5.
1 Computer Network
Administration
Network Administration
 The process of managing the
computer network from planning,
installation, configuration, and
maintenance
 Two kinds of network entities are
infrastructure and system
Network Administrator
 A network administrator is
responsible for the performance,
reliability, and scalability of
corporate networks
 The typical task performed by a
network administrator includes:
–Designing, deploying new
networks deploying new devices
onto a network, setting and
enforcing security policies for
network-connected elements
–Monitoring network performance
and reconfiguring network
elements to improve performance
–Managing network-sourced events
–Tracking the configuration of a
network and the inventory of
devices attached to it
–Detecting failures
Network Administration and
Management
Network Management Objectives:
 Satisfy system users
–Performance
–Availability
–Reliability
Provide cost-effective solutions to the
telecommunications needs of an
organization
Network Administration and
Management
To meet the Network Management
objective you need the following:
 Competent staff
 Design and configuration
 Diagnostics
 Planning
 Documentation
 Standards and procedures
Network Management
Organization
 Control Center
 Network monitors
 Problem-reporting system
 Maintaining documentation
 Security
 Establishing procedures
 Release control
 Training

Network Management System
 A combination of hardware and
software used by network
supervisors to monitor and
administer the network
Network Management Task
 Connect and disconnect
workstations
 Diagnose and correct link problems
 Add and delete users
 Implement security
 Install and modify applications
 Performs system backups
 Recover from system failures
 Add new resources, such as a new
server
 Maintain LAN documentation and
procedures
Network Management Security
 The sum of all measures taken to
prevent loss of any kind, when
correctly implemented, it ensures
both protection and peace of mind
Network Management Security
Terminologies:
 Account – a record containing (at
least) a user name or password
you create to give a user access to
the network (or a single machine)
 Hacker- Someone who makes it
their business to break into
networks they have no right to
access
 Intruder- this is a general term for
anyone who attempts to log into a
system without proper
authorization
Network Management Security
Basic Categories of Network Security
 Logon Security – a network’s first
defense against security problems
 File System Security – controls
which file each user is able to
access
 Data Communication Security –
prevent unauthorized access to the
wires and devices that make up
the network and also includes the
use of encryption
Network Management Security
Personnel Involved in Network
Security
 Administration – will handle all
aspects of security
 Auditing – can automatically log
certain events when they happen
 Physical Security- means the
security of the machines
themselves
 Human Security-encompasses
many issues, from unauthorized
break-ins to training users to
avoiding security breaches

Network Management Security
Planning a Security Approach
 Optimistic Approach- in which you
can initially give all users access
to everything, then explicitly deny
access to critical information
 Pessimistic Approach-in which you
initially restrict access to
everything, then explicitly enable
access to critical information
Network Management Security
Security Policies
 A security policy should clearly
state the following:
 Your organization’s basic security
approach (optimistic or
pessimistic) and the portions of the
network that are exceptions to the
rule
 Detail of all aspects of security,
including physical and human
security
 What access is required for each
employee or group of employees
Network Management Security
Security Problems and Their
Consequences
 Theft
–Theft of data – unauthorized users
can obtain copies of data stored on
your network
–Theft of service – unauthorized user
can gain access and use the service
without paying
 Unauthorized Disclosure
Network Management Security
Security Problems and Their
Consequences
 Information Warfare
–IP attacks – transmission of
malformed IP packets that exploit
known bugs in the receiving
computer’s TCP/IP protocol stack
–Connection flooding –opening and
dropping of TCP connections so
quickly that the target server spends
an inordinate amount of time dealing
with connection overhead
Network Management Security
Security Problems and Their
Consequences
 Mail bombing- transmission of a
very large quantity of electronic
mail messages or the repeated
transmission of large messages to
a server, effectively crippling it.
 Accidental Data Loss
Network Organization
Factors that Affects Network
Organization
–Geographical requirements What is Backup?
–Number of organizations that must
 Backup is a duplicate copy of key
be networked
information such as hard
–Platform considerations copy(paper) and computer records
 A good set of backup procedures is
–Network Service Consideration necessary to ensure that data is
–Size of the network protected
 Data that should be backed up
regularly includes, but is not
limited to, email correspondence,
Requirements for Computer audit files, user information,
utilities and applications, operating
Network Setup
systems, financial data, and
databases, as well as customer
 User Requirements
lists.
 Hardware Requirements
 Software Requirements

Data Backup and Recovery Plan

Computer Network Setup and
 The following are some factors
Technologies that you might consider in creating
a backup and recovery plan
 Network Setup Types
 Schedule of Backup
 Network Technologies
–Backing up data should be done at a
convenient time

Computer Network Setup Types  Location of Backup Storage

 These are the types of computer in –It is highly recommended that

a network: another set of data backup is stored
remotely in case of a natural disaster
–Server
 Data Backup Contents
–Client

–Peer –This will help you decide if the data

needs to be backed up, how and when
–Enterprise it should be backed up
–Cloud Computing

–Hybrid or Combination
Data Backup and Recovery Plan
 Frequency of Backups Types of Backup Media
–The rate at which the data changes Listed below are common types of
affect the frequency the data should backup media available on the market
be backed up today:

 Time of Data Restoration  Tape Drives

–The planning of backup depends a lot –It can range in capacity from a few
on the time it takes to recover a megabytes to hundreds of gigabytes
system
 Disk Drives
 Types of Information contained in
the system –It offers high speed but expensive
backup media
–It is important to know what
information the data contains so that  Removable Disks
you can identify it as critical,
–These are fast, easy to install, and
confidential and etc.
portable
 Backup media

Types of Backup Media

Types of Backup
 Digital Audio Tape (DAT) Drives
 Incremental
–It has a larger capacity as compared
–An incremental backup backs up to the standard tape drive
only files that have changed or been
 Optical Jukeboxes
created since the last backup,
whether the backup itself is an
–Offers excellent amounts of secure
incremental or full backup
storage space ranging from 5 to 20
terabytes
 Differential
 Autoloader Tape System
–Differential backups back up files
that have changed or been created
–It uses a magazine of tapes to create
since the last full backup.
extended backup volumes
 Daily –It is recommended for a business
that needs a very high capacity
–Daily backups backup files that have
changed since the last daily backup
Factors in Choosing Backup
Media
Factors to consider in selecting an
appropriate backup solution.
 Speed – it refers to how fast data
can be backed up and recovered
 Reliability – it refers to the
reliability of the backup device and
media
 Capacity – it refers to the amount
of data to back up given the time
and resource constraints
 Extensibility – the ability of the
backup solution to address the
current needs of the organization
 Cost – the cost of the backup
solution and it should conform to
the budget availability.
Backup Tips
The following tips will help you to
successfully perform a data backup:
1.Provide a point person to perform
rollback in the case of an emergency
2.Keep a record of the contents of the
backup media and date of the backup
3.Always verify backup
4.Create a restore point
5.Encrypt and provide high permission
on the backup file
6.Create a detailed guideline on
backup recovery
Data Backup Security
 There is a need to take steps to
secure the backups if the
information is confidential and
critical such as personal or
proprietary information
 Implement restrict access on the
backup file and to a backup
storage location
 Store backups at an off-site facility
What is Disaster Recovery?
 Disaster Recovery – is the
restoration of system operation
after a disaster has occurred
which causes damage or physical
loss
Three types of sites:
 Hot Site – it has the systems,
communications, and data on
standby thus allowing to get back
online and resume operations
within a few hours of failure
 Warm Site – it has and
communications on standby but
requires data to be restored first
before the operation can be
resumed again
 Cold Site – simply a physical
location that has all the resources
necessary to support the system
Disaster Recovery Strategies
 Plan a backup schedule
–A backup plan should be based on –Corrupted backup media
the requirements for restoring data.

 Plan to back up open files

–Open files are files that are normally

skipped during the backup process

–These files are locked by a service or

application, such as an OS, word
processing, or application database

 The plan restores with Automated

System Recovery(ASR)

–ASR is a new tool to automatically

restore the system after a system
failure

Disaster Recovery Strategies

 Test restores

–Verify the backup by testing restore

is one of the most overlooked aspects
of disaster recovery planning

–Backup should be tested to validate

the backup and prepare for recovery

–By testing restore, restore

procedures can be modified and
documented conclusively

Disaster Recovery Strategies

 Some of the common problems

encountered during restoration are
the following:

–Incompatibility in hardware

–Missing hardware driver

 –POTS network

–Mobile phones (wireless phones)

 Cellular (cell) phones - must be

within range of cell tower to
function
 Satellite phones - used where cell
service isn’t available
 Dual-mode phones - allow users to
make telephone calls on more than
one network

–Cellular / Wi-Fi dual-mode phones are

the most popular

5.2 Computer Network

Environment Mobile Phones

What Is a Network?

 Network: A connected system of

objects or people
 Computer network: A collection of
computers and other hardware
devices connected together so
users can share hardware,
software, and data, and
electronically communicate
 Computer networks converging Networking Applications
with telephone and other
communications networks  Television and radio broadcasting
 Networks range from small private  Global positioning system (GPS):
networks to the Internet (largest Uses satellites and a receiver to
network in the world) determine the exact geographic
location of the receiver

–Commonly used by individuals to

Networking Applications determine their exact location

–Used on the job by surveyors,

 The Internet
farmers, and fishermen
 Telephone service
–Used to guide vehicles and
equipment
–Used by the military to guide
munitions
–Geocaching
GPS
Networking Applications
 Monitoring systems: Monitor the
status or location of individuals,
vehicles, assets, etc.
–RFID-based systems
 Monitor the status of objects
–GPS-based monitoring systems
 Monitor the physical location of
objects
–Electronic medical monitors and
other types of home health monitoring
–Sensor networks
Monitoring Systems
Networking Applications
 Videoconferencing: Use of
computers, video cameras,
microphones, and networking
technologies to conduct face to
face meetings over a network.
–Online conferencing
(via the Internet)
–Telepresence
videoconferencing
 Collaborative computing
(workgroup computing)
 Telecommuting
Networking Applications
 Telemedicine: Use of networking
technology to provide medical
information and services
–Remote monitoring and
consultations
–Remote diagnosis
–Telesurgery
 Robot-assisted –Mesh networks: A network in which
 May be needed for space there are multiple connections
exploration between the devices on the network
so that messages can take any one of
several paths

–Some networks use a combination of

Network Characteristics topologies
 Wired vs. wireless networks

–Wired: A network in which computers

and other devices are connected to Network Topologies
the network via physical cables

 Found in homes, schools,

businesses, and government
facilities

–Wireless: A network in which

computers and other devices are
connected to the network without
physical cables; data is typically sent
via radio waves Network Architectures

 Found in homes, schools, and  Architecture: The way networks

businesses
 Wi-Fi hotspots found in
coffeehouses, businesses, airports,
hotels, and libraries
are designed to communicate
 Client-server networks
–Client: Computer or another
device on the network that requests
and utilizes network resources

–Server: Computer dedicated to

Network Topologies processing client requests

 Topology: How the devices in the

network (called nodes) are
arranged

–Star networks: A network that uses a

host device connected directly to
several other devices

–Bus networks: A network consisting

of a central cable to which all
network devices are attached
Network Architectures
 Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks: All
computers at the same level
–Internet P2P computing: Performed
via the Internet
Network Size and Coverage Area
 Personal area network (PAN):
Connects an individual’s personal
devices that are located close
together.
 Local area network (LAN):
Connects devices located in a
small geographic area
 Metropolitan area network (MAN):
Serves a metropolitan area
 Wide area network (WAN)
–Large geographic area
Network Size and Coverage Area
 Intranet: Private network set up by
an organization for use by its
employees
 Extranet: Intranet that is at least
partially accessible to authorized
outsiders
 Virtual private network (VPN):
Secure path over the Internet that
provides authorized users a secure
means of accessing a private
network via the Internet
Data Transmission
Characteristics
 Bandwidth: The amount of data
that can be transferred in a given
period of time
–Measured in bits per second (bps)
 Analog vs. digital signals (waves
vs. discrete)
 Serial vs. parallel transmission
–Serial = 1 bit
–Parallel = at least 1 byte at a time
Data Transmission
Characteristics
 Transmission timing
–Synchronous transmission (at
regular, specified intervals)
–Asynchronous transmission (sent
when ready)
–Isochronous transmission (sent at
the same time as other, related, data)
Transmission Timing
 packets and travel along with the
network separately

 Used to send data over the

Internet

–Broadcast: Data is sent out to all

other nodes on the network

 Primarily used with LANs

Data Transmission
Characteristics Type of Connections
 Transmission directions:

–Simplex transmission

 Data travels in a single direction

only

–Half-duplex transmission

 Data travels in either direction but

only one way at a time

–Full-duplex transmission

 Data travels in both directions,

both ways at the same time

Data Transmission
Characteristics

 Type of connections:

–Circuit-switched: Dedicated path

over a network is established and all
data follows that path

–Packet-switched: Messages are

separated into small units called