DRRR REVIEWER

Lesson 1. Concepts, Principles, and Elements of DRRR.

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and
preventing disaster risks.
Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources.
RISK- has two connotations: in general usage the emphasis
is usually placed on the concept of chance or possibility on
an event and its negative consequence, such as in “the risk
of an accident”
HAZARD- as a “dangerous phenomenon, substance, human
activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other
VULNERABILITY- as the characteristics and circumstances of a
Community Health impacts.
CAPACITY- as the combination of all the strengths, attributes
and resources available within a community, society or
organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals.

Disaster Risk or Risk can be mathematically described as the product of the

combination of three elements that were discussed hazard, vulnerability and capacity,
and it given by the formula.
factors that can affect the vulnerability of a community:
1. Political factors
2. Economic factors
3. Physical factors
4. Social factors
5. Environmental factors

Figure 1: Shows the key components of DRRR and Management

Two projects in promoting prevention.
1. Children Assess their Own Vulnerabilities, Plan Risk Reduction (Philippines)
2. Annual “Earthquake and Safety” Drills in all Schools across the Country
READING AND WRITING(6-7)

Research Report
Research report is a systematic presentation of a research work usually presented in
written form. It is a way to communicate research finding and preserves it for future
reference.
It has the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, result, discussion, and
reference sections
Title reflects the content that should be short as possible, having the
essential key words already.
Abstract provides the overview of the report, summarizing
the key elements of introduction, methodology, result, and discussion.
Methodology is considered as the most important section as it allows the reader to evaluate
the quality of the research and provides details that another researcher may replicate and
validate.
Result section is included in longer research where introduction and data are
given.
Discussion part interprets and evaluates result against an existing body or
literature.

Project Proposal
Project proposal is written for planning an event, selling equipment, providing a service,
or solving a problem.
It includes two major sections;
1.namely introduction -states the background information about understanding the project
2.project description-is divided into methodology, schedule, and budget.
Methodology determines the activities and what the project will take on like manpower and
resources.
Position Paper
Position paper highlights an arguable opinion which is presented by the author
himself/herself. Author’s stance relates to other position.
It is composed of;
Introduction-presents the issue and author’s position with background information and thesis
statement
Body-provides the counter argument (or possible objection) and the author’s
argument.
Conclusion-restates the author’s position and provides plan of action.

Professional correspondence
This is a form of communication between two or more parties that is accomplished
through the professional writing of letters and emails. A person's level of competency
and professionalism is reflected in professional correspondence.

A cover letter with your resume attached is a professional correspondence that you
may be required to submit:
1. It should be written in business letter format.
2. It must be encoded, not handwritten
3. Your cover letter and resume should ideally be printed on letter-size, white paper.
4. Every piece of correspondence sent to a potential employer should be unique.
5. On your written correspondence, use action verbs to narrate and describe important
information.

PURPOSEFUL WRITING FOR PROFESSIONS: WRITING A RESUME

1. Chronological Format-The chronological format is used to emphasize the applicant’s
work experiences progress.
2. Functional Format- on the other hand, focuses on the skills, not on the work history.
 3. Combination or Hybrid Format-combines the chronological and functional format. It
works best if the applicant is aiming for a career change or wants to present both skills
and accomplishment.

Below are the important features of a resume;

1) Heading
The resume heading includes the applicant’s complete name, current
address and contact details such as cell phone number or e-mail address.
2) Objectives
An objective also referred to as job objective or career objective, reflects the
applicant’s career goals and intention for applying for the job.
3) Professional Summary
Professional summary, also referred to as ‘career summary’ or ‘career
profile’, showcases your knowledge and abilities.
4) Expertise and Achievement
This also refers to the ‘professional skills’ and ‘qualification’ of the applicant. It
includes personal and technical skills including the certifications and recognition
received.
5) Work Experience
This is also called "employment history," "relevant experience", or "work history." Work
experience is a part of a résumé where the applicant states all previous employment.
6) Educational Background
The educational background section can also be labelled as Academic, Academic
Qualification or Education and Certifications.

Resume is a synopsis of your educational qualifications. It emphasizes your relevant

skills and experiences in the field. It emphasizes your goals and achievements.
WRITING AN APPLICATION FOR COLLEGE ADMISSION;
College Admission Letter also referred to as the "letter of intent," is a one-page letter
required for college and university admission. The sender writes a letter to briefly discuss
his intention for attending the college program.
College Admission Essay, or known as "statement of purpose" or "personal statement," is an
essay written by the student applicant to answer the essay topics given by the admission
office.
I. Pre-writing
II. Writing your College Admission Letter
1. Heading, Date and Inside Address
2. Greeting or Salutation
3. The Body
4.Complimentary Close
5. Signature and Sender’s Identification

Admission essays have a limit of two hundred to five hundred words and usually
answers assigned topic.
1.Introduction- should catch the attention of the reader.
2. Content-This is the part where you should answer the topic or question with clarity.
3. Conclusion-To end the essay, write your plans after you graduate from their college.

READING AND WRITING (2,3,4)

critical reading goes beyond getting information from a reading text.
Here are some strategies:
• Read the text with an open mind. From here, you can see how ideas are
developed and organized.
• Examine the statements in the text and evaluate if there are inconsistencies
with the facts and examples presented.
• Think critically and apply higher-order questions.

Evaluative statement expresses one's thorough judgement of a text through

writing. His/her judgment should be supported by reasons and facts.
You may construct your evaluative statements in two ways:
a. assertions
b. counterclaims
How are you going to form evaluative statements? Just remember the following:
1. Start with the positive points before the negative points. Remember that your
evaluative statement should be factual, significant, and objective. When giving
your negative feedback, it should not sound insulting on the part of the one who
is being evaluated.
2. Suggest solutions on how to improve the written material and provide reasons how
these will work.
3. Keep your feedback precise and concise.
4. In giving your evaluations onto works of authors, they must be written and
expressed with utmost carefulness and objectivity.

ASSERTION -are sentences in declarative form which demonstrates one’s belief on

something as though it is true even if it may not be
Here are four types of assertions:
1. Fact - is a statement that can be proven objectively by verified observations,
or the results of research.
2. Convention - is an expression in which something is the same to norms or
traditions
3. Opinion - is a statement resulting from ambiguities; the more uncertain a
statement, the more difficult it is to verify.
4. Preference – is a statement of a personal choice in which the writer is not
required to support or prove the truthfulness of the statement.

Counterclaims are statements made to rebut a previous claim. To rebut means to

contradict someone’s statement in a formal argument.
To be able to trace counterclaims to an argument, remember the following:
1. Demonstrate knowledge and competence with the topic.
2. Observe different standpoints and do not just passively accept the claim.
3. Consider the topic, and willingly engage different viewpoints from your own.
4. Clarify your point on the topic.
Four Elements of Argument
1. Claim - is a view that asserts facts based on one’s own understanding about a
certain topic or issue.
2. Counterclaim - is the opposite of a claim. It is a statement that contradicts one’s
claim and is usually confirmed and supported by both reasons and evidence.
3. Reason - is the part of an argument in which a statement explains the basis
behind one’s claim.
4. Evidence - is the statement that proves the truth of a claim and generalizes an argument.
Book review is both a description and evaluation of a book. It is a description since
it describes what is on the page.
Guidelines in Writing Book Review
A. Pre-writing Phase
B. Writing Phase
Development-Develop your thesis using supporting arguments
Conclusion-If your thesis have been well explained, the conclusion should follow naturally.

literature review is the process of gathering a comprehensive body of knowledge.

Steps in Writing a Literature Review
Step 1: Search for relevant literature
Set a focus and create a main question to direct your search.
Step 2: Evaluate and select sources
Select sources that are credible. Read major studies and theories related to your
research.
Step 3: Identify themes, debates, and gaps
Look for:
• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): determine what approaches
become more or less popular over time
• Themes: identify the recurring points of your research
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: identify the conflicting ideas of the
different sources
• Pivotal publications: determine the influential theories or studies that changed
the direction of the research
• Gaps: identify what is missing in the literature as well as the weaknesses that
need to be addressed
Step 4: Outline your literature review’s structure
You can choose from the structures below in writing your literature review.
Chronological
This is the simplest approach where you track down the development of the topic
over time.
Thematic
Repetitive central themes can be organized into subsections that address different
aspects of the topic.
Step 5: Write your literature review
Literature review has three main parts, namely: introduction, a main body, and
a conclusion.
Introduction-clearly establishes the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Body-Depending on the length of your literature review, you can divide the body into
subsections.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine
them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers—add your own
interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the
literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw
connections, comparisons and contrasts

Conclusion-Summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize
their significance.