Chapter 2 Two types of mouse:
Computer System
Computer – is an electronic device that accepts
data as input, processes the input data by performing
mathematical and logical operations on it, and gives
the desired output.
Components of Computer System
• Hardware
• Software
• Peopleware
HARDWARE
• Physical component of the component
• Tangible parts (everything that is tangible)
FOUR (4) COMPONENTS OF HARDWARE
A. Input Devices
• Accepts instruction and data that comes
from the user.
• Eto ang mga ni-encode and type.
• Ginagamit for entering your data and
instruction to perform different function.
Different Types of Input Devices:
1. Keyboard – similar to a typewriter but more
advanced and mas maraming keys.
Three types of keys:
o Alphanumeric Keys – includes numbers
and letters.
o Punctuation Keys - includes keys such as
question marks, comma, period, etc.
(punctuation marks)
o Special Keys – includes control keys,
function keys (F1, F2 etc.), arrow keys,
caps lock, tabs, shift.
“Click shift to access the symbols or function keys”
2. Mouse – used for pointing and clicking in the
application we’re using.
• invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963
o Mechanical Mouses – earlier or older
version of mouse, meron mga track ball
na ginagamit as sensor.
o Optical Mouse – latest version, use sensor
(or laser) in order to detect movement.
o Gaming mouse – this is actually under the
optical mouse.
- mas precise
- have additional buttons sa gilid.
- much expensive, 1k to 5k.
3. Scanner – flat bed scanner, mas malalaki ang
napiprint kaysa sa 3 in 1 printer which is A4
lang ang kayang iprint.
• image acquisition, to scan or take picture
of the document
• digitize the information and present it on
the computer screen.
• Used in banks.
4. Barcode Reader – Tries to read barcodes
(these are the lines with different codes) or item
codes, once read, codes will appear on
computer as readable materials.
• Example: Optical Scanner para mabasa
ang product code para matransfer sa
computer.
• Example: Handheld Barcode Reader
(supermarket) & Fix Barcode Reader
5. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• Used to read checks and automatic na
matransmit sa computer.
• Checking checks.
• For bank industries.
• They can read papers that uses special ink
to tell if they are genuine or not.
6. Optical mark reader – they try to read the
presence of the mark.
• Used to check shaded answers
(examination, surveys, ballot answers)
• May lalabas na resibo after voting, which is
the summary.
• Also used in National Exams.
 B. Output
• Display result of the computer processing
for user.
• They simply display output or yung data
we entered.
1. Visual Display Unit or Monitor – display
image, graphic and text that let the user see how
the computer is responding to their commands.
• Older version of monitor uses CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube), to transfer or display
images to the monitor.
• CRT is invented by VLADIMIR
ZWORYKIN. Monochrome sila.
“Without monitor you can use projector.”
2. Speakers and Audio Response system
• Usually they try to produce sounds, verbal
output, and audio.
• Example: play music
3. Printer
• To produce hard copy output.
Types of printers:
o Character Printer – they try to print one
character at a time.
Example:
Dot matrix – doesn’t use ink, it uses ribbons.
(Colors: black, blue, red), mas maingay than
usual printers.
Thermal Printer – for printing receipts, it uses
ink.
Inkjet Printer - These printers are most
common in homes and small offices.
o Line Printer - one line at a time.
Example: Drum Printer – mas malaki.
o Page Printer- per page, common
nagpriprint ng photos.
Example: Laser Printer, Magnetic Printer
C. Storage devices
• store data entered before processing and
store the results after processing.
• Location of the outputs.
Types of Storage Devices:
Primary storage – “MAIN MEMORY”, 1st storage
in the devices and it is built-in.
• It holds data, program, instructions, that are
currently used by your device.
a. RAM (Random Access Memory)
• It randomly selects and use any location of
this memory to direct store and retrieve
data and instructions. It is also referred to
read/write memory because information
can be “read” from a RAM chip also be
“written” into it.
• Temporarily store information.
• Short Term Memory.
• Volatile memory – usually store
temporary files na ginagamit while your
device is running; ex: mga apps na store sa
RAM habang ginagamit natin para
matanggal usually nag clean tayo.
• Real Time
b. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
• A Read Only Memory is one in which
information is permanently stored. The
information from the memory can only be
read and it is not possible to write fresh
information into it.
• Non- volatile – built-in na permanently
nakastore sa device
• You can disable the apps if you don’t want
to use it.
Secondary storage – external memory of the
device or back-up storage.
a. Hard Disk
• iba’t ibang klase ng hard disk, yung hard
disk sa computer and laptop are different
in size.
• External drives, Iron wolf 18TB
 • You can have one or more hard disk in your
computer as long as meron pang available
slot sa system unit.
b. SSD (Solid State Drive)
• ginagamit sa laptop, another mind of drive
kaya lang mas mabilis si SSD.
• For old laptops, you can have both SSD and
HHD, as long as there is available slot,
usually kapalit niyang slot is yung sa
optical disk drive (yung sa CD).
c. Floppy Disk
• 1.4 megabyte only yung storage capacity
niya.
• Used for office documents.
• Lifespan: 3-4 years or lower depending on
how you use it.
• You read its content by using Floppy Disk
Drive.
d. Compact Disk – it can store any kind of data.
i. CD’s ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only
Memory)
• These are the most exciting invention in
their generation.
• Capacity 600 – 700 mb
• Same as flashdrive as function limited nga
lang ang capacity.
ii. CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable)
• We can only burn once.
• Kapag nagsave nang file they are
permanently stored.
Example: CD sa bangketa
• Burn para masave ang files sa CD.
iii. CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable)
• We can use it as many times as we want.
• Dahil nag-rerewrite siya basta hindi mag
error and magasgas.
e. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video
Disk then)
• Larger than CD but kind of a same type.
• Capacity 7 times larger than the CD’s
f. Optical Disk Drive
• Used in laptops or computer to read CD or
DVD.
g. Tape Drives
• Uses ribbon or tape fro recording.
• VHS – for videos.
• Cassete tape – for music.
• Bago magkaroon ng CD eto gamit.
h. Flash Drives – ito ung nag-aappear mismo sa
screen.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) – ito yung
mismong port na sinasaksakan ng drive.
• Store data, data back-up, transfer files.
• Convenient, versatile, handy
• Mataas ang storage capacity – up to 1TB
i. OTG Drives – can connect to phone.
j. Cloud Storage
• GDrive, iCloud, DropBox
• Accessible anywhere as long as you have
an account and internet.
• Cloud – “over the internet”
D. Central Processing Unit (Processor)
• The brain of any computer system. It
controls, coordinates, and supervises the
operations of the computer.
• Responsible to execute the program.
• Circuitry – nagproprocess ng mga input
and to store data and output the result.
COMPONENTS OF CPU:
Control Unit
• Controls the overall operations of the
computer.
• Interpret the program instruction na
binibigay kay computer
• “Heart of computer system”
Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU)
• Performs all the arithmetic and logic
operation on the input data
• Basic operation
 • What to add or perform operation based on Terabyte (TB) – approximately 1,000 GB or one
the data na ginawa natin. trillion bytes.

Memory unit NOTE…

• Stores the data, instructions, intermediate The speed of your personal computer is measured in
results and output, temporarily and during megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
the processing of data.
Clock speed of computer:
• Like a RAM
• We can store in CPU but hindi ganon kalaki • Megahertz – 1M ticks/second
25-100 MB lang. • Gigahertz – 1B ticks/second
MACHINE CYCLE

1. Fetch instruction from memory.

• Main memory primary memory.
Kukunin yan sa mismong main
memory
2. Decode instructions into commands
• Then, decode instruction that computer
can understands
o It can understand only machine
language or binary codes. Hindi
niya naiintindihan ang mga letters
and numbers.
o CPU will decode/converts the
instruction into binary codes or
kung yung ano yung naiintindihan
na language ng computer.
o Machine language – ito lang
naiintindihan ni computer.
3. Execute commands
• Since na interpret na so execute na.
4. Store results in memory
• Afterwards we can either store or not
the commands.

2 manufacturers of CPU (processor)

Intel – common, latest processor I9

AMD – Advance Micro Device,

How is Computer Memory measured?

Kilobyte (KB) – approximately 1,000 bytes.

Megabyte (MB) – approximately 1,000 KB or one

million bytes.

Gigabytes (GB) – approximately 1,000 MB or one

billion bytes.