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Unified
d Desig
gn of Steel
S Structures, 3rd Ed
S d.
Lo
ouis F. Geeschwind
dner
Forrmer Vice Prresident of Engineering
E g and Researrch, Americaan Institute of Steel Connstruction;
Prof
ofessor Emerritus of Arch
hitectural En
ngineering, T
The Pennsylvvania State U
University; aand Senior
Connsultant, Pro
ovidence Enggineering Coorporation
Judy Liu
Prof
ofessor, Scho
ool of Civil and
a Construcction Engineeering, Oreggon State University
Ch
harles J. Carter
C
President, Amerrican Institu
ute of Steel Construction
C
State Co
ollege, Pennsyllvania
Dedication
This book is dedicated to our mentors, teachers and former students, each of whom taught us something
and, in the process, contributed to who we are today.
Copyright © first and second editions 2008, 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., third edition 2017, Louis F.
Geschwindner. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Copyright Act, without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
Anyone making use of the information presented in this publication assumes all liability arising from
such use.
Cover photo: Rutgers University School of Business, Piscataway, NJ

Photo courtesy of WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff
Printed by CreateSpace, an Amazon.com Company
Available from Amazon.com, CreateSpace.com, and other retail outlets
For additional information see www.SteelStuff.com
ISBN-13: 978-1543207521
ISBN-10: 1543207529
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017906318

CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC
Preface
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This book presents the basics of design of steel building structures, and is based on the 2016
unified specification, ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. It is
intended primarily as a text for a first course in steel design for civil and architectural engineers.
Such a course usually occurs in the third or fourth year of an engineering program. The book can
also be used in a second, building-oriented course in steel design, depending on the coverage in
the first course. In addition to its use as a textbook, it provides a good review for practicing
engineers looking to learn the provisions of the latest specification or to convert their practice
from any of the old specifications to the new specification. Users are expected to have a firm
knowledge of statics and strength of materials and have easy access to the AISC Steel
Construction Manual, 15th Edition.
UNIFIED ASD AND LRFD
A preferred approach to the design of steel structures had been elusive over a 20 year period from
1986 to 2005. In 1986, the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) issued its first Load
and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. This
specification came after almost 50 years of publication of an Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
specification. Unfortunately, LRFD was accepted by the academic community but not by the
professional engineering community. Although AISC revised the format of the ASD specification
in 1989, it had not updated its provisions for over 25 years. This use of two specifications was
seen as an undesirable situation by the professions related to the building industry, and in 2001
AISC began the development of a combined ASD and LRFD specification. In 2005, AISC
published its first unified specification, combining the provisions of both the LRFD and ASD
specifications into a single standard for the design of steel building structures. That specification,
ANSI/AISC 360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, reflected a major change in
philosophy by AISC, one that made the use of ASD and LRFD equally acceptable as approaches
for the design of steel buildings. That has been the case for the past 11 years. Now, the newest
specification, ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings continues that
philosophy of equal status for design by ASD and LRFD.
The reader familiar with past editions of the separate ASD and LRFD specifications but
not with either the 2005 or 2010 editions will undoubtedly question how these two diverse design
philosophies could be effectively combined into one specification. This is a reasonable question
to ask. The primary answer is that the 2005 specification was not a combination of the old ASD
and LRFD provisions. It was a new approach with a new ASD and a new LRFD that used the best
of both previous approaches. The first unified specification took a different approach. It was
based on the understanding that the strength of an element or structure, called the nominal
strength in the specification, can be determined independent of the design philosophy. Once that
nominal strength is determined, the available strength for ASD or LRFD is determined as a
function of that nominal strength. Thus, the available strength of the element is always based on
the same behavior and no inconsistency in behavior results from the use of ASD or LRFD. This
important aspect of the unified specification is further explained in Chapter 1.
The 2016 specification shows AISC’s commitment to maintaining both design
approaches. With only one strength equation for both methods, any updates are applied equally to
the ASD and LRFD provisions. The designer continues to be given the opportunity to apply
engineering judgment in deciding what approach to use for design, either by ASD or LRFD.
iii
iv Preface
AISC has also issued ANSI/AISC 341-16 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, the
standard that guides the design of steel building structures to resist seismic loads.
CHANGES IN BUILDING LOADS
In addition to the provisions for steel design issued by AISC, structural engineering has seen
many changes in the area of loads for which buildings must be designed. The American Society
of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is continually revising ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures, its standard for building loads. The International Code Council (ICC)
continues to issue its International Building Code (IBC) on a three year cycle, and it in turn is
adopted by a local jurisdiction on the schedule chosen by that jurisdiction. The IBC adopts ASCE
7, ANSI/AISC 360, ANSI/AISC 341, and other structural standards. The major changes for the
structural engineer brought about by these continually changing standards are the inclusion of
requirements for consideration of seismic loading, which applies to the entire country, and
revised wind and snow load requirements. For the calculation of loads within this text, ASCE 7-
16 provisions are used. For any actual design, the designer must use the loadings established by
the governing building code. ANSI/AISC 341 is discussed in Chapter 13.
UNITS
ANSI/AISC 360-16 is, as much as possible, a unitless specification. In those rare instances where
equations could not be written in a unitless form, two equations are given, one in U.S. customary
units and one in SI units. The Manual presents all of its material in U.S. customary units. The
construction industry in this country has not adopted SI units in any visible way, and it is not
clear that they will in the foreseeable future. Thus, this book uses only U.S. customary units.
TOPICAL ORGANIZATION
Chapters 1 through 3 present the general material applicable to all steel structures. This is
followed in Chapters 4 through 9 with a presentation of member design. Chapters 10 through 12
discuss connections and Chapter 13 provides an introduction to seismic design.
In Chapter 1, the text addresses the principles of limit states design upon which all steel
design is based. It shows how these principles are incorporated into both LRFD and ASD
approaches and shows how reliability varies with live-to-dead load ratio for both approaches.
Chapter 1 also provides a description of ANSI/AISC 360-16, the Steel Construction Manual and
the AISC web site. These are the major source documents for all that is presented in this book.
Chapter 2 introduces the development of load factors, resistance factors, and safety factors. It
discusses load combinations and compares the calculation of required strength for both LRFD
and ASD. The calibration of ASD and LRFD and the resulting system reliability is also
addressed. Chapter 3 discusses steel as a structural material. It describes the availability of steel in
a variety of shapes and the grades of steel available for construction.
Once the foundation for steel design is established, the various member types are
considered. Tension members are addressed in Chapter 4, compression members in Chapter 5,
and bending members in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 covers plate girders, which are simply bending
members made from individual plates. Chapter 8 treats members subjected to combined axial
load and bending as well as design of bracing. Chapter 9 deals with composite members, that is,
members composed of both steel and concrete working together to provide the available strength.
Each of these chapters begins with a discussion of that particular member type and how it is used
in buildings. This is followed by a discussion of the specification provisions and the behavior
from which those provisions have been derived. The LRFD and ASD design philosophies of the
2016 specification are used throughout. Design examples that use the specification provisions
Preface v
directly are provided along with examples using the variety of design aids available in the AISC
Steel Construction Manual. All examples that have an LRFD and ASD component are provided
for both approaches. Throughout this book, ASD examples, or portions of examples that address
the ASD approach, are presented with shaded background for ease of identification.
The member-oriented chapters are followed by chapters addressing connection design.
Chapter 10 introduces the variety of potential connection types and discusses the strength of
bolts, welds, and connecting elements. Chapter 11 addresses simple connections. This includes
simple beam shear connections, light bracing connections and direct bearing connections. Chapter
12 deals with moment-resisting connections. As with the member-oriented chapters, the basic
principles of limit states design are developed first. This is followed by the application of the
provisions to simple shear connections and beam-to-column moment connections through
extensive examples in both LRFD and ASD.
The text concludes in Chapter 13 with an introduction to steel systems for seismic force
resistance. It discusses the variety of structural framing systems available and approved for
inclusion in the seismic force resisting system.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
This third edition is based on ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, the
2016 edition of the AISC specification. The committee responsible for developing the
specification was charged by its chair to develop a new specification that would show minimal
changes. Thus, changes in the specification upon which this book is based are limited to those
areas where the committee felt important knowledge had been gained since the 2010 edition. As a
result, the changes in this book related to the specification provisions are also somewhat limited.
Other changes have been implemented here to better explain some topics and to expand others
while revising the entire book wherever needed to reflect the latest specification. Throughout, the
use of Specification and Manual equation numbers has been implemented to assist the reader in
navigating the Specification and Manual. Also, all examples have been revised to provide the
actual equations being used prior to entering the numbers for the calculations.
Example Problems for ANSI/AISC 360-16: Twenty new examples have been added and all
other examples have been updated to the new specification and the new table of member
properties, as well as being revised to improve clarity of intent.
New Homework Problems: Fifty-five homework problems have been added for a total of 489
and a large percentage of old problems have been revised to expand the opportunity for
instructors to provide meaningful activities for their students. Problems continue to be included
that carry over from one chapter to another so that an opportunity exists to link concepts of design
to one or two specific structures.
The following addresses the changes to be found in each chapter:
Chapter 1 includes an expanded discussion of structural integrity along with a discussion of the
timing of adoption of the new provisions into the International Building Code. The integrated
project introduced in this chapter for use throughout the book has been relocated to a new city
from the 2nd edition and the framing system modified. This will provide new homework options
for those who have implemented this project. A computer model using the RAM Structural
System will be available on the book website to support inclusion of the integrated project in
courses. Finally, an expanded discussion of reliability and statistics as it applies to structural steel
design has been included.
vi Preface
Chapter 2 provides an expanded discussion of snow, wind and seismic loads and additional
calculations for these environmental loads using ASCE 7.
Chapter 3 discusses the new steels approved by the 2016 Specification and the new approach
taken by ASTM to the specification of high strength bolts.
Chapter 4 addresses tension members. The provisions have not changed, but there has been a
revision in standard hole sizes for bolts. These new sizes have been implemented in the examples
where appropriate.
Chapter 5 looks at compression members and the Specification nomenclature change of KL to Lc

has been implemented. A section and an example have been added to address gravity-only
columns and their influence on the effective length of columns in lateral load resisting systems.
The completely new approach for treatment of columns with slender elements, introduced with
the 2016 Specification, is addressed. Single angle compression members and built-up
compression members are discussed and examples provided.
Chapter 6 on flexural members includes a discussion of the shape factor and its significance. The
use of Manual Table 3-10, the beam curves, with Cb not equal to 1.0, is expanded and a new
example is included to illustrate the use of Manual Table 3-2, the economy tables, for
noncompact beams. The treatment of tees, single angles and double angle beams has been
expanded and examples included. Determination of shear strength for wide-flange members when
the reduced resistance factor or increased safety factor must be used is now illustrated.
Chapter 7 addresses plate girders as doubly symmetric I-shapes built up from plates. It now
includes a discussion of these plate girders with compact webs. The completely revised treatment
of shear in plate girders included in the 2016 Specification has been incorporated, and the
corresponding stiffener design has been expanded.
Chapter 8 has an extensively expanded discussion of stability analysis and design including
comparisons between the direct analysis method, the effective length method and the first-order
analysis method. The discussion of beam column design has been revised to reflect the changes in
Manual Part 6, and an example of interaction of tension and bending is included.
Chapter 9 now includes a discussion of partial composite action, recognizing the concern
expressed in the Specification with low levels of partial composite action and the corresponding
ductility demand. Emphasis is given to the plastic neutral axis locations in Manual Table 3-19
and the corresponding percent of composite action. Composite column discussion is expanded to
include examples for composite HSS.
Chapter 10 has added discussions of the new ASTM bolt specifications and the new high
strength Group C bolts. A discussion of bolt installation has been included. The new
interpretation of the controlling bolt limit states is discussed, and examples have been revised to
reflect this new approach. Slip-critical bolts in combined shear and tension are now addressed.
The discussion of weld strength when loaded at an angle and strength at the base metal has been
expanded.
Chapter 11 has been revised to account for the new interpretation of the controlling bolt limit
states. Weld strength in the base metal has been included in all examples where applicable and
examples have been expanded to add clarity.
Preface vii
Chapter 12 continues to address moment connections and also reflects the changes in controlling
bolt limit states as applicable. Base metal weld strength is also treated more directly and overall
discussion within the examples has been expanded for clarity.
Chapter 13 continues to outline the application of the Seismic Provisions.
Throughout the book, new figures are included to better illustrate the corresponding material.
EXAMPLES AND HOMEWORK PROBLEMS IN LRFD AND ASD
The LRFD and ASD design philosophies of the 2016 specification are used throughout the book.
It is anticipated, however, that instructors and students will concentrate on only one design
approach. This will be the most effective use of time and resources except for situations where it
will be valuable to illustrate the differences and similarities of the LRFD and ASD philosophies.
ASD is presented in this book primarily for those who are looking to compare methods in order to
better understand the concepts of the unified specification and designers who have been
practicing with ASD and wish to move their practice to LRFD. LRFD should be the primary
approach used to teach structural steel design to new students.
LRFD and ASD in Examples

Design examples that use the specification provisions directly are provided along with examples
using the variety of design aids available in the AISC Steel Construction Manual. All examples
that have an LRFD and ASD component are provided for both approaches. Throughout this book,
ASD examples, or portions of examples that address the ASD approach, are presented with
shaded background for ease of identification.
EXAMPLE 4.10b Goal: Select a double-angle tension member for use as a web member in a truss
Tension Member and determine the maximum area reduction that would be permitted for
Design by ASD holes and shear lag.
Given: The member must carry a dead load of PD = 67.5 kips and a live load of
PL = 202.5 kips. For the load combination PD + PL, the ASD required
strength is Pa = 270 kips. Use equal leg angles of A36 steel.
SOLUTION Step 1: Determine the minimum required gross area based on the limit state of
yielding where Ω = 1.67:
Ag min = Pa ( Fy Ω ) = 270 ( 36 1.67 ) = 12.5 in.2
Step 2: Based on this minimum gross area, from Manual Table 1-15, select
2L6×6×9/16 with Ag = 12.9 in.2
LRFD and ASD in Homework Problems

Each chapter includes homework problems at the end of the chapter. These problems are
organized to follow the order of presentation of the material in the chapters. Several problems are
provided for each general subject. Problems are provided for both LRFD and ASD solutions.
There are also problems designed to show comparisons between ASD and LRFD solutions. These
problems show that in some instances one method might give a more economical design, whereas
in other instances the reverse is true.
viii Preface
WEBSITE
Additional resources are available from the book website at www.SteelStuff.com . The following
resources are available on the student section of the website.
● Answers: Selected homework problem answers are available on the student
section of the website.
● Errata: We have reviewed the text to make sure that it is as error-free as
possible. However, if any errors are discovered, they will be listed on the book
website as a reference.
If you encounter any errors as you are using the book, please send them directly to the authors
(LFG@psu.edu) so we may include them on the website, and correct these errors in future
editions.
RESOURCES FOR INSTRUCTORS
All resources for instructors are available through an Instructor link on the website at
www.SteelStuff.com .
The following resources are available to instructors who adopt the text:
• Solutions Manual: Solutions for all homework problems in the text.
• Integrated Building Project RAM Structural System: Computer model and
example output for one solution of integrated Building project
• Textbook Figures: Select figures available in PowerPoint format
Visit the Instructor link on the website at www.SteelStuff.com to register and request access to
these resources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The previous two editions of this book were under the sole authorship of the first author. Many
individuals contributed to those editions and we want to thank them for their contributions to
those works as those contributions clearly are carried over to this new edition. This third edition
has been produced through the cooperative efforts of three individuals who have a long standing
common academic and professional relationship. For the many individuals who have motivated
and guided each of us, we acknowledge your contribution to all that we do. We thank those who
have provided input and clarity to our understanding of structural steel design through our
involvement in the development of the AISC Specification and Manual. Finally, we acknowledge
the contributions of our spouses and families through whose support we are able to accomplish
this project.
Louis F. Geschwindner
Judy Liu
Charles J. Carter
Contents
1 Introduction 1 3.4.4 Built-up Shapes 68
1.1 Scope 1 3.5 Chemical Components of Structural Steel 68
1.2 The Specification 1 3.6 Grades of Structural Steel 70
1.3 The Manual 4 3.6.1 Steel for Shapes 70
1.4 AISC Web Site Resources 5 3.6.2 Steel for Plates and Bars 74
1.5 Principles of Structural Design 5 3.6.3 Steel for Fasteners 75
1.6 Parts of the Steel Structure 6 3.6.4 Steel for Welding 77
1.7 Types of Steel Structures 11 3.6.5 Steel for Headed Stud Anchors 78
1.7.1 Bearing Wall Construction 11 3.7 Availability of Structural Steel 78
1.7.2 Beam-and-Column Construction 12 3.8 Problems 78
1.7.3 Long-Span Construction 14
1.7.4 High-Rise Construction 15 4 Tension Members 80
1.7.5 Gable-Frame Construction 16 4.1 Introduction 80
1.8 Design Philosophies 17 4.2 Tension Members in Structures 80
1.9 Fundamentals of Allowable Strength Design 4.3 Cross-Sectional Shapes for Tension
(ASD) 18 Members 82
1.10 Fundamentals of Load and Resistance Factor 4.4 Behavior and Strength of Tension
Design (LRFD) 19 Members 84
1.11 Inelastic Design 20 4.4.1 Yielding 85
1.12 Structural Safety and Integrity 20 4.4.2 Rupture 85
1.13 Limit States 26 4.5 Computation of Areas 87
1.14 Building Codes and Design Specifications 27 4.5.1 Gross Area 87
1.15 Integrated Design Project 27 4.5.2 Net Area 87
1.16 Problems 29 4.5.3 Influence of Hole Placement 91
4.5.4 Effective Net Area 96
2 Loads, Load Factors, and Load 4.6 Design of Tension Members 101
Combinations 30 4.7 Block Shear 104
2.1 Introduction 30 4.8 Pin-Connected Members 112
2.2 Building Load Sources 31 4.9 Eyebars and Rods 115
2.2.1 Dead Load 31 4.10 Built-Up Tension Members 116
2.2.2 Live Load 31 4.11 Truss Members 116
2.2.3 Snow Load 32 4.12 Bracing Members 117
2.2.4 Wind Load 32 4.13 Problems 120
2.2.5 Seismic Load 33
2.2.6 Special Loads 33 5 Compression Members 124
2.3 Building Load Determination 34 5.1 Compression Members in Structures 124
2.3.1 Dead Load 34 5.2 Cross-Sectional Shapes for Compression
2.3.2 Live Load 35 Members 124
2.3.3 Snow Load 37 5.3 Compression Member Strength 126
2.3.4 Wind Load 38 5.3.1 Euler Column 126
2.3.5 Seismic Load 40 5.3.2 Other Boundary Conditions 130
2.4 Load Combinations for ASD and LRFD 42 5.3.3 Combination of Bracing and End
2.5 Load Calculations 43 Conditions 131
2.6 Calibration 51 5.3.4 Real Column 134
2.7 Problems 53 5.3.5 AISC Provisions 137
5.4 Additional Limit States for Compression 145
3 Steel Building Materials 56 5.5 Length Effects 146
3.1 Introduction 56 5.5.1 Effective Length for Inelastic
3.2 Applicability of the AISC Specification 56 Columns 152
3.3 Steel for Construction 58 5.5.2 Effective Length when Supporting
3.4 Structural Steel Shapes 62 Gravity Only Columns 154
3.4.1 ASTM A6 Standard Shapes 63 5.6 Slender Elements in Compression 157
3.4.2 Hollow Shapes 65 5.7 Column Design Tables 163
3.4.3 Plates and Bars 66 5.8 Torsional Buckling and Flexural-Torsional
Buckling 169
ix
x Contents
5.9 Single-Angle Compression Members 174 7.3.2 Tension Field Action 284
5.10 Built-Up Members 177 7.4 Stiffeners for Plate Girders 286
5.11 Column Base Plates 181 7.4.1 Intermediate Stiffeners 286
5.12 Problems 182 7.4.2 Bearing Stiffeners 288
7.4.3 Bearing Stiffener Design 291
6 Bending Members 188 7.5 Problems 295
6.1 Bending Members in Structures 188
6.2 Strength of Beams 189 8 Beam-Columns and Frame Behavior 297
6.3 Design of Compact Laterally Supported Wide- 8.1 Introduction 297
Flange Beams 194 8.2 Second-Order Effects 298
6.4 Design of Compact Laterally Unsupported Wide- 8.3 Interaction Principles 300
Flange Beams 201 8.4 Interaction Equations 301
6.4.1 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 201 8.5 Braced Frames 305
6.4.2 Moment Gradient 206 8.6 Moment Frames 312
6.5 Design of Noncompact Beams 216 8.7 Specification Provisions for Stability Analysis
6.5.1 Local Buckling 216 and Design 324
6.5.2 Flange Local Buckling 218 8.7.1 Direct Analysis Method 325
6.5.3 Web Local Buckling 219 8.7.2 Effective Length Method 325
6.6 Design of Beams for Weak Axis Bending 222 8.7.3 First-Order Analysis Method 326
6.7 Design of Beams for Shear 224 8.7.4 Geometric Imperfections 326
6.8 Continuous Beams 227 8.7.5 Comparison of Methods 327
6.9 Plastic Analysis and Design of Continuous 8.8 Initial Beam-Column Selection 333
Beams 229 8.9 Beam-Column Design Using Manual
6.10 T-Shaped Members in Bending 232 Part 6 336
6.10.1 Yielding of Tees 232 8.10 Combined Simple and Moment Frames 337
6.10.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of 8.11 Partially Restrained Frames 349
Tees 233 8.12 Stability Bracing Design 358
6.10.3 Flange Local Buckling of Tees 234 8.12.1 Column Bracing 359
6.10.4 Stem Local Buckling of Tees 234 8.12.2 Beam Bracing 360
6.11 Single-Angle Bending Members 237 8.12.3 Frame Bracing 361
6.11.1 Yielding 238 8.13 Tension Plus Bending 363
6.11.2 Leg Local Buckling 238 8.14 Problems 366
6.11.3 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 239
6.12 Double-Angle Members in Bending 243 9 Composite Construction 372
6.12.1 Yielding of Double Angles 243 9.1 Introduction 372
6.12.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Double 9.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite
Angles 243 Beam Construction 375
6.12.3 Leg Local Buckling of Double 9.3 Shored versus Unshored Construction 375
Angles 244 9.4 Effective Flange 376
6.13 Members in Biaxial Bending 247 9.5 Strength of Composite Beams and Slab 377
6.14 Serviceability Criteria for Beams 247 9.5.1 Fully Composite Beams 378
6.14.1 Deflection 248 9.5.2 Partially Composite Beams 383
6.14.2 Vibration 248 9.5.3 Composite Beam Design Tables 386
6.14.3 Drift 248 9.5.4 Negative Moment Strength 391
6.15 Concentrated Forces on Beams 250 9.6 Shear Stud Strength 391
6.15.1 Web Local Yielding 251 9.6.1 Number and Placement of Shear
6.15.2 Web Local Crippling 252 Studs 392
6.16 Open Web Steel Joists and Joist Girders 256 9.7 Composite Beams with Formed Metal
6.17 Problems 259 Deck 394
9.7.1 Deck Ribs Perpendicular to Steel
7 Plate Girders 264 Beam 395
7.1 Background 264 9.7.2 Deck Ribs Parallel to Steel Beam 396
7.2 Homogeneous Plate Girders in Bending 266 9.8 Fully Encased Steel Beams 403
7.2.1 Noncompact Web Plate Girders 267 9.9 Selecting a Section 403
7.2.2 Slender Web Plate Girders 271 9.10 Serviceability Considerations 408
7.2.3 Compact Web Plate Girders 279 9.10.1 Deflection During Construction 408
7.3 Homogeneous Plate Girders in Shear 281 9.10.2 Vibration Under Service Loads 409
7.3.1 Nontension Field Action 282 9.10.3 Live Load Deflections 409
Contents xi
9.11 Composite Columns 412 11.9 Seated Connections 517

9.12 Composite Beam-Columns 421 11.10 Light Bracing Connections 524
9.13 Problems 426 11.11 Beam Bearing Plates and Column Base
Plates 536
10 Connection Elements 429 11.12 Problems 542
10.1 Introduction 429
10.2 Basic Connections 429 12 Moment Connections 546
10.3 Beam-to-Column Connections 430 12.1 Types of Moment Connections 546
10.4 Fully Restrained Connections 432 12.2 Limit States 548
10.5 Simple and Partially Restrained 12.3 Moment Connection Design 549
Connections 433 12.3.1 Direct-Welded Flange
10.6 Mechanical Fasteners 434 Connection 549
10.6.1 Common Bolts 434 12.3.2 Welded Flange Plate Connection 556
10.6.2 High-Strength Bolts 435 12.3.3 Bolted Flange Plate Connection 565
10.6.3 Bolt Holes 436 12.4 Column Stiffening 578
10.7 Bolt Limit States 438 12.4.1 Flange Local Bending 578
10.7.1 Bolt Shear 439 12.4.2 Web Local Yielding 579
10.7.2 Bolt Bearing and Tearout 440 12.4.3 Web Local Crippling 580
10.7.3 Strength at Bolt Holes 441 12.4.4 Web Compression Buckling 580
10.7.4 Bolt Tension 442 12.4.5 Web Panel Zone Shear and
10.7.5 Slip 448 Stiffeners 581
10.7.6 Combined Tension and Shear in 12.5 Problems 589
Bearing-Type Connections 450
10.7.7 Combined Tension and Shear in Slip- 13 Steel Systems for Seismic Resistance 591
Critical Connections 451 13.1 Introduction 591
10.8 Welds 451 13.2 Expected Behavior 592
10.8.1 Welding Processes 452 13.3 Moment-Frame Systems 594
10.8.2 Types of Welds 453 13.3.1 Special Moment Frames (SMF) 595
10.8.3 Weld Sizes 454 13.3.2 Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
10.9 Weld Limit States 454 and Ordinary Moment Frames
10.9.1 Fillet Weld Strength 455 (OMF) 597
10.9.2 Groove Weld Strength 461 13.4 Braced-Frame Systems 597
10.10 Connecting Elements 461 13.4.1 Special Concentrically Braced Frames
10.10.1 Connecting Elements in (SCBF) 598
Tension 461 13.4.2 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames
10.10.2 Connecting Elements in (OCBF) 601
Compression 462 13.4.3 Eccentrically Braced Frames
10.10.3 Connecting Elements in (EBF) 601
Flexure 462 13.5 Other Framing Systems 603
10.10.4 Connecting Elements in Shear 462 13.5.1 Special Truss Moment Frames
10.10.5 Block Shear Strength 463 (STMF) 604
10.10.6 Connecting Element Rupture 13.5.2 Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
Strength at Welds 466 (BRBF) 604
10.11 Problems 467 13.5.3 Special Plate Shear Walls
(SPSW) 605
11 Simple Connections 471 13.5.4 Composite Systems 606
11.1 Types of Simple Connections 471 13.6 Other General Requirements 606
11.2 Simple Shear Connections 471 13.6.1 Bolted and Welded Connections 606
11.3 Double-Angle Connections: Bolted- 13.6.2 Protected Zones 607
Bolted 473 13.6.3 Local Buckling 607
11.4 Double-Angle Connections: Welded- 13.6.4 Column Requirements 607
Bolted 492 13.6.5 Column Bases 608
11.5 Double-Angle Connections: Bolted- 13.7 Conclusions 608
Welded 496 13.8 Problems 608
11.6 Double-Angle Connections: Welded-
Welded 498 Index 610
11.7 Single-Angle Connections 498
11.8 Single-Plate Shear Connections 509
xii Contents
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Chapter 1
Introductio
on
One Worlld Trade Centeer, New York

Phooto Courtesy M
Michael Mahessh, Port Authorrity of NYNJ
1.1 SCOP
PE
A wide variety
v of desiigns can be chharacterized aas structural ssteel design. This book deeals with the
design of steel structuures for builddings as goveerned by the ANSI/AISC 3360-16 Specif ification for
Structuraal Steel Build
dings, publishhed by the Am merican Instiitute of Steel Constructionn (AISC) in
2016, and referred to as the Speciffication in thiis book. The aareas of appliication given throughout
this bookk specifically
y focus on thee design of stteel building structures. T The treatment of subjects
associateed with bridgees and industrrial structuress, if addressedd at all, is keppt relatively brief.
The
T book ad ddresses the concepts andd design critteria for the two design approaches
detailed by
b the Specifi
fication: Loadd and Resistannce Factor Deesign (LRFD)) and Allowabble Strength
Design (A ASD). Both methods
m are discussed
d laterr in this chapter.
In
I addition too the Specificaation, the primmary referencce for this boook is the 15thh edition of
the AISCC Steel Constrruction Manu ual. This referrence handbook contains tables of the bbasic values
needed for
f structurall steel design n, design tabbles to simpliify actual deesign, and thhe complete
Specifica
ation. Through hout this bookk, this is referrred to as the Manual.
1.2 THE SPECIFIC

CATION
The ANS SI/AISC 360-1 16 Specificatiion for Structtural Steel Buuildings is thhe latest in a llong line of
standard specificationns published by b the Ameriican Institute of Steel Connstruction forr the design
and consstruction of structural
s steeel buildings. The first ediition was pubblished in 1923. For the
reader in
nterested in thhe historical aspects of thhese specificaations, AISC C has two ressources that
provide detailed
d guiddance on the historical struuctural steel standards. Thhe first is AIISC Design
Guide 15, AISC Reh habilitation and Retrofit Guide: A R Reference foor Historic SShapes and
Specifica
ations. This Design
D Guide provides outlline comparissons of the prrovisions in thhe different
editions of the Specifi
fication. The second
s resourrce is found oon the AISC web site, ww ww.aisc.org,
AISC Sp pecifications 1923–2010,
1 which
w containns a searchabble compenddium of all of the AISC
Specifica
ations for Struuctural Steel Buildings
B prooduced from 11923 through 2010.
1
2 Chapter 1 Introduction
Current design is carried out under the provisions published in the 2016 edition of the
AISC Specification. In addition to the detailed provisions, the Specification contains User Notes
and a detailed Commentary that provides insights into the source and application of the
provisions. The reader interested in additional background on the provisions discussed in this
book is encouraged to investigate the materials cited in the appropriate sections of the
Commentary. The Specification contains 14 chapters and 8 appendices. To provide a concise
guide to the use of the Specification, a brief description is given here.
Chapter A: General Provision. This chapter provides the scope of the Specification and
summarizes all referenced specifications, codes, and standards. It also provides the requirements
for materials to be used in structural steel design and the design documents necessary to
communicate that design.
Chapter B: Design Requirements. This chapter gives the general requirements for analysis and
design that are applicable throughout the entire Specification. It provides the charging language
needed for application of the subsequent chapters.
Chapter C: Design for Stability. This chapter, along with Appendix 7, addresses the requirements
for the design of structures to ensure stability. It details those factors that must be taken into
consideration in any analysis and design.
Chapter D: Design of Members for Tension. This chapter applies to the design of members
subjected to axial tension resulting from forces acting through the centroidal axis.
Chapter E: Design of Members for Compression. This chapter addresses members subjected to
axial compression resulting from forces applied at the centroidal axis.
Chapter F: Design of Members for Flexure. This chapter applies to members loaded in a plane
parallel to a principal axis that passes through the shear center or is restrained against twisting.
This is referred to as simple bending about one axis.
Chapter G: Design of Members for Shear. This chapter addresses webs of singly or doubly
symmetric members subject to shear in the plane of the web. It also addresses other shapes such
as single angles and hollow structural sections.
Chapter H: Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion. This chapter addresses
design of members subject to an axial force in combination with flexure about one or both axes,
with or without torsion. It also applies to members subjected to torsion only.
Chapter I: Design of Composite Members. This chapter addresses the design of members
composed of steel shapes and concrete working together as a member. It addresses compression,
flexure, and combined forces.
Chapter J: Design of Connections. This chapter addresses the design of connections, including
the connecting elements, the connectors, and the connected portions of members.
Chapter K: Additional Requirements for HSS and Box Section Connections. This chapter
addresses requirements in addition to those given in Chapter J for the design of connections to
hollow structural sections and built-up box sections of uniform thickness. Its also addresses
connections between HSS and box members.
Introduction Chapter 1 3
Chapter L: Design for Serviceability. This chapter summarizes the performance requirements for
the design of a serviceable structure.
Chapter M: Fabrication and Erection. This chapter addresses the requirements for shop
drawings, fabrication, shop painting, and erection.
Chapter N: Quality Control and Quality Assurance. This chapter addresses the requirements for
ensuring quality of the constructed project.
Appendix 1: Design by Advanced Analysis. The body of the Specification addresses design based
on an elastic analysis. This appendix addresses design by alternative methods generally referred
to as advanced methods. It includes the classical plastic design method and design by direct
modeling of imperfections.
Appendix 2: Design for Ponding. This appendix provides methods for determining whether a
roof system has sufficient strength and stiffness to resist the influence of water collecting on the
surface and forming a pond.
Appendix 3: Fatigue. This appendix provides requirements for addressing the influence of high
cycle loading on members and connections that could lead to cracking and progressive failure.
For most building structures, fatigue is not an issue of concern.
Appendix 4: Structural Design for Fire Conditions. This appendix provides the criteria for
evaluation of structural steel subjected to fire conditions, including (1) the prescriptive approach
provided for in the model building code and most commonly used in current practice and (2) the
engineered approach.
Appendix 5: Evaluation of Existing Structures. This appendix provides guidance on the

determination of the strength and stiffness of existing structures by load tests or a combination of
tests and analysis.
Appendix 6: Member Stability Bracing. This appendix details the criteria for ensuring that
column, beam and beam-column bracing has sufficient strength and stiffness to meet the
requirements for member bracing assumed in the provisions of the Specification for design of
those members.
Appendix 7: Alternative Methods of Design for Stability. This appendix, along with Chapter C,
provides methods of designing structures to ensure stability. Two alternative methods are
provided here, including the method most commonly used in past practice.
Appendix 8: Approximate Second-Order Analysis. This appendix provides a method for

obtaining second-order effects by an amplified first-order analysis. The provisions are limited to
structures supporting load primarily through vertical columns.
Each chapter of this book will identify those chapters of the Specification that are
pertinent to that chapter. The reader is encouraged to become familiar with the organization of the
Specification.
1.3 THE MANUAL
The AISC Steel Construction Manual, 15th edition, is the latest in a series of manuals published
to assist the building industry in designing safe and economical steel building structures. The first
edition was published in 1928 and the ninth edition in 1989. These manuals addressed design by
the allowable stress method. In 1986 the first edition of the load and resistance factor design
method manual was published, with the third edition published in 1999. The next in this unbroken
string of manuals published in support of steel design and construction was the first manual to
unify these two design methods and was published in 2005 as the 13th edition. The current
edition of the Manual is the 15th. Students who purchase the Manual through the AISC Student
Discount Program also have an opportunity to apply for a free AISC Student Membership at the
same time. Students are encouraged to become AISC Student Members in order to take full
advantage of all free member benefits.
As is the case for the Specification, AISC has two resources to assist in addressing the
historic aspects of steel design and construction. The first is, again, AISC Design Guide 15, AISC
Rehabilitation and Retrofit Guide: A Reference for Historic Shapes and Specifications. This
Guide provides properties of beam and column sections as old as the wrought iron shapes
produced as early as 1873. The second resource is the electronic AISC Shapes Database. This
database is available through the AISC web site www.aisc.org. It is a searchable database with
properties for all shapes produced since 1873, consistent with the printed data in Design Guide
15. Access to the electronic shapes database is free to AISC members.
The Manual is presented in 17 parts as follows:
Part 1: Dimensions and Properties
Part 2: General Design Considerations
Part 3: Design of Flexural Members
Part 4: Design of Compression Members
Part 5: Design of Tension Members
Part 6: Design of Members Subject to Combined Forces
Part 7: Design Considerations for Bolts
Part 8: Design Considerations for Welds
Part 9: Design of Connecting Elements
Part 10: Design of Simple Shear Connections
Part 11: Design of Partially Restrained Moment Connections
Part 12: Design of Fully Restrained Moment Connections
Part 13: Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections
Part 14: Design of Beam Bearing Plates, Column Base Plates, Anchor Rods, and Column Splices
Introduction Chapter 1 5
Part 15: Design of Hanger Connections, Bracket Plates, and Crane-Rail Connections
Part 16: Specifications and Codes
Part 17: Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information
Each chapter of this book identifies those parts of the Manual that will be used with the
material to be addressed. In many instances, the user will need to look in several parts of the
Manual to fully understand the topics or solve the problems presented.
1.4 AISC WEB SITE RESOURCES
Another primary resource is the AISC web site, where there is information that is free to all
visitors and additional electronic resources that are free to members only. Students will find a
great deal of useful information on the AISC publications web site, www.aisc.org/epubs. The
primary resources include electronic versions of the Specification, the Shapes Database, the Steel
Construction Manual References, and the Steel Construction Manual Design Examples. The
Specification, as described in Section 1.2 and the historic Shapes Database, as mentioned in
Section 1.3, are available free to all through the web site. The 15th edition Steel Construction
Manual Shapes Database is also available free to all. The AISC web site also includes an
extensive array of journal and proceedings papers. All of the references cited in the Commentary
and the Manual, for which AISC owns the copyright, are accessible under Steel Construction
Manual Resources; Interactive Reference List.
Probably the most valuable aspect of the AISC web site for readers of this book is the
complete set of the 15th edition Steel Construction Manual Design Examples. These examples are
presented in four sections.
Section I: Examples Based on the AISC Specification. This section contains examples
demonstrating the use of the specific provisions of the Specification, organized by Specification
chapter.
Section II: Examples Based on the AISC Steel Construction Manual. This section contains
examples of connection design using the Specification and the tables found in the Manual.
Section III: System Design Examples. This section contains examples associated with the design
of a specific building and the application of the system-wide requirements.
Section IV: Additional Resources. This section provides design tables for higher-strength steels
than published in the printed Manual.
Although the topics covered in this book are supported by calculated example problems,
the reader might find the electronic Steel Construction Manual Design Examples helpful for
further understanding of some of the specific provisions or design aids described in the book. In
addition, some of the Design Examples go beyond the coverage in this book and provide
additional useful information regarding typical design or detailing. The reader is encouraged to
investigate what the AISC web site has to offer through both free and member only publications.
1.5 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
From the time an owner determines a need to build a building, through the development of
conceptual and detailed plans, to completion and occupancy, a building project is a multi-faceted
task that involves many professionals. The owner and the financial analysis team evaluate the
basic economic criteria for the building. The architects and engineers form the design team and
prepare the initial proposals for the building, demonstrating how the users’ needs will be met.
This teamwork continues through the final planning and design stages, where the design
drawings, specifications, and contract documents are readied for the construction phase. During
this process, input may also be provided by the individuals who will transform the plans into a
real-life structure. The steel detailer, fabricator and erector all have a role in that process, and add
their respective expertise to make the design constructible. Thus, those responsible for the
construction phase of the project often help improve the design by taking into account the actual
on-site requirements for efficient construction.
Once a project is completed and turned over to the owner, the work of the design teams is
normally over. The operation and maintenance of the building, although major factors in the life
of the structure, are not usually within the scope of the designer’s responsibilities, except when
significant changes in building use are anticipated. In such cases, a design team should verify that
the proposed changes can be accommodated.
The basic goals of the design team can be summarized by the words safety, function, and
economy. The building must be safe for its occupants and all others who may come in contact
with it. It must neither fail locally nor overall, nor exhibit behavioral characteristics that test the
confidence of rational human beings. To help achieve that level of safety, building codes and
design specifications are published that outline the minimum criteria that any structure must meet.
The building must also serve its owner in the best possible way to ensure that the
functional criteria are met. Although structural safety and integrity are of paramount importance,
a building that does not serve its intended purpose will not have met the goals of the owner.
Last, but not least, the design, construction, and long-term use of the building should be
economical. The degree of financial success of any structure will depend on a wide range of
factors. Some are established prior to the work of the design team, whereas others are determined
after the building is in operation. Nevertheless, the final design should, within all reasonable
constraints, produce the lowest combined short- and long-term expenditures.
The AISC Specification follows the same principles. The mission of the AISC Committee
on Specifications is to “develop the practice-oriented specification for structural steel buildings
that provide for life safety, economical building systems, predictable behavior and response, and
efficient use.” Thus, this book emphasizes the practical orientation of this Specification.
1.6 PARTS OF THE STEEL STRUCTURE
All structures incorporate some or all of the following basic types of structural components:
1. Tension members
2. Compression members
3. Bending members
4. Combined force members
5. Connections
The first four items represent structural members. The fifth, connections, represents the
contact regions between the structural members, which ensure that all components work together
as a structure.
Introoduction Chapter 1 7
C
Detailed
D evalu
uations of thee strength, beehavior, and ddesign criteria for these m
members are
presented
d in the follow
wing chapterss:
Tension
T mem
mbers: Chapteer 4
Compression
C members: Chapteer 5
Bending
B mem
mbers: Chapteers 6 and 7
Combined
C forrce members: Chapteer 8
Connections:
C Chapteers 10, 11, andd 12
The
T strength and behavio or of structurral frames coomposed of a combinatioon of these
elementss are covered in Chapters 8 and 13, and the special considerationss that apply too composite
(steel andd concrete wo orking togeth her) constructiion are presennted in Chaptter 9. An intrroduction to
the desig
gn of steel struuctures for eaarthquake loaading is presennted in Chapter 13. The properties of
structural steel and thhe various sh hapes commoonly used are discussed inn Chapter 3, and a brief
discussioon of the types of loads and d load combinnations is presented in Chaapter 2.
Tension
T memb bers are typiccally found ass web and choord members in trusses andd open-web
steel joissts; as diagonnal members in structurall bracing sysstems; and ass hangers forr balconies,
mezzanin ne floors, and
d pedestrian walkways.
w Theey are also ussed as sag rodds for purlins and girts in
many bu uilding types, as well as to t support plaatforms for m mechanical eqquipment andd pipelines.
Figures 1.1
1 and 1.2 illlustrate typicaal applicationns of tension m members in acctual structures.
In
I the idealizeed case, tensiion members transmit conncentric tensille forces onlyy. In certain
structures, reversals of
o the overalll load may cchange the tennsion membeer force from m tension to
compresssion. Some members
m b designed ffor this actionn; others will hhave been designed with
will be
the assummption that thhey will carry tension only..
The
T idealized d tension mem mber is analyyzed with thee assumption that its end cconnections
are pins,, which prev vent any mom ment or sheaar force from m being transsmitted to thhe member.
Howeverr, in an actuall structure, th he type of connnection norm mally dictatess that some beending may
be introdduced to the tension
t memb ber. This is aalso the case when the tennsion memberr is directly
exposed to some form m of transversse load. Mom ments will alsso be introducced if the eleement is not
perfectly
y straight, or if the axial loaad is not appliied along the centroidal axxis of the mem mber.
The
T primary load l n the tension member is a concentric aaxial force, w
effect in with bending
and shearr considered asa secondary effects.
Compression
C members aree also known as columns, sstruts, or postts. They are uused as web
and chorrd members in trusses and a joists andd as verticall members inn all types oof building
structures. Figure 1.3 shows a typiccal use of struuctural comprression membbers.
Figure 1.1
1 Use of Tension
T Memb
bers in a Trusss
Photo cou
urtesy Ruby + Associates
A
n
Figure 1.2 Use of Tenssion Memberss as Hangers
The idealized co ompression member

m carriies only a cooncentric, coompressive foorce. Its
strength is heavily
h influeenced by thee distance bettween the suppports, as weell as by the support
conditions. The
T basic collumn is thereffore defined aas an axially loaded membber with pinnned ends.
Historically,, design ruless for compresssion memberss have been bbased on the bbehavior and strength
of this idealiized compression memberr.
The basic colum mn is practicaally nonexisttent in real sstructures. Reealistic end ssupports
rarely resemmble perfect pins; the ax xial load is nnormally nott concentric, due to the w way the
surrounding g structure traansmits its load to the meember; and beeams and sim milar componnents are
likely to be connected to o the column n in such a wway that mom ments are intrroduced. All of these
conditions produce
p bendiing effects in the member,, making it a combined forrce member oor beam-
column, as distinct
d t idealized column.
from the
The primary loaad effect in the pinned--end column is thereforee a concentrric axial
compressivee force accom mpanied by thee secondary eeffects of bending and sheaar.
Bending memberrs are known n as beams, girders, joistts, spandrels, purlins, linttels, and
girts. Althoough all of these
t are bending membbers, each naame implies a certain sttructural
application within
w a buildding:
Figure 1.3 Use of Colu

umns in a Buiilding Frame
Introoduction Chapter 1 9
C
1.
1 Beams, girders, and jo oists form parrt of commonn floor system ms. The beam ms are most
often considered as thee members thhat are directlly supported bby girders, whhich in turn
are usuallly supported by
b columns. JJoists are beam ms with fairlyy close spacinng. A girder
may geneerally be conssidered a highher-order bennding memberr compared w with a beam
or joist. However,
H variiations to this basic schemee are commonn.
2 The bending members that form thee perimeter off a floor or rooof plan in a bbuilding are
2.
known ass spandrels or
o spandrel b eams. Their design may be different from other
d girders becaause the load comes primaarily from onee side of the m
beams and member.
3 Bending members in roof systemss that span bbetween otheer bending m

3. members are
usually reeferred to as purlins.
p
4.
4 Lintels arre bending members
m that span across tthe top of oppenings in waalls, usually
carrying the
t weight off the wall aboove the openiing as well ass any other looad brought
into that area. They ty
ypically are sseen spanninng across the openings forr doors and
windows.
5 Girts are used in exterrior wall systtems. They trransfer the laateral load froom the wall
5.
surface to
o the exterior columns. Thhey may also assist in suppporting the weight of the
wall.
Figure
F hows beams and girders in an actuall structure unnder construcction. The
1.4 sh
idealizedd beam is sho own in the figure
fi as a mmember with a uniform looad supportedd on simple
supports..
The
T basic ben nding member carries traansverse loadds that act inn a plane conntaining the
longitudiinal centroidaal axis of thee member. Thhe primary looad effects arre bending m moment and
shear forrce. Axial forcces and torsio
on may occur as secondaryy effects.
The
T most com mmon combin ned force meember is know wn as a beam m-column, im
mplying that
this strucctural elemennt is simultan
neously subjeccted to bendiing and axiall compressionn. Although
the preseence of both h bending an nd axial tenssion represennts a potentiaal loading caase for the
combined d force memb ber, this case is not as criti cal or commoon as the beam
m-column loaading case.
Iddealized bendiing member
Figure 1.4
1 Building
g Structure Sh
howing Bendiing Members
100 Chapter 1 Introductio
on
Figure 1.5 Schematic Representatio

R n of Steel Fraames in Whicch the Verticaal Members A
Are
o Axial Loadss and Bending
Subjected to g Moments
Figu
ure 1.5a is a schematic illuustration of a multi-story steel frame w where the beaams and
columns aree joined with rigid connecctions. Becausse of the geo metric configguration, the types of
connections, and the loaading pattern n, the verticaal members aare subjectedd to axial looads and
bending mom ments. This is a typical ap m-columns; otther examples are the
pplication of ppractical beam
members off the gable fraame shown in n Figure 1.5bb and the verttical componeents of a singgle-story
portal framee shown in Figgure 1.5c.
The beam-colum mn may be reg garded as the general strucctural elemennt, where axiaal forces,
shear forces, and bending g moments acct simultaneouusly. Thus, thhe basic colummn may be thoought of
as a special case, represeenting a beam m-column wiith no momennts or transveerse loads. Siimilarly,
the basic bennding membeer may be thought of as a bbeam-columnn with no axiaal load. Therefore, the
consideratioons that must be accounted d for in the deesign of bothh columns andd beams mustt also be
applied to beeam-columnss.
Because of the generalized
g nature
n of the combined foorce elementt, all load efffects are
considered primary.
p Howwever, when the ratio of aaxial load to axial strengtth in a beam-column
becomes hig gh, column behavior
b will overshadow other influennces. Similarlly, when the ratio of
applied mom ment to mom ment strength h is high, beaam behavior will outweiggh other effects. The
beam-colum mn is an elem ment in which h a variety off different forrce types inteeract. Thus, ppractical
design appro oaches are no
ormally based d on interactioon equations.
Connnections are the collectio on of elemennts that join the memberss of a steel sstructure
together. Wh hether they co
onnect the axially loaded m members in a truss or the bbeams and columns
Introdduction Chhapter 1 11
Figure 1.6
1 Building
g Connectionss
Copyrightt © American Institute
I of Steeel Constructioon. Reprinted w
with permissionn. All rights resserved
of a multti-story framee, connectionss must ensuree that the strucctural membeers function toogether as a
unit, con
nsistent with thhe assumption ns made in thhe design.
The
T fastenerss used in stru uctural steel connections today are alm most entirelyy limited to
bolts andd welds. The load effects that the variious elementss of the connnection must resist are a
function of the specifi
fic connectionn type being cconsidered. T They include aall of the possible forces
and mom ments. Figuree 1.6 illustratees a variety of connectionns. The ideallized represenntations for
connectioons are presen nted in Chaptters 10, 11, annd 12.
1.7 TYPE
ES OF STEEL STRUC
CTURES
It is diffi
ficult to classiify steel strucctures into neeat categoriess, due to the wide variety of systems
availablee to the designner. The elem ments of the sttructure, as deefined in Secttion 1.6, are ccombined to
form thee total structu ure of a build ding, which must safely and economiically carry aall imposed
loads. Thhis combinatio on of members is usually rreferred to as the framing ssystem.
Steel-framed
S buildings com me in a widee variety of shapes and sizzes and in coombinations
with otheer structural materials.
m A few
f exampless are given inn the followinng paragraphss, to set the
stage for the applicatio on of structurral design preesented in subbsequent chappters.
1.7.1 Bea
aring Wall Constructio
C n
Bearing wall constru marily used ffor one- or ttwo-story buiildings, such as storage
uction is prim
warehouses, shopping g centers, offiice buildings,, and schoolss. This system
m normally usses brick or
concrete block mason nry walls, on which are plaaced the endss of the flexuural memberss supporting
the floor or roof. The flexural memmbers are usuaally hot-rolledd structural stteel shapes, allone or in
on
Figuree 1.7 Bearinng Wall Buildding

Photo ccourtesy Dougglas Steel Fabriicating Corporaation
combination n with open web

w steel joistts or cold-form
med steel shap
apes. An exam
mple of a bearring wall
building is shown
s in Figu
ure 1.7.
1.77.2 Beam--and-Colum
mn Construcction
Beam-and-ccolumn constrruction is the most commoonly used systtem for steel structures todday. It is
suitable for large-area bu
uildings such as schools annd shopping ccenters, whichh often have nno more
than two stoories but may have a large number of sppans. It is alsoo suitable for buildings wiith many
stories. Coluumns are plaaced accordin ng to a reguular, repetitiouus grid that supports thee beams,
girders, and joists, which ms. The regulaarity of the floor plan
h are used forr the floor andd roof system
lends itself to
t economy in i fabrication
n and erectionn, because moost of the meembers will bbe of the
same size. An
A example of this type of structure is shhown in Figuure 1.8.
For multi-story buildings, thhe use of com mposite steell and concreete flexural m members
affords addiitional saving dvances can bbe expected ass designers bbecome more familiar
gs. Further ad
with the use of compositee columns and d other elemeents of mixed construction systems.
Figure 1.8 Beam-and-C

Column Build
ding
Photo courtessy Douglas Steeel Fabricating Corporation
Figure 1.9
1 Braced Beeam-and-Colu
umn Buildingg
Photo cou
urtesy Douglas Steel Fabricatting Corporatioon
Beam-and-col
B lumn structurres rely on eitther their connnections or a separate braccing system
to resist lateral
l loads. A frame in which
w all connnections are m
moment resistant provides rresistance
against thhe action of laateral loads, such
s as wind and earthquak akes, and overrall structural stability,
through the
t bending stiffness of thee overall fram me.
Figure 1.10
1 Idealizeed Illustration
n of Several TTypes of Beam m-and-Colummn Framed Strructures (a)
moment--resistant fram
me; (b) truss-bbraced frame;; (c) core-bracced frame; (dd) floor plan oof shear
wall and core-braced building;
b (e) floor
f plan of bbuilding withh a combinatioon of braced and
unbraced
d bents.
A frame with hout memberr-end restrainnt needs a seeparate lateraal load resistiing system,
which is often afford
ded by having
g the elemennts along onee or more of the column llines act as
144 Chapter 1 on
Introductio
braced frammes, as seen inn Figure 1.9.. One of the most commoon types of bbracing is the vertical
h is designed to take the loads imposeed by wind aand seismic aaction. Other bracing
truss, which
schemes invvolve shear walls and reinfforced concrette cores. The latter type m may also be refferred to
as a braced core
c system and
a can be hig ghly efficientt because of thhe rigidity of the box-shapped cross
section of thhe core. Thee core serves a dual purppose in this ccase: in addittion to providding the
bracing systtem for the bu
uilding, it servves as the verrtical conduitt in the comppleted structurre for all
of the necessary services,, including eleevators, stairccases, electriccity, and otheer utilities.
Commbinations off these types ofo constructioon are also coommon. For eexample, fram mes may
have been designed
d as moment resistaant in one direection of the bbuilding and as truss braceed in the
other. Of course, such a choice
c recognnizes the threee-dimensionall nature of thee structure.
Figuure 1.10 shows an idealiized represenntation of sevveral types oof beam-and-column
framed strucctures.
1.77.3 Long-S
Span Consttruction
This type ofo constructio on encompassses steel-fram med structurres with longg spans betw ween the
vertical load
d-carrying eleements, such as covered aarenas. The loong distancess may be spaanned by
one-way truusses, two-way y space trussees, or plate annd box girderrs. A long-spaan structure iis shown
in Figure 1.1 d also be usedd, although theey are not connsidered here.
11. Arches orr cables could
Lonng-span constrruction is also
o used in builldings that reequire large, ccolumn-free iinteriors.
In such casees the buildinng may be a core-
c or othe rwise bracedd structure, whhere the longg span is
the distance from the exteerior wall to the
t core.
Manny designers would also characterize
c ssingle-story rrigid frames aas examples of long-
span constru uction system
ms. Dependin ng on the geoometry of thee frame, suchh structures ccan span
substantial distances,
d ofteen with excelllent economyy.
Figure 1.11 Long-Span Structure

Photo courtessy Douglas Steeel Fabricating Corporation
Figuure 1.12 Higgh-Rise Buildding

Struucture
Photto courtesy Doouglas Steel Faabricating
Corpporation
1.7.4 gh-Rise Con

Hig nstruction
High-risee construction n refers to mu ulti-story buiildings of signnificant heighht; an example is shown

in Figure 1.12. The large heightts and uniquue problems encountered in the desiggn of such
structures warrant treeating them in ndependentlyy from typicaal beam-and-column consstruction. In
addition, over the passt 40 years seeveral designners have devveloped a num mber of new concepts in
multi-sto
ory frame desiign, such as th he super com mposite colummn and the steeel plate shear wall.
Particular
P carre must be ex xercised in thhe choice andd design of tthe lateral loaad resisting
system inn high-rise co onstruction. Itt is not just a mmatter of extrrapolating froom the principples used in
the analyysis of lower-rrise structures, because maany effects pllay a major roole in the desiign of high-
rise builddings but hav ve significanttly less impacct on frames of smaller hheight. These effects are
crucial to
o the proper design
d of the high-rise
h struccture.
Some
S of thesee effects may y be referred tto as second--order effects,, because theyy cannot be
quantifieed through a normal,
n linearrly elastic anaalysis of the fframe. Althouugh second-oorder effects
are preseent in all strucctures, they may
m be more significant inn high-rise sttructures. Foor example,
when a structure is displaced
d lateerally, additioonal momentt is induced in a column due to the
eccentriccity of the column loads. WhenW added too the momentts and shears produced by gravity and
wind loaads, the resu ulting effectss may be siggnificantly laarger than thhose computted without
consideriing the secon nd-order effeccts. A designeer who does not incorporaate both typees of effects
will be making
m a serio
ous and perhaaps unconservvative error.
Framing
F systeems for high--rise buildinggs reflect the increased im mportance of lateral load
resistance. Thus, attem mpts at makin ng the perimeeter of a buildding act as a uunit or tube hhave proven
quite succcessful. Thiss tube may bee in the form of a truss, ass with the John Hancock Building in
Chicago,, Illinois, show wn in Figure 1.13a, or a frrame, as in thhe former Worrld Trade Cennter in New
York Citty, shown in Figure
F 1.13b; a solid wall ttube with cuttouts for winddows, as usedd in the Aon
Center inn Chicago, sh hown in Figurre 1.13c; or seeveral intercoonnected or bbundled tubess, such as in
the Williis Tower in Chicago (form merly known aas the Sears Tower), shownn in Figure 1.13d.
on
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 1.13 High-Rise Buildings (a)) the John Haancock Centerr; (b) the Worrld Trade Cennter;
(c) the Aon Center; (d) th
he Willis Tow
wer.
Photo (b) cou
urtesy Leslie E. Robertson Asssociates, RLL
LP
1.77.5 Gable--Frame Con

nstruction
Many design ners include the

t single-storry frame as ppart of the lonng-span constrruction categoory. The
metal buildiing industry has h capitalizeed on the usee of this system through ffine-tuned deesigns of
frames for storage
s wareh houses, indusstrial buildinggs, temporaryy and permannent office buuildings,
and similar types
t of strucctures. The gaable frames arre typically buuilt-up, web ttapered membbers that
can be optim mized for thee forces preseent. Memberrs are conneccted in the fiield using bolted end
plate connecctions. Metall buildings, co ommonly refferred to as prre-engineeredd metal buildiings, are
now availab ble as custom engineered for fo specific appplications. AAn example off a gable-framme metal
building is seen
s in Figuree 1.14.
Figure 1.14
1 Gable-F
Frame Metal Building
Photo cou
urtesy Metal Bu
uilding Manufa
facturers Assocciation
1.8 DESIIGN PHILO

OSOPHIES
A successsful structuraal design resu ults in a struucture that is safe for its ooccupants, caan carry the
design looads without overstressing g any componnents, does noot deform or vibrate excesssively, and
is econom d and operate for its intendded life span. Although ecoonomy may aappear to be
mical to build
the primary concern of o an owner, safety must be the primaary concern oof the engineeer. Costs of
labor annd materials will vary frrom one geoographic locaation to anoother, makingg it almost
impossibble to design a structure th hat is equally economical iin all locationns. Because thhe foremost
task of th i to produce a safe and s erviceable strructure, desiggn criteria suuch as those
he designer is
published d by the Am merican Institu ute of Steel Constructionn are based oon technical m models and
consideraations that prredict structurral behavior aand material rresponse. Thee use of thesee provisions
by the designer
d will dictate the economy
e of a particular ssolution in a particular loocation and
business climate.
To
T perform a structural deesign, it is neecessary to qquantify the ccauses and efffects of the
loads thaat will be exeerted on each element throoughout the life of the struucture. This iis generally
termed th he load effectt or the requirred strength. It is also neccessary to acccount for the behavior of
the mateerial and the shapes that compose theese elements.. This is refeerred to as thhe nominal
strength or capacity ofo the elementt.
In
I its simplesst form, strucctural designn is the deterrmination of member sizees and their
correspon nding connecctions, so thatt the strength of the structuure is greater than the loadd effect. The
degree too which this isi accomplish hed is often teermed the maargin of safetyy. Numerous approaches
for accommplishing thiss goal have beeen used overr the years.
Although
A passt experience might seem to indicate thhat the structtural designerr knows the
exact maagnitude of th he loads that will
w be applieed to the struucture, and thee exact strenggth of all of
the structtural elementts, this is usuaally not the caase. Design looads are provvided by manyy codes and
standardss and, althou ugh the valuess given are sspecific, signiificant uncerttainty is assoociated with
those maagnitudes. Loaads, load factors, and load combinationns are discusseed in Chapterr 2.
A is the casee for loading, significant uuncertainty is associated w
As with the determmination of
the behav vior and strenngth of structtural memberrs. The true inndication of lload-carryingg capacity is
given byy the magnitu ude of the loaad that causess the failure of a componnent or the strructure as a
whole. Failure
F may eiither occur ass the physicall collapse of ppart of the buuilding, or be considered
to have occurred
o if deflections,
d fo
or instance, eexceed certainn predeterminned values. W Whether the
failure iss the result of
o a lack of strength
s (colllapse) or stifffness (deflecction), these phenomena
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O bigode fanado posto ao ferro
Está alli num desterro,
E cada pello em solidão tão rara,
Que parece ermitão da tua cara;
De cabelleira tal affirmam cegos
Que a mandaste comprar no Arco dos pregos.
Olhos ... .. ... sempre á porta,

Me têm esta alma absorta,
Principalmente vendo-lhe as vidraças
Nos grosseiros caixilhos das couraças;
Cangalhas que formaram luminosas
Em dois arcos de pipa duas ventosas.
De muito cego, e não de malquerer,

A ninguem pódes ver,
Tão cego és que não vês teu prejuizo,
Sendo cousa que se olha com o juizo;
Tu és mais cego do que eu, que te susurro,
Que em te olhando não vejo mais que um burro.
Chato o nariz, de cócaras sempre posto,

Te corre todo o rosto
De gatinhas buscando algum jazigo,
Aonde o desconheçam por embigo,
Té que se esconde d’onde mal o vejo,
Por fugir ao fedor do teu bocejo.
Faz-lhe tal visinhança a tua bocca

Que com razão não pouca
O nariz se recolhe para o centro,
Mudado para os baixos lá de dentro,
Surge outra vez, e vendo a baforada,
Lhe fica alli a ponta um dia engastada.
Pernas e pés defendem a tua cara
Velhaca, e quem cuidára,
Tomando-te a medida das cavernas,
Se movesse tal corpo com taes pernas?
Cuidei que eras rossim das Alpujarras,
E já frizão te digo pelas garras.
Um cazaquim trazias sobre o coiro,

Qual odre, a quem o toiro
Uma e outra cornada deu traidora,
E lhe deitou de todo o vento fóra;
Tal vinha o teu vestido de enrugado,
Que o tive por um odre esfuracado.
O que te vir ser todo rabadilha

Dirá que te perfilha
Uma quaresma, chato percevejo,
Por arenque de fumo ou por badejo;
Sem carne e osso, quem ha ahi que creia
Sinão que és descendente de lampreia?
Livre-te Deus de um sapateiro ou xastre,

Que te temo um desastre;
E é que por sovéla ou por agulha
Armem sobre levar-te alguma bulha,
Porque, depositando-te a justiça,
Será num agulheiro ou em cortiça.
Na esquerda mão trazias a bengala,

E, ou por força ou por gala,
No sovaco por vezes a mettias,
Só por fazer infindas cortezias,
Tirando ao povo, quando te destapas,
Entonces o chapéu, agora as capas.
Fundia-se a cidade em carcajadas,
Vendo as duas entradas
Que fizeste do mar a Sancto Ignacio,
E depois do Collegio a teu palacio,
O rabo erguido em cortezias mudas,
Como quem pelo .. tomava ajudas.
Ao teu palacio te acolheste, e logo

Casa armaste de jogo,
Ordenando as merendas por tal geito,
Que a cada jogador se dá um confeito:
Dos tafues um confeito era um boccado,
Sendo tu pela cara o enforcado.
Depois déste em fazer tanta parvoice,

Que ainda que o povo risse
A principio, cresceu depois a tanto
Que chegou a chorar com triste pranto:
Chora-se nú de um roubador de falso,
E vendo-te eu de riso me descalço.
Chinga-te o negro, o branco te pragueja,

E a ti nada te aleja;
E por teu sem-sabor e pouca graça
És fabula do lar, riso da praça,
Té que a bala, que o braço te levára,
Venha segunda vez levar-te a cara!
AO CONFESSOR
DO ARCEBISPO D. FREI JOÃO DA MADRE DE DEUS
Eu, que me não sei calar,

Mas antes tenho por mingua,
Não purgar-se qualquer lingua,
A risco de arrebentar:
Vos quero, amigo, contar
(Pois sois o meu secretario)
Um successo extraordinario,
Um caso tremendo e atroz:
Porém fique aqui entre nós.
Do confessor jesuita,
Que ao ladrão do confessado
Não só absolve o peccado,
Mas os fructos lhe alcovita:
Do precursor da visita,
Que na vanguarda marchando,
Vai pedindo e vai tirando,
O demo ha de ser algoz:
O ladronaço em rigor
Não tem para que dizer
Furtos, que antes de os fazer
Já os sabe o confessor:
Cala-os, para ouvir melhor,
Pois, com officio alternado,
Confessor e confessado
Alli se barbeam sós:
Aqui o ladrão se consente
Sem castigo e com escusa,
Porque do mesmo se accusa
O confessor delinquente:
Ambos alternadamente,
Um a outro e outro a um,
O peccado, que é commum,
Confessa em commua voz:
Um e outro, á mór cautela,

Vem a ser neste incidente
Confessor e penitente;
Porém fique ella por ella.
O demo em tanta mazella
Diz: faço, porque façais;
Absolvo, porque absolvais;
Pacto inopinado poz:
Não se dá a este ladrão

Penitencia em caso algum;
E sómente em um jejum
Se tira a consolação:
Elle estará como um cão
De levar a bofetada;
Mas na cara ladrilhada
Emenda o pejo não poz:
Mechanica disciplina
Vem a impor por derradeiro
O confessor marceneiro
Ao peccador carapina:
E como qualquer se inclina
A furtar e mais furtar,
Se conjura a escavacar
As bolças co’ um par de enxós:
O tal confessor me abysma,

Que revele, e não se offenda,
Que um frade sagrado venda
O sagrado oleo da Chrisma.
Por dinheiro a gente chrisma,
E por cera, havendo queixa,
Que nem a da orelha deixa
Onde chrismando a mão poz:
Que em toda a franciscania

Não achasse um mau ladrão,
Que lhe ouvisse a confissão,
Mais que um padre da Apanhia!
Nisto, amigo, ha sympathia;
E é que lhe veiu a pêllo
Que um vá atando no orello
O que o outro mette no coz:
Que tanta culpa mortal
Se absolva? eu perco o tino;
Pois absolve um theatino
Peccados de pedra e cal:
Quem em vida monacal
Quer dar á filha um debate
Condemnando em dote ou date,
Vem a dar-lhe o pão e a noz:
As freiras com sanctas sêdes

Saem condemnadas em pedra,
Quando o ladronaço medra,
Roubando pedra e paredes.
Vós, amigo, que isto vêdes,
Deveis a Deus graças dar
Por nos fazer secular,
E não zote de albernoz:
EM 1686 DIMINUIRAM
AQUELLE VALOR A QUE SE HAVIA ERGUIDO A MOEDA
QUANDO O P. ESTAVA NA CÔRTE, ONDE ENTÃO COM SEU
ALTO JUIZO SENTIU MAL DO ARBITRISTA QUE ASSIM O
ACONSELHÁRA A EL-REI, COMO SE ENTENDE NAQUELLES
VERSOS CONTRA ELLE FEITOS:
Sendo pois o alterar da moeda

O assopro, o arbitrio, o ponto e ardil,
De justiça a meu ver se lhe devem
As honras que teve Ferraz e Soliz.
E agora com experiencia dos malos que padocia a

Republica nestas alterações so jacta de o haver extranhado
então, julgando estos malos por incentivo de outros maiores.
Tractam de diminuir
O dinheiro a meu pezar,
Que para a cousa baixar
O melhor meio é subir:
Quem via tão alto ir,
Como eu vi ir a moeda,
Lhe prognosticou a queda,
Como eu lh’a prognostiquei:
Dizem que o mandou El-Rei,
Quer creais, quer não creiais,
Não vos espanteis, que inda lá vem mais.
Mandam a força do fado,
Por ser justo que o dinheiro
Baixe a seu valor primeiro
Depois de tão levantado:
O que se vir sublimado
Por ter mais quatro mangabas,
Hão de peza-lo ás oitavas,
E por leve hão de engeita-lo:
E si com todo este abalo
Por descontentes vos dais,
As pessoas de quem rezo

Hão de ser como o ferrollho:
Val pouco tomado a olho,
Val menos tomado a pezo.
Os que prézo, e que desprézo,
Todos serão de uma casta,
E só moços de canasta,
Entre veras e entre chanças
Com pezos e com balanças
Vão á justiça os mais:
Porque como em Maranhão

Mandam novelos á praça,
Assim vós por esta traça
Mandareis o algodão:
Haverá permutação,
Como ao principio das gentes,
E todos os contrahentes
Trocarão droga por droga,
Pão por sal, lenha por soga,
Vinhas por cannaviaes:
Virá a frota para o anno,
E que leve vos agouro,
Si não tudo a pezo de ouro,
A pezo tudo de engano:
Não é o valor deshumano,
Que a cada oitava se dá,
Da prata, que corre cá,
Pelo meu fraco conceito;
Mas o cobrar fiel direito,
E obliquo quando pagais:
Bem merece esta cidade

Esta afflicção, que a assalta,
Pois os dinheiros exalta
Sem real auctoridade:
Eu si hei de fallar verdade,
O aggressor do delicto
Devia ser só afflicto:
Mas si estão tão descançados,
Talvez que sejam chamados
Nesta frota que esperais:
Não vos espanteis, que ainda lá vem mais.
RETRATO
DO PADRE DAMASO DA SILVA
Pois me enfada o teu feitio,

Quero, Frizão, neste dia
Retratar-te em quatro versos
Ás maravi, maravi, maravilhas.
Ouçam e olhem,
Venham, venham, verão
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
A cara é um fardo de arroz,

Que, por larga e por comprida,
É ração de um elephante
Vindo da India.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
A bocca desempedrada
É a ponte de Coimbra,
Onde não entram nem sahem
Mais que mentiras.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
Não é a lingua de vacca
Pelo maldizente e maldicta,
Mas pelo muito que corta
De tiririca.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
No corpazil torreão
A natureza prevista
Formou a fresta da bocca
Para guarita.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
Quizera as mãos comparar-lhe

Ás do gigante Golias,
Si as do gigante não foram
Tão pequeninas.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
Os ossos de cada pé
Encher podem de reliquias
Para toda a christandade
As sacristias.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
É grande Conimbricense
Sem jámais pôr pé em Coimbra,
E sendo ignorante sabe
Mais que gallinha.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
Como na lei de Mafoma

Não se argumenta, e se briga,
Elle, que nada argumenta,
Tudo porfia.
Ouçam e olhem,
O Frizão da Bahia,
Que está retratado
MARINICOLAS
Marinicolas todos os dias

O vejo na sege passar por aqui,
Cavalheiro de tão lindas partes,
Como, verbi gratia, Londres e Pariz.
Mais fidalgo que as mesmas estrellas,

Que as doze do dia viu sempre luzir,
Que seu pae por não sei que desastre
Tudo o que comia vinha pelo giz.
Peneirando-lhe os seus avelorios,

É tal a farinha do nympho gentil,
Que por machos é sangue Tudesco,
Porém pelas femeas humor meretriz.
Um avô, que rodou esta côrte

Num coche de quatro de um Dom Beleaniz,
Sôbre mulas foi tão attractivo,
Que as Senhoras todas trouxe atraz de si.
Foi um grande verdugo de bestas,

Pois co’um azorrague e dois borzeguins,
Ao compás dos maus passos que davam
Lhes ia cantando o lá, sol, fá, mi.
Marinicolas era muchacho

Tão gran’ rabaceiro de escumas de rins,
Que jámais para as toucas olhava,
Por achar nas calças melhor fraldelim.
Sendo já sumilher de cortina
De um xastre de barbas, saiu d’aprendiz
Dado só ás lições de canudo,
Rapante de especie de .. viril.
Cabrestilhos tecendo em arames,

Tão pouco lucrava no patrio paiz,
Que se foi dando velas ao vento
Ao reino dos Servos, não mais que a servir.
Lá me dizem que fez carambola

Com certo Cupido, que fôra d’aqui
Empurrado por uma Sodoma,
No anno de tantos em cima de mil.
Por signal que no sitio nefando

Lhe poz a ramella do olho servil
Um travesso, porque de cadeira
A seus .. servisse aquelle ambar gris.
Mordeduras de perro raivoso

Có o pello se curam do mesmo mastim,
E aos mordidos do rabo não póde
O sumo do rabo de cura servir.
Tanto em fim semeou pela terra,

Que havendo colhido bastante quatrim,
Resolvendo a ser Perotangas
Cruzou o Salobre, partiu o Zenith.
Avistando este nosso hemispherio,

Calou pela barra em um bergantim,
Poz em terra os maiores joanetes
Que viram meus olhos desde que nasci.
Pretendendo com recancanilhas
Roubar as guaritas de um salto subtil,
Embolçava com alma de gato,
A risco de sape, dinheiro de miz.
Sinão quando na horta do Duque

Andando de ronda um certo malsim,
Estumando-lhe um cão pechelingue
O demo do gato botou o seitil.
Marinicolas vendo-se entonces

De todo expurgado sem maravedi,
Alugava rapazes ao povo,
Por ter de caminho de quem se servir.
Exercendo-os em jogos de mãos

Tão lestos os tinha o destro arlequim,
Que si não lhes tirára a peçonha
Ganhára com elles dois mil potosis.
A tendeiro se poz de.....

E na taboleta mandou esculpir
Dois cachopos, e a lettra dizia:
Os ordenhadores se alquilam aqui.
Tem por mestre do terço......

Um pagem de lança, que Marcos se diz,
Que si em casa anda ao rabo d’elle,
O traz pela rua ao rabo de si.
Uma tarde em que o perro celeste

Do sol acossado se poz a latir,
Marinicola estava com Marcos
Limpando-lhe os moncos de certo nariz.
Mas sentindo ruido na porta,
Aonde batia um Gorra civil,
Um e outro se poz em fugida,
Temiendo los dientes de algun javali.
Era pois o baeta travesso:

Si um pouco de antes aportára alli,
Como sabe latim o baeta,
Pudiera cogerlos en un má latin.
Ao depois dando d’elle uma força

As alcoviteiras do nosso confim,
Lhe valeu no sagrado da egreja
O nó indissoluvel de um rico mongil.
Empossado da simples consorte

Cresceu de maneira naquelles chapins,
Que inda hoje dá graças infindas
Aos falsos informes de quis, quid e quid.
Não obstante pagar de vazio

O sancto hymeneu um picaro vil,
Se regala á ufa do sogro,
Comendo e bebendo como mochachim.
Com chamar-se prudente com todos,

Que muitos babosos o têm para si,
Elle certo é o meu desenfado,
Que um tolo prudente dá muito que rir.
É dotado de um entendimento
Tão vivo e esperto, que fôra um Beliz,
Si lhe houvera o juizo illustrado
Um dedo de grego, outro de latim.
Entre gabos o triste idiota
Tão pago se mostra dos seus gorgotis,
Que nascendo sendeiro de gemma,
Quer á fina força metter-se a rossim.
Deu agora em famoso arbitrista,

E quer por arbitrios o triste malsim
Que o vejamos subir á Excellencia,
Como diz que vimos Montalvão subir.
Sendo pois o alterar a moeda

O assopro, o arbitrio, o ponto e o ardil,
De justiça, a meu ver, se lhe devem
As honras que teve Ferraz e Soliz.
Dêm com elle no alto da forca,

Adonde o fidalgo terá para si
Que é o mais estirado de quantos
Beberam no Douro, mijaram no Rim.
Si o intento é bater-se moeda,

Correrem-lhe gages e ser mandarim,
Porque andando a moeda na forja
Se ri de Cuama, de Sena e de Ophir?
Sempre foi da moeda privado,

Mas vendo-se agora Senhor e Juiz,
Condemnando em portaes a moeda,
Abriu ás unhadas portas para si.
Muito mais lhe rendeu cada palmo

D’aquella portada que dois potosis;
Muito mais lhe valeu cada pedra
Que vale un ochavo de Valladolid.
Pés de puas com topes de seda,
Cabellos de cabra com pós de marfim,
Pés e puas de riso motivo,
Cabellos e topes motivo de rir.
Uma tia, que abaixo do muro

Lacões esquarteja, me dizem que diz:
Sua Alteza sem ir meu sobrinho
A nada responde de não ou de sim.
Pois a prima da rua do Saco

Tambem se reputa de todos alli,
Que a furaram como velador
Para o garavato de certo candil.
Outras tias me dizem que foram

Tão fortes gallegas, e tão varonis,
Que sobre ellas foi muito mais gente
Do que sobre Hespanha em tempo do Cid.
Catharina conigibus era

Uma das avôas da parte viril,
D’onde vem conixarem-se todas
As conigibundas do tal genesis.
Despachou-se com habito e tença

Por grandes serviços, que fez ao Sofi,
Em matar nos fieis Portuguezes
De puro enfadonho tres ou quatro mil.
E porque de mechanica tanta

Não foi dispensado, tenho para mim
Que em usar da mechanica falsa
Se soube livrar da mechanica vil.
É possível que calce tão alto
A baixa vileza de um sujo escarpim,
Para o qual não é a agua bastante
Da grossa corrente do Gualdaquibir?
Marinicolas é finalmente
Sugeito de prendas de tanto matiz,
Que está hoje batendo moeda,
Sendo ainda hontem um vilão ruim.

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Unified design of steel structures Carter

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Fatigue design of steel and composite structures

Ultimate Limit State Design of Steel-Plated Structures.

Design of steel structures Eurocde 3 Design of steel

Steel structures: practical design studies 4th Edition

Design and Analysis of Connections in Steel Structures

Design guide for concrete-filled double skin steel

Design of Steel Structures for Buildings in Seismic

Fire Performance of Thin-Walled Steel Structures 1st

Cover photo: Rutgers University School of Business, Piscataway, NJ

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Available from Amazon.com, CreateSpace.com, and other retail outlets

For additional information see www.SteelStuff.com

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017906318

UNIFIED ASD AND LRFD

CHANGES IN BUILDING LOADS

NEW TO THIS EDITION

The following addresses the changes to be found in each chapter:

Chapter 5 looks at compression members and the Specification nomenclature change of KL to Lc

Chapter 13 continues to outline the application of the Seismic Provisions.

EXAMPLES AND HOMEWORK PROBLEMS IN LRFD AND ASD

LRFD and ASD in Examples

Ag min = Pa ( Fy Ω ) = 270 ( 36 1.67 ) = 12.5 in.2

2L6×6×9/16 with Ag = 12.9 in.2

LRFD and ASD in Homework Problems

RESOURCES FOR INSTRUCTORS

9.11 Composite Columns 412 11.9 Seated Connections 517

This page left intentionally blank.

One Worlld Trade Centeer, New York

1.2 THE SPECIFIC

Appendix 5: Evaluation of Existing Structures. This appendix provides guidance on the

Appendix 8: Approximate Second-Order Analysis. This appendix provides a method for

1.3 THE MANUAL

Part 1: Dimensions and Properties

Part 2: General Design Considerations

Part 3: Design of Flexural Members

Part 4: Design of Compression Members

Part 5: Design of Tension Members

Part 6: Design of Members Subject to Combined Forces

Part 7: Design Considerations for Bolts

Part 8: Design Considerations for Welds

Part 9: Design of Connecting Elements

Part 10: Design of Simple Shear Connections

Part 11: Design of Partially Restrained Moment Connections

Part 12: Design of Fully Restrained Moment Connections

Part 13: Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections

Part 16: Specifications and Codes

Part 17: Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information

1.4 AISC WEB SITE RESOURCES

1.5 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1.6 PARTS OF THE STEEL STRUCTURE

4. Combined force members

Figure 1.2 Use of Tenssion Memberss as Hangers

The idealized co ompression member

Figure 1.3 Use of Colu

3 Bending members in roof systemss that span bbetween otheer bending m

Iddealized bendiing member

Figure 1.5 Schematic Representatio

Figuree 1.7 Bearinng Wall Buildding

combination n with open web

Figure 1.8 Beam-and-C

Figure 1.11 Long-Span Structure