
gingerbread houses or old-fashioned witches, they looked to grislier serial
killers, people like Ed Gein—the Wisconsin ghoul who (though credited
with only two official murders) dug up graves to make clothing and
furniture from the corpses. Hitchcock had already invoked Gein in Psycho
(with other films to follow), but Hooper and Henkel knew they had to
compete with the standards already laid out by George Romero’s Night of
the Living Dead and Wes Craven’s The Last House on the Left.
In January of 1973, shortly after his second inauguration, Nixon
announced on radio and television that he and Henry Kissinger devised a
plan for “peace with honor” to end the Vietnam War. The speech was short,
to the point, and shocking to many in the press who expected something
direr. Despite cynicism from media talking heads, this proved to be Nixon’s
final presidential power play, the last moment for the President to save face
before a deluge of dirt started leaking from the Oval Office and onto
newsprint.
Hooper and Henkel once planned a fairy-tale look with trolls creeping
out from beneath bridges, but they instead got a readymade Chain Saw
muse via Nixon’s political transgressions. A doctor that Hooper knew
provided more ideas, specifically when he bragged about making a mask
from a cadaver during his pre-med days. Like the ensuing events, the
movie’s title also shifted. According to Robert Burns (who served as art
director, casting director, and taxidermist of dead animals), an early title
idea was “Saturn in Retrograde.” Then it was “Head Cheese” and “Stalking
Leatherface” before condensing into “Leatherface.”
Later, a man named Warren Skaaren, who served as the Texas Film
Commission’s first director, helped them broker a deal to finance the film
with the help of another investor named Bill Parsley, who acted as Texas
Tech University’s vice president of financial affairs and had enough pull
with oilman R.B. McGowen. Together, they helped to raise the initial
$60,000 to make the film. Parsley’s lawyer, another name that would appear
in the movie credits, was Robert Kuhn, a buttoned-down type who got
skittish when he saw Hooper and Henkel in his office, wondering (from
what he judged as their dazed-hippie appearance) if they were up to the task
of earning back the money.
Skaaren offered another vital contribution. A week prior to principal
photography, he suggested they rename the film as The Texas Chain Saw
Massacre. Leatherface star Gunnar Hansen claimed to have hated it then
but also admitted that its sensationalism alone got thousands of people to
donate a slice of their mundane lives to experience what some critics would
acclaim with such kudos as “unrelenting horror.”
Hooper and Henkel started collaborating on Chain Saw in January and
February of 1973. That is when Hooper claimed to get additional inspiration
from two albums. But here his memory seems to lapse. He told journalists
(including the Austin Chronicle in 2000) that it might have been Elton
John’s Goodbye Yellow Brick Road or Lou Reed’s Berlin. Elton John’s
album and song, however, hit the Billboard charts in October of 1973, the
same month that Reed’s album debuted.
The more likely tune is a folk ditty that nourished the airwaves by the
early months: Loudon Wainwright III’s Top 40 novelty “Dead Skunk.” It
was the ideal metaphor that would, for Hooper, evolve into the visual and
implied impact of a rotting armadillo, an Austin mascot, which lay in the
middle of the steamy route as a group of five unwary youths crossed its
path. The verbal word play between Wainwright’s use of “olfactory” and
the story’s old slaughter factory might also have fermented in Hooper’s
head.
From the first reeking shooting days in July of 1973 (during one of
Texas’s hottest summers) and its post-production and reshoots starting in
mid-August, to the maneuvers required to get it distributed and finally
presented to a viewing public in October of the following year, the film and
the circumstances leading up to its public presentation serve as a metaphor
for the early ’70s mayhem. Many of these connections between art and life
might not have been Hooper’s conscious intent all of the time, but in
retrospect, the film casts an eerie reflection on what Jimmy Carter would
later call America’s “crisis of confidence,” particularly for those of the
working and middle classes who started to feel the sting of falling from
their post-World War II ascension and seeing their American Dream
disemboweled.
Today, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is a work that nearly every age
group knows about and whose power continues to reign over many
daydreams and nightmares. In the many decades since it premiered to an
alternately ecstatic, appalled, shocked, and nauseated crowd, it became part
of the Museum of Modern Art’s permanent collection. It has earned
Entertainment Weekly’s scariest film category (second only to The
Exorcist). Slant magazine made it #1 in its Top 100 all-time Greatest Horror
Movies. Texas can claim it as its most financially fruitful movie, garnering
loads more than its relatively meager production funds, despite much of the
loot never entering the creators’ pockets. But The Texas Chain Saw
Massacre has grander historical importance.
This book will explore The Texas Chain Saw Massacre as a collection
of stories within a story, conveyed through clues, suggestions, and uncanny
connections that make its principal characters pawns in a larger game. The
solar flares, the desecrated graves, the harrowing radio announcements, the
quirky weather, the mumbling drunk at the cemetery who claims to know
more than everyone else, the dying cattle in the old factory where
Leatherface’s family used to slaughter them with a quick plunk of the
sledge, the blood-soaked shape that the hitchhiker leaves on the hippies’
van, and the voodoo trappings outside the Hardesty grandparents’ home—
all offer signs that, far from being sappy supernatural lures, are more
terrifying for being so mundane. The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is secular
horror at its best.
Instead of regarding the film as simply a work with actors, directors,
producers, budgets, and shooting schedules, readers should appreciate
Hooper’s masterpiece as a wider visceral experience: a tale engorged with
newsworthy analogies. Here is where seemingly disparate ideas and images
briefly come together in a world teeming with menace and traversed by
souls that have lost their way. “You could feel that things were on edge and
had the potential for popping,” Mr. Hooper would say.
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre had all of the timely fixings:
unprecedented gore, “evil” Southern rednecks, lost and searching youths,
hippie chicks, allusions to the oil crisis and economic recessions,
unprecedented fixations on death and disaster, and that other morbid interest
that accelerated in the ’70s—astrology.
Hooper and Henkel’s 16mm monster—destined to expand into 35mm—
reveled in a stew of gore, oppressive weather, a miserable cast and crew,
and many putrid smells that lingered while the world outside also raged.
Assaults from the right, the left, and mindbenders in between, left many
Americans escaping into hedonism, quaking at threats of economic
collapse, and shuddering at a fusillade of media images reminding them of
death, including numerous accounts of real-life ritual murders with a
religious taint. With these varying subjects in mind, this book will look at
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre less as just a movie and more as a
multilayered hologram of astounding, confusing, and terrifying times.
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several thousands every year, but in 1902 they sank to the
comparatively small total of 600. But whilst every endeavour is made
to govern the country on lines acceptable to and understood by the
people, there are, of course, some points on which the policy of a
civilized government is necessarily in opposition to very deep-rooted
customs and habits to such a degree as to completely upset the old
basis of social life. In a minor degree this is true of the partial
application of the game laws to natives, but of far greater importance
is our attitude towards the institution of slavery and the slave-trade.
The occupation of the Soudan has been a tremendous blow to
slavery; one of the principal recruiting-grounds for slaves has
practically been closed. A certain amount of slave-raiding goes on
along the Abyssinian frontier. Descents are periodically made by
parties one to two hundred strong, well armed, from the south-
western districts of Abyssinia. They raid the Barun negroes, and
carry off the women and children. The same kind of thing is apt to
happen on the Darfur frontier, and some of the remote tribes in the
same quarter sometimes raid each other with the object of getting
slaves. Some of these, but not many, find their way to Dongola, or
the Ghezireh; others are taken to Tripoli. Special steps have now
been taken by the Anti-Slavery Department of the Egyptian
Government, which now has its headquarters at Khartoum, to put
down this traffic. Two extra English inspectors have been posted,
one at Rosaires, on the Blue Nile, the other at El Obeid. They are to
form small mounted corps of the best Arabs and patrol the disturbed
districts.
Apart from the actual work done, it will be a great thing to enlist
the best of the Arab tribesmen in the Government service, and it is
hoped that they will in time form the nucleus of an effective native
police. These men have been in the past some of the principal
exponents of slave-catching themselves; they ought to be very adept
at their new business. With these exceptions the slave-trade within
the borders of the Soudan has practically disappeared. During the
first year or two captures were occasionally made of small caravans,
but very heavy penalties were imposed. There is still a constant
demand for slaves in Arabia, and once a slave is shipped over the
Red Sea a good profit is assured. But it is too dangerous now for
anyone to try to make a regular livelihood by it. There are still,
however, about twenty cases a year of trials for offences against the
slavery laws, mostly isolated cases of kidnapping a woman or a
child, and probably there is besides a fair proportion of undetected
cases. But the regular trade is pretty well stamped out.
The benefits of the abolition of slave-raiding and kidnapping are
immediate and obvious to everyone. Even the Arab can understand
them, but he finds it very difficult to appreciate our attitude—which,
needless to say, is uncompromising enough—towards slavery as a
domestic institution. It is the one serious complaint which he has
against the new government. His domestic habits and customs have
been completely based on slavery for centuries. Slavery is permitted
and recognised by the Koran. In most cases the slaves themselves
have been treated more like members of the family than as slaves,
and no doubt many of them have had far happier lives than they
would have had in their own villages. Nor is it difficult to point to evils
which have arisen from the emancipation of the slaves. It is a
melancholy fact that many of the towns in the Soudan are crowded
with freed slaves, too lazy to do anything but steal, while the women
have recourse to an even less reputable occupation. It is easier to
break down the social system of centuries than to build up a sounder
fabric in its place. But the thing had absolutely to be done if the
Soudan was to have a real regeneration. Even when the slaves have
been well treated, the demoralization caused by slavery has been
great. The Arabs have all the vices of a slave-owning people. It was
a good time to make an absolutely fresh start. All changes of such
magnitude are bound to produce dislocations. The evils of the
change will die out with the present generation. The good must be
waited for patiently, but it is sure to come.
CHAPTER XIX
EDUCATION AND THE GORDON COLLEGE
Progress has not been very rapid. Lack of money and lack of
competent schoolmasters sadly hamper all operations. But kuttabs
are now established, attached as a sort of junior class to the schools
at Khartoum, Omdurman, Halfa, and Suakin. A model kuttab has
been established at Berber, which is reported to be doing well, and
another is being built at Dongola. The like is also being attempted at
Wad Medani, a populous town on the Blue Nile, capital of the
province of Sennar, with about 40,000 inhabitants. Reference has
been made to the lack of trained schoolmasters. Egypt itself feels
this difficulty, and Egypt is at present the only source of supply on
which the Soudan can draw. It was to meet this demand—at least,
so far as the kuttabs are concerned—that a small training college for
native sheikhs was opened in the beginning of 1901 in connection
with the school at Omdurman. At first this interesting experiment was
not very successful. The students, who all belonged to the best Arab
families, were all proud, ignorant, and lazy; and as Arabs they were
inclined to despise the Egyptian schoolmasters, whose task it was to
teach them. But now there is a great improvement. They have
increased in number to about thirty, and only lack of room prevents a
further increase. I watched them doing their own lessons, and also
receiving practical instruction in teaching by taking a class of the
school under the guidance of a master. It was impossible to doubt
the value of the experiments. They were nearly all fine-looking,
intelligent young men, some of them really handsome, with the keen,
clear-cut features that mark the pure-bred Arab. Three of them had
come from distant Kassala, where at present there are no means of
education whatever. The course lasts three years. At the end of it
they are to be examined as to their fitness, and they will then be
drafted off either to teach in their kuttabs or else to some posts in
connection with the native Courts. Whether as schoolmasters or
Cadis, they will be most useful elements in the development of the
Soudan.
In the negro portion of the Soudan, inhabited by the pagan tribes,
the people are so backward in civilization that the question of
education does not at present arise, or, if it does arise, assumes a
totally different aspect. Here is the field for the missionary. Two
missions are already established—one, the American Medical
Mission, on the Sobat; and the other, the Austrian Roman Catholic
Mission at Taufikieh, on the White Nile. Both are doing good work,
and both are to be encouraged and assisted by the Government. In
other parts of the Soudan it must be remembered that we are
dealing with a fanatically Mohammedan population, and any
suspicion that the Government was trying to proselytize would
immediately wreck all schemes of education, and probably be the
signal for grave disorders.
It will be a long time before the schools turn out sufficient pupils to
fill the Government Civil Service, and there does not seem to be any
danger of producing mere ‘babus,’ hanging about and relying on a
certain knowledge of English to procure them a job. The teaching of
English is entirely confined to those boys who are going to make use
of it in the Government Service or in commercial pursuits, where its
knowledge is required. For the ordinary mass of the population
nothing is to be gained by an imperfect knowledge of English. The
authorities are unquestionably right in discouraging such teaching;
the supposed political advantages of it are small, if not entirely
imaginary. The Soudan can never be a real white man’s country; its
rulers must always be speakers of Arabic, and its people will do far
better to employ their time in more useful ways than struggling with a
foreign language.
The Gordon College is the centre of education, but even now its
activities are not confined to mere teaching. It is proposed to form a
collection of books dealing with the Soudan, its peoples, its natural
history, and its various productions, accompanied by specimens to
illustrate them, and some progress has been made. Mr. Wellcome’s
valuable bacteriological research laboratory is in full working order,
and a skilled expert from Scotland has been in charge of it for some
months. He is doing a work of great importance, not only to the
Soudan, but also to the scientific world in general. The Soudan is a
land where strange diseases both of men and animals abound.
There is a wide field for research. The scientific and systematic
examination of these obscure subjects is already bearing fruit, and
cannot fail to ameliorate the conditions of life in these tropical
regions for the European as well as for the native.
Lord Cromer has promised that more shall be done for education
in the future. There is no need for hurry; indeed, it is essential that
the educational system shall be built up slowly with caution and
patience. But in time each province will have its own primary and
technical schools, whose pupils will be selected from the elementary
kuttabs. Afterwards, when all this has been carefully organized, the
provincial schools will in their turn pass on their more promising
students to Khartoum to receive the higher education which will then
be demanded. Then the Gordon College will at last become a real
college. In it the germ of a most hopeful future is contained. If the
work proceeds on the same sound lines as hitherto—which there is
no reason to doubt—great days are coming. The Arab is capable of
a very high degree of civilization, and has a great intelligence, which
has as yet had no chance of development. And in those days, I
doubt not, those who founded the Gordon College, and first kindled
the fire of learning, will be praised by its students as sincerely and as
deservedly as the benefactors of any of our own Western
foundations.
CHAPTER XX
‘I recently rode from Wad Medani on the Blue Nile to opposite Duem on the
White Nile, eighty miles across a perfectly flat plain sown almost throughout its
entire length with dhurra, which was standing 6 to 8 feet high. As there is only one
crop sown during the short rainy season, and as this is planted and harvested
within a period of sixty to eighty days, it follows that, if a system of irrigation were
possible in the Ghezireh it would become a huge granary capable of supplying, not
only the whole Soudan, but other countries as well.’
But, of course, any schemes for utilizing the waters of the Nile
have always to be considered in reference to the prior claims of
Egypt. It is only to Egypt that the Soudan can look for the money
necessary to carry out great works, and, naturally, Egypt would not
allow irrigation to be developed in the Soudan unless her own needs
were amply safeguarded. Whenever Egypt undertakes the great
works contemplated on the Upper Nile, the Soudan will share in the
benefit. That will not be for a long time to come, and meanwhile the
Soudan has opportunity to develop her resources and her population
so as to be able to seize the chance when it comes. There seems to
be no reason, however, why works on a small scale should not be
undertaken, subject always to the question of expense, to utilize in
the Soudan, by means of basin irrigation on the Blue Nile or the
Atbara, some of the flood-water during July, August and September,
which is only an embarrassment to Egypt now that perennial
irrigation is adopted so universally in that country. It is only in the
preceding summer months, when the Nile is low, that Egypt is forced
to watch the proceedings of her neighbour with such a jealous eye. It
would be rash to prophesy exactly when irrigation works will be
undertaken, or what form they will take; but it is certain that they will
come, and when they do, their effect upon the Soudan will be
immense. The subject is of peculiar interest to England; the lands in
question are capable of producing other crops than cereals, and, as
will presently be shown, for none are they more suitable than for
cotton.
Quite apart from any such speculations upon the future, the
external trade of the Soudan is capable of great expansion under
present conditions. An examination of the returns of imports and
exports during the last years before the rebellion is a very useful
guide to the capacities of the country. The figures are taken from
Colonel Stewart’s report.
There are no returns of imports except for the port of Suakin, but
these embrace practically the whole. Of course, a certain amount
came in by the Nile Valley route, just as now a certain amount comes
in by Suakin instead of by the railway. The position has been
practically reversed, and for purposes of comparison it is fair to take
the imports formerly entering the port of Suakin and those now
carried by the railway. The most important item was cotton goods,
which amounted to about 25,000 to 30,000 kantars annually. Linens
were about 200 to 300 kantars, and woollens 100 to 300 kantars.
There was also a certain amount of silks and silk thread and sewing
cotton. The Indian trade brought in a good deal of grain and tobacco.
In 1881 the import of Indian rice amounted to 20,000 kantars.
Petroleum (6,000 kantars), oil, zinc, copper, and iron, appear in the
list, as well as flour and provisions of various kinds in large
quantities, and candles, boots, and clothes. The peculiar tastes of
the Soudanese in luxuries are reflected in the large imports of
sandal-wood, and scents and perfumery, especially fish-scent (700
tons, or 15,400 kantars, a year). Both men and women are
particularly fond of strong, greasy scents. In all native festivities and
entertainments these scents are a very prominent feature, and a
native marriage can be smelt a very long way off. Last, but not least,
comes a very peculiar item: in one year no less than 11,000 dozen
umbrellas were imported. There is certainly enough sunshine in the
Soudan, and in parts of it rain also, to justify a large number of
umbrellas, but it is difficult to believe that 132,000 umbrellas would
find a ready sale in the Soudan to-day. Perhaps the Khalifa
particularly disliked the umbrella-carrying class.