The Origins of Democracy in Tribes City

States and Nation States 1st Edition

Ronald M. Glassman (Auth.)
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-origins-of-democracy-in-tribes-city-states-and-nati
on-states-1st-edition-ronald-m-glassman-auth/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

The Ancient Greek Economy Markets Households and City

States Edward M. Harris

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-ancient-greek-economy-
markets-households-and-city-states-edward-m-harris/

Incarceration Nation How the United States Became the

Most Punitive Democracy in the World Peter K. Enns

https://textbookfull.com/product/incarceration-nation-how-the-
united-states-became-the-most-punitive-democracy-in-the-world-
peter-k-enns/

Colonialism, Independence, and the Construction of

Nation-States Forrest D. Colburn

https://textbookfull.com/product/colonialism-independence-and-
the-construction-of-nation-states-forrest-d-colburn/

Bible nation the United States of Hobby Lobby Museum Of

The Bible.

https://textbookfull.com/product/bible-nation-the-united-states-
of-hobby-lobby-museum-of-the-bible/
Expelling the poor : Atlantic Seaboard states and the
nineteenth-century origins of American immigration
policy 1st Edition Hirota

https://textbookfull.com/product/expelling-the-poor-atlantic-
seaboard-states-and-the-nineteenth-century-origins-of-american-
immigration-policy-1st-edition-hirota/

Nation Building in the Baltic States Transforming

Governance Social Welfare and Security in Northern
Europe 1st Edition Gundar J. King

https://textbookfull.com/product/nation-building-in-the-baltic-
states-transforming-governance-social-welfare-and-security-in-
northern-europe-1st-edition-gundar-j-king/

Psychotherapy and the Social Clinic in the United

States Soothing Fictions William M. Epstein

https://textbookfull.com/product/psychotherapy-and-the-social-
clinic-in-the-united-states-soothing-fictions-william-m-epstein/

The Effects of Farm and Food Policy on Obesity in the

United States 1st Edition Dr. Julian M. Alston

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-effects-of-farm-and-food-
policy-on-obesity-in-the-united-states-1st-edition-dr-julian-m-
alston/

Comparing the States and Communities: Politics,

Government, and Policy in the United States 10th
Edition Harvey J. Tucker

https://textbookfull.com/product/comparing-the-states-and-
communities-politics-government-and-policy-in-the-united-
states-10th-edition-harvey-j-tucker/
Ronald M. Glassman

The Origins of
Democracy in
Tribes, City-States
and Nation-States
The Origins of Democracy in Tribes,
City-­States and Nation-States
Ronald M. Glassman

The Origins
of Democracy
in Tribes, City-States
and Nation-States
Volume I
Ronald M. Glassman
NYU School of Liberal Studies
New York, NY, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-51693-6    ISBN 978-3-319-51695-0 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017932397

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

We all know that ancient Greek democracy was unique and the most fully
developed form of democracy the world had ever known. But where did
Greek democracy come from?
Aristotle states in his Logic: something cannot come from nothing.
Therefore, if something exists, it must have come from something.
Aristotle describes in detail how Greek city-state democracy came from
Greek tribal democracy. In his Constitution of Athens, Aristotle (and his stu-
dents) gives us a precise, detailed description of the Athenian tribal assembly
of male warriors and the council of elders—restricted exclusively to the aris-
tocrats who led the warriors as mounted cavalry soldiers. The aristocratic
clans were “charismatized,” linking their descent to the gods and heroes of
Greek tradition.
Though the aristocrats dominated the council of elders and made policy,
the warriors of the assembly had the right to vote on all decisions.
The democratic warriors’ assembly, the council of elders, and the aristo-
cratic domination by “royal” clans were typical for many tribes, not just the
Greek tribes.
What was unique to the Greek situation was that during the transition to
city-state society, the mounted aristocrats lost their military superiority to the
foot soldiers of the newly perfected heavily armored hoplite phalanx forma-
tion. The city-state assembly and the law courts then became fully democratic
institutions.
Economic class distinctions, however, did emerge in the new money-craft-­
trade economy of the Greek city-states. This led to oligarchic, as well as
democratic, polities. But in many of the Greek city-states, not just Athens,
every citizen—rich, poor, or middle class—had an equal vote at the assembly
and in the law courts.
Thus, Greek city-state democracy did not come from nothing. It evolved
from Greek tribal democracy. Further, other tribes evolved into city-states.
And, even though Greek city-state democracy was the most fully developed,
other city-states held similar institutions.
Aristotle describes the evolving city-state democracy in Carthage—a
Phoenician city-state. He describes the warriors’ assembly, the council of
elders, and the declining traditional kingship. By Aristotle’s time, the kings
had been replaced by generals—who were powerful, but received no godlike
deference. Aristotle also described how the council of elders had become a

v
vi Preface

council of rich oligarchs, who made policy, but whose decisions could be
vetoed by the warriors’ assembly—which had become a citizens’ assembly.
Other Phoenician city-states, such as Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos, had gone
through similar transitions. So too had certain Syrian city-states, such as
Ebla, and, centuries earlier, the Sumerian city-states had also exhibited a
democratic assembly and council of wise elders—before being absorbed into
the expansionary military kingdoms of Mesopotamia.
All across the Aegean and Mediterranean region and centuries later in
Renaissance Italy and Hanseatic Germany, trade-capitalist city-states
emerged with various forms of democracy or oligarchy. And all of these
exhibited holdovers from their tribal days.
Having established this, it must be made clear that tribes contain a para-
dox: they exhibit democratic institutions linked to their clan-representative
tribal councils, but they also exhibit despotic institutions linked to the war
chief and the shaman.
Kings and royal clans emerged from warrior tribes, leading them toward
military despotism, and theocratic priestly domination emerged from the sha-
man role. Therefore, tribes were just as likely to evolve toward despotic king-
ship and theocracy as toward democratic-egalitarian governance.
In conclusion, then, since something cannot come from nothing, the some-
thing that these four volumes describe is tribal democracy and its occasional
transition to city-state democracy in the ancient Mediterranean region and
post-feudal Europe. The development of the divine kingship and theocracy is
described as well, though these forms of government are not the main focus
of this treatise.
History is not just a chronicle of kings and tyrants. It is also the story of
various forms of democracy. It is common knowledge that democracy
emerged in ancient Greece. Aristotle’s Constitution of Athens gives us a
detailed description of the workings of Greek democracy. And Herodotus
contrasted Greek democracy with the despotic kingships of Persia and Egypt.
Our human potential is paradoxical. It can engender democracy; but it can
also foster various forms of violent tyranny.
This four-part work focuses on the forms of democratic governance that
existed in tribes, city-states, and nation-states.
Part I uses the anthropological literature to describe the “campfire democ-
racy” of the African Bushmen, the Pygmies, and other band societies. Its
main focus is on the tribal democracy of the Cheyenne, Iroquois, Huron, and
other tribes.
In tribal democracy, a council of elders was elected from the clans, and
these elders submitted their decisions to a warriors’ assembly. Paradoxically,
tribes also institutionalized the war chief and shaman roles, from which des-
potic kingship and theocracy emerged in the larger tribal confederations.
The role of women in the tribal democracies is also given special attention.
Though they were excluded from the warriors’ assembly, they were powerful
within the matrilineal clans.
Part II focuses on the transition from tribal democracy to city-state
democracy in the ancient Middle East—from the Sumerian city-states to the
Phoenician. These city-states, though not fully democratic like Athens and
Preface vii

Croton, did exhibit a democratic warriors’ assembly along with an oligarchic

council of city elders. Both these institutions were carried over from tribal
times, along with the war kingship and the office of the high priestess of the
fertility cult.
But of course it was in ancient Greece that the full flowering of democracy
occurred. Therefore, Part III presents a detailed description of the tribal
democracy of Archaic Greece—emphasizing the causal effect of the hoplite
phalanx military formation in egalitarianizing Greek tribal society. Then the
transition from tribal to city-state democracy is analyzed—with the new com-
mercial classes engendering the oligarchic and democratic conflicts described
by Plato and Aristotle.
The rise of science and rational secular law in Greece is also described.
For they became part of a new worldview that generated legal-rational author-
ity—as Max Weber has made central.
Further, women philosophers such as Aspasia and Hypatia are highlighted.
For there was the glimmering of a women’s movement in the Golden Age, as
Aristophanes tells us in The Assemblywomen and as Plato asserts in The
Republic.
Part IV focuses on the tribal democracy of the Norse tribes of post-Roman
Europe and then on the rise of the commercial city-states of Renaissance
Italy, Hanseatic Germany, and the Netherlands. Once again, elements of tribal
democracy are carried over into the city-states, especially in the Netherlands,
Switzerland, Iceland, and England.
The concurrent trend of unified military kingship, which overrode the
authority of the city-states, is also analyzed. For it led to a conflict between
the monarchies and the city-states which eventuated in two differing out-
comes: either constitutional monarchy with parliamentary dominance or
absolute monarchy with kingly dominance.
So, the nation-states of Europe emerged with the same paradox as all
human societies: either the democratic potential of humans prevailed or the
despotic potential.

New York, NY, USA Ronald M. Glassman

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of this treatise combines five foundational ele-

ments derived from Max Weber, Aristotle, the evolutionary anthropologists,
and the comparative-historical methodology. It also includes feminist theory,
as a new perspective in socio-history.
We must also add that the origins of democracy, as a purely human politi-
cal phenomenon, assume a conception of human beings as both animal and
human. “Homo duplex” is driven by animal drives while having the con-
scious awareness to analyze them. We are “Homo sapiens sapiens,” the ani-
mal that is consciously aware of ourselves, others, nature, and the universe.
Democracy assumes the ability of humans to “intersubjectively” commu-
nicate with one another. In this sense, democracy brings out our most human
characteristic: language, symbolic communication, and the building of a
growing “stock of knowledge.”
Let us look more closely.

Weberian Methodology

A. Max Weber, in Economy and Society, presents us with his theory of

“legitimate domination.” He focuses on “traditional authority,” including
the kingly-patrimonial and kingly-bureaucratic state; “legal-rational
authority,” that is, the parliamentary democratic state with legal-­
constitutional constraints; and “charismatic authority,” which provides a
temporary legitimation during periods of crisis or rapid social change.

The categories of legitimate domination are applied throughout the four

volumes and explicitly described.

B. Weber also in Economy and Society, and in the Methodology of the Social
Sciences, develops his theoretical notion of “ideal types” and “civiliza-
tional peculiarities.”

The “ideal types” of political organization in tribes, city-states, and nation-­

states are developed out of the empirical data, and then the “civilizational
peculiarities” are also analyzed.

ix
x Theoretical Framework

C. In The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations, Weber describes the

Greek tribes: their clans, their phratries, and their military organization.
This is a tour de force by Weber, even though modern historians and
archaeologists have gone far beyond his foundational conceptions.

For instance, his comparison of the Spartan “ephors” and the Roman “tri-
bunes” was groundbreaking.

D. In The City, Weber describes the rise of the Northern European city-states
and their breakaway from feudal kingly authority. “City air makes one
free.”

His description of the Hansa trading cities and the Dutch trading cities
gives us an up close look at the conditions which generated oligarchy, democ-
racy, and legal authority in the Northern European city-states.
Of course, Weber’s focus on the role of Calvinism in both the economic
development and political development of the Dutch and British trading cities
shows us the complexity of the causality of human social change.
In The City, we get the ideal typology for city-state law and democracy,
while in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, we get the civili-
zational peculiarity which helped generate a new kind of economic
production.

E. Finally, in Ancient Judaism, Weber describes the tribal Jews, who began
as a set of typical herding tribes, but in an unusual peculiarity—after
experiencing the Egypt of the 18th and 19th Dynasties and being led by
Moses—became “theocratic.”

This was not at all a typical tribal development and alerts us to the fact
that, even though there are regular stages of development, some societies will
diverge from them.

Aristotelian Theory

A. In the Constitution of Athens, Aristotle describes the transition from

Greek tribal political organization—dominated by the military aristo-
crats, but with a democratic warriors’ assembly—to Greek city-state
political organization.
B. In his Politics, Aristotle gives us a logical classification of the forms of
government—a classification which can be used cross-culturally and
transhistorically.

Aristotle then links the forms of government to the class structure, analyz-
ing oligarchy of the rich, democracy of the poor, and democracy with a
middle-­class majority—which he famously calls “polity,” because it is inclu-
sive of elements of oligarchy, democracy, and even monarchy.
Theoretical Framework xi

Aristotelian theory, thus, gives us categories of comparison, a class analy-

sis, and a comparative-historical framework for the analysis of political
systems.
Significantly, Aristotle also describes the varieties of kingships: from rudi-
mentary tribal kingships to the “great” kingships of Persia and Egypt.
Aristotle goes further beyond Greece in his description of the Phoenician
city-states—especially Carthage—illustrating that his theoretical framework
transcends ancient Greece.
Lastly, Aristotle makes legal authority central by insisting that even a
middle-­class democracy must be constrained by constitutional law: “When
the law rules, God and reason rule; when a man rules, we add the character of
the beast.”

Evolutionary Anthropology

Elman R. Service, Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, Ronald Cohen and
John Middleton, and other modern anthropologists have developed a typol-
ogy of tribes in evolutionary perspective. They divide tribes into stages of
development: hunter-gatherers, hunter-horticulturalists, horticultural village
societies, herding tribes, and expansionary chieftainships.
Notice that mostly the categories are based on economic organization of
the tribe, but the chieftainships are based on military organization.
Further, categories such as age, gender, and clan type are also analyzed by
these anthropologists as are spiritual institutions such as the shaman organi-
zation and religious beliefs and rituals.
These categories of analysis—though multicausal—can be utilized for
comparative-historical analysis.
Thus, Thorkild Jacobsen has compared the council of elders and warriors’
assembly of ancient Sumer (the Epic of Gilgamesh) with that of the
Scandinavian “thing” and “Althing” assemblies of the Norse tribes. And
W.S. Ferguson has compared the Zulus and the Spartans in terms of their
military organization.
Similarly, E. Adamson Hoebel and Bruce Trigger compare the tribal clan
elders and warriors’ assemblies of the Cheyenne, the Huron, and the Iroquois.
They use the category “hunting-horticultural” but also focus on the matrilin-
eal clans in these societies and the power of clan matrons.
Allowing for “civilizational peculiarities,” the ideal-typical characteristics
of the evolutionary anthropologists’ categories are useful.

Feminist Theory

Feminist theory has given us a new perspective in our quest to understand

human history and social organization. History has been “his story,” as the
feminists remind us.
From feminist theory we can get a fresh perspective on the clan organiza-
tion of tribes. Clan matrons in societies with matrilineal clans had political
xii Theoretical Framework

power. And women shaman were powerful figures within horticultural and
early agricultural societies. “Mother nature,” the earth goddess and fertility
goddess, spawned dominant female figures such as Enheduanna of Sumer,
Jezebel of Tyre (of Biblical infamy), the Delphic Oracle, Nebula of the Zulus,
and many more.
There were also warrior queens such as Artemisia of Halicarnassus (as
described by Herodotus) and Boudicca of the Britains (as described by
Caesar) along with great queens, such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra of Egypt.
Finally, there were intellectuals, such as Aspasia of Miletus and Athens,
Sappho of Lesbos, and Hypatia of Alexandria who contributed to the cultural
expansion and the rational-scientific worldview of the Greeks.

The Comparative-Historical Framework

As founder of the Section on Comparative-Historical Sociology of the

American Sociological Association, of course I utilize the comparative-­
historical framework.
Very few scholars have compared the city-states of Sumer, Syria, and the
Phoenicians with those of Greece. I try to do this.
And few anthropologists compare the tribes that survived into the modern
world with those of the Middle East, ancient Greece, and Western Europe.
Classical scholars rarely compare the Greek tribes with the anthropologically
described tribes or the Norse or Celtic tribes of Europe. In this treatise, I
attempt this.
Finally, the comparative-historical framework is not just an empirical pro-
cess. Categories of comparison must be developed, and peculiar cases must
be described.

Conclusion

The theoretical framework of this four-volume work combines Weberian,

Aristotelian, evolutionary anthropological, and feminist theories in a
comparative-­historical context. And the dual nature of humans, as both an
animal and a consciously aware being, underpins the analysis.
Acknowledgments

There are many scholars and friends who have encouraged me over the years.
Let us begin with Nico Stehr, without whom this work may never have been
published. Nico is an astute sociologist, whose work helped me verify my
project, and he opened a world of European sites that I might have missed
without his guidance.
Professor Stehr was also part of the Max Weber Colloquium group, which
I chaired for a time. The group included Robert Antonio, with whom I co-
authored A Weber-Marx Dialogue. Also in the group were Jonathan Turner of
the U.K., Franco Ferrarotti of the University of Rome, and William Swatos
Jr., with whom I co-authored For Democracy and Bureaucracy Against
Democracy and Socialism.
Then there is Arthur Vidich, who as my doctoral thesis advisor, encour-
aged me to delve into both the anthropological and sociological aspects of
political organization. Without his encouragement, this book would never
have come to fruition. Art Vidich advised me to think big, when American
sociologists were thinking small.
Just when I thought I might abandon this project, my spirits were lifted by
a group of Dutch sociologists at the University of Amsterdam. Johan (Joop)
Goudsblom and Wilbert Van Vree, among others, renewed my zeal for
expanding this project. Their books, Fire and Civilization and Meetings,
Manners, and Civilization, were models for my research into the origins of
democracy.
Basil Kardaras—a Greek-born sociologist transplanted to America—
engaged me in marathon discussions of Greek democracy and its uniqueness
in the world. He provided me with valuable sources that I never could have
found on my own.
George Rappaport, a scholarly historian, and good friend, held Socratic
dialogues with me, to question my work, critique it, and improve it.
Then there is my long time friend, Lawrence Raphael, true to his family
name—though he is not Italian—who taught me more about Ancient Rome
and Renaissance Italy than any of my sources ever could. And his wife,Carolyn,
a good friend and an infinitely insightful poet, encouraged me to continue my
work and to keep a positive attitude towards its publication.
And, I thank my oldest friend, Ira Glasser, former director of the American
Civil Liberties Union, for engaging me in endless debate on the meaning of
liberty, freedom, democracy, and law. We have been debating and discussing

xiii
xiv Acknowledgments

political issues since our adolescence, and we will be debating these issues
into our graves. Great fun, deep thinking, good friendship—thanks Ira.
I would also like to thank Steve and Dorothy Cantor for their strong sup-
port and close friendship during the years I was writing this treatise and bor-
ing my friends and family with its details.
Gus Davis—pathologist extraordinaire—offered friendship and erudite
riffs that were fun, funny, and yet very enlightening.
Then there is Gerald Scorse, with whom I co-authored an article. We
mutually encouraged each other to keep thinking about the cutting edge
issues of the day.
Finally, without my wonderful wife, Urania, this work would never have
seen the light of day. For, she was the only person who understood the wide-
ranging thesis of this book, and had the computer expertise to set it up in
e-format. She grasped the essence of The Origins of Democracy in Tribes,
City-States, and Nation-States, and had the ability—which I lack—of pains-
takingly re-ordering the files into Microsoft Word, so that it could be pub-
lished. She is both brilliant and precise, and a scholar in her own right—the
author of numerous books on social work education and group work.
My two sons, Danny and Alex, suffered my absorption into my scholarly
work with good humor and a sensible attitude. I thank them for being patient,
and for simply being.
My sincere gratitude goes to Springer Publishers for their patience and
their expertise in the new high tech publication process. Without their expert
support, this book would never have seen the light of day. And my thanks
goes especially to Hendrikje Tuerling for shepherding this manuscript to
completion, and KrishnaKumar for his precise copy editing.
Finally, I would like to pay homage to Herodotus, who put together the
study of culture and history, and who made us ponder the question: What is
history and what is myth?
Contents of Volume I

Part I The Emergence of Democracy in Bands and Tribes

Section 1 Band Society: Campfire Democracy with Informal
Leadership Roles
1 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal Typicalities............. 5
2 Social Structure and Conflict Groups..................................... 9
The Band..................................................................................... 9
Territory.................................................................................. 9
Alliances: Reciprocal Exogamous Marriage.......................... 11
Band Versus Family.................................................................... 12
The Pairing Family and Private Property.................................... 13
Hunting and The Rise of the All-­Male Discussion Council....... 14
Primitive Democracy.................................................................. 14
Monopoly of Weapons and Despotism................................... 15
Control of Gathering Groves and Water Holes
and Further Undermining of Female Status............................ 15
Political Status of the Old........................................................... 16
Political Status of The Young...................................................... 18
Notes........................................................................................... 19
3 Political Institutions.................................................................. 21
Campfire Democracy.................................................................. 22
The Popular Assembly............................................................ 22
The Male Council................................................................... 22
The Principle of Unanimity.................................................... 24
Rules for Group Cohesion.......................................................... 26
Legislative Processes.............................................................. 26
Judicial Processes.................................................................... 27
Policing................................................................................... 28
Leadership................................................................................... 29
Types of Human Leadership................................................... 29
Task, Charismatic, and Power Leadership.............................. 33
Charisma: Democratic or Despotic?....................................... 36
Charisma: Transferable, Heritable, Manufacturable,
Institutionalizable?.................................................................. 37

xv
xvi Contents of Volume I

Types of Leadership in Band Society......................................... 40

Dispersed Leadership.............................................................. 40
Notes........................................................................................... 43
4 Legitimacy................................................................................. 45
Rational and Irrational Legitimacy............................................. 45
Rational Components of Legitimacy...................................... 45
Participation, Limitation, and Law......................................... 46
Excursus on Rational Legitimacy Components
and Democracy....................................................................... 49
Reciprocity Versus Usurpation................................................ 50
Irrational Components of Legitimacy......................................... 51
Charisma, Manufactured Charisma, Ideological
Manipulation, Cooptation, and Coercion................................ 51
Excursus on Irrational Processes of Legitimation
and Despotism......................................................................... 52
Legitmacy: Conclusion............................................................... 53
Notes........................................................................................... 53
5 Economy and Polity.................................................................. 55
Production and Distribution of Food.......................................... 55
Everyday Gathering: Individual Production,
Pairing-Family Distribution.................................................... 56
Choice Gatherings and Water Supply: Communal
Distribution with Male Guardianship..................................... 57
Communalism Versus Private Property....................................... 58
Coexistence of Democracy and Equality.................................... 60
Notes........................................................................................... 62
6 Warfare and Religion................................................................ 63
Notes........................................................................................... 64
Section 2 Tribal Society: Clan and Tribal Democracy
7 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities............. 67
8 Social Structure and Conflict Groups..................................... 69
A Wholly New Form of Social Organization.............................. 70
The Clan as Key Tribal Sodality............................................. 70
Clan Residence Rules............................................................. 71
New Residence Rules and Composition of the Band............. 72
The Phratry.............................................................................. 73
Notes........................................................................................... 74
9 Political Institutions.................................................................. 75
Kinship Democracy: The Council of the Clan............................ 75
The Right of Electing the Headman........................................ 76
Elective Versus Hereditary Headmanship,
and Gerontocracy.................................................................... 77
The Right of Deposing Headmen........................................... 78
Clan Justice: Judiciary and Policing....................................... 78
The Right of Adopting Strangers into the Clan...................... 79
The Tribal Level of Socio-Political Organization....................... 80
Contents of Volume I xvii

Possession of a Territory......................................................... 80
Possession of a Name.............................................................. 81
Kinship Democracy................................................................ 81
Form of the Tribal Council..................................................... 82
The “Democratic” Assembly Surrounding
the Tribal Council................................................................... 83
Unanimity............................................................................... 84
Investing and Deposing Clan Headmen.................................. 85
The Tribal Headman............................................................... 86
Charismatic Leadership.............................................................. 86
Notes........................................................................................... 87
10 Horticulture, Matrilineal Clans, and the Rise of Status
and Power of Women................................................................ 89
Women’s Power Expanded Through Control of Inheritance...... 90
Horticulture, Fertility Religion, and Female Shaman................. 91
Women’s Power Rises in the Matri-­Clans, But Not
in the Tribe at Large.................................................................... 92
Notes........................................................................................... 93
11 Warfare and Politics................................................................. 95
Early Military Expeditions.......................................................... 95
Organization of Warriors............................................................. 97
Military Fraternities................................................................ 97
The Warrior Fraternities as an Internal Police Force.............. 98
The Status of Women in Warrior Oriented
Tribal Societies....................................................................... 101
Notes........................................................................................... 102
12 The Confederacy of Tribes....................................................... 105
The Iroquois Confederation........................................................ 105
The Rise of the War Chief........................................................... 107
The War Chief as Elective Office in the Period
of Confederation..................................................................... 107
The Two War Chiefs............................................................... 107
Paramount Chieftancy............................................................. 108
Notes........................................................................................... 109
13 Tribal Games............................................................................. 111
14 Religion and Politics................................................................. 115
The World of Dreams.................................................................. 115
The Religious Reality Structure.................................................. 115
The First Theodical Answer........................................................ 117
The Birth and Function of Ritual and Taboo.............................. 117
Men and Women of Religion...................................................... 118
The Rise of the Shaman.............................................................. 120
The Birth of the Witch Doctor................................................ 122
The Shaman Against the People............................................. 123
The People Retaliate against Shaman..................................... 123
Limits to the Shaman’s Power................................................ 124
Notes........................................................................................... 126
xviii Contents of Volume I

15 Legitimation Processes............................................................. 127

Rational Processes...................................................................... 127
Irrational Processes..................................................................... 128
16 Economy and Polity.................................................................. 131
Notes........................................................................................... 133
17 Conclusions on Band and Tribal Societies.............................. 135
Some Impediments to Despotism in Band
and Tribal Societies..................................................................... 135
Warfare and Its Effect............................................................. 135
Extreme Economic Scarcity.................................................... 139
Communal Economics............................................................ 141
Leadership............................................................................... 143
Limitation of Power................................................................ 145
Separation of Powers in Tribal Society................................... 146
Rational Legitimacy Processes as Inhibitors to Despotism.... 147
Crises of Integration................................................................ 148
Social Change and Its Effects upon Democracy
and Despotism......................................................................... 148
Group Conflict and Its Effect Upon Democracy
and Despotism......................................................................... 152
Impediments to Pure Democracy............................................ 155
Section 3 Horticultural Villages Tribes: Matri-Clans
and the Rise of Theoretic Priesthoods
18 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities............. 159
From Nomadic Hunting Tribes to Sedentary
Horticultural Villages.................................................................. 159
From Hunting to Gardening: One Possible Line
of Development....................................................................... 159
The Collapse of Tribal Political Institutions
Under the Impact of Horticultural Village Conditions............ 160
Civilizational Peculiarities.......................................................... 162
19 Social Structure and Conflict Groups..................................... 163
Horticulture................................................................................. 163
The Old Kept Alive..................................................................... 163
The Puberty Institution as Power Base of the Elders.............. 164
The Shaman and the Elders Unite............................................... 164
From Puberty Institution to Theocratic Secret Society............... 165
Elders’ Use of Puberty Rituals to Subordinate Boys.............. 165
Terrorization of Boys by Old Men and Shaman..................... 165
Food for Elders, Taboos for Initiates....................................... 166
Emergence of the Gerontocratic Theocratic “Secret Society”.... 166
The Age-Graded Hierarchy..................................................... 167
Elaboration of Puberty Rituals: From Circumcision
to Scarification and Tattooing................................................. 167
Gerontocratic Nature of Horticultural Society............................ 168
Notes........................................................................................... 168
Contents of Volume I xix

20 Religion and Politics................................................................. 171

The Rise of Religious Ideology and Leadership......................... 171
Fetishes, Masks, and Idols...................................................... 172
Creating a Masked Spirit Official........................................... 173
Expansion of Shaman Fraternities into Hierarchical
Organizations.............................................................................. 174
Establishing Succession to Shamanistic Offices..................... 174
Theocracy Emerging............................................................... 175
Notes........................................................................................... 176
21 Women and Politics in Horticultural Societies....................... 179
The Expanding Economic Role of Women and Its Political
Ramifications.............................................................................. 179
Women and the Mystique of Creativity.................................. 179
Women’s Secret Societies....................................................... 181
Women’s Sexuality, Orgasm, and Childbirth.......................... 181
Women’s Political Power: Conclusions...................................... 183
Horticulture and the High Status of Women—The High
Priestesses in the Middle East and Asia Minor....................... 183
Notes........................................................................................... 184
22 Warfare in Horticultural Village Societies.............................. 185
Warfare........................................................................................ 185
Men’s Lowered Status and Its Effect on Warfare........................ 185
A War Chief’s Territorial Jurisdiction......................................... 187
The War Chief: A Specially Privileged Role.............................. 187
Limitation of Warfare Achieved by Shaman-Elders................... 188
War Chiefs Succession Controlled by Elders............................. 189
Notes........................................................................................... 190
23 Political Institutions: Theocratic Despotism........................... 191
Structure of the Gerontocratic-­Theocratic Organ
of Government............................................................................ 191
Lower and Middle Age Grades and Offices............................ 192
From Kinship Democracy to Theocratic Despotism............... 193
The Special Role of the High Priest and Priestess.................. 194
Judiciary and Policing in the Cult-State...................................... 194
Clan Retribution Superseded by Shaman-Elder Power.......... 195
Use of the Lesser Masked Officials as a Police Force............ 196
Continuity of Office Through the Mask...................................... 197
Clan and War Chief Continue at the Local Level................... 197
Political and Economic Centralization.................................... 198
Scarification and Tattooing as Marks of Political Unification.... 198
Age-Sets as a New Political Sodality Institution........................ 199
Economics Corvee Labor........................................................ 200
Potential Basis for a New Military Organization.................... 201
Ritualized Warfare Plus Charismatic Champions....................... 201
Defensive Warfare Elaborated................................................ 202
Sacrifice, Cannibalism, Slavery.............................................. 203
Notes........................................................................................... 205
xx Contents of Volume I

24 Legitimation Processes............................................................. 207

Irrational Processes Emerge as Dominant.................................. 207
Rational Processes...................................................................... 209
Some Notes on Horticultural Societies, and India...................... 210
Section 4 Pastoral Herding Tribes, Patri-Clans, and the Rise
of the Military Kingship
25 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities............. 213
26 Herding Tribes, Patri-Clans, and the Rise
of the Military Kingship........................................................... 215
Pastoral Herding Tribes, Patrilineal Clans, and the Rise
of the Military Kingship.............................................................. 215
Herding Tribes Had to Keep Moving with Their Herds
for Pasturage and Water.............................................................. 216
Warfare Amongst Herders and the Rise of Patriarchal Clans..... 217
The Reinforcement of Patri-Clans by Analogy
with the Herding Animals........................................................... 217
Patriarchal Clans Alter the Tribal Democracy............................ 217
The Popular Assembly Becomes a Warriors’ Assembly............. 218
The Rise of the Military Kingship.............................................. 218
27 Social Structure and Conflict Groups..................................... 221
Intensification of Warfare............................................................ 221
Reorganization of Warfare Institutions................................... 222
Training the Regiments........................................................... 223
War Dances as Training Devices............................................ 223
From Throwing Spear to Stabbing Sword:
The Myth of Excalibur............................................................ 224
The Beginnings of Total War.................................................. 225
The New Total Warfare........................................................... 226
Total Warfare as a Terror Tactic to Force Surrender............... 227
Centralization Through Conquest........................................... 227
Expansionary Militarism, Tribal Migrations,
and the Chain of Annihilation................................................. 227
Terror Against One’s Own Troops.......................................... 228
The Warfare Society.................................................................... 229
Warrior Ecstasy and the Berserk Warrior Syndrome.............. 231
The Linking of Sex and Violence............................................ 232
Notes........................................................................................... 233
28 Warfare, Women, Religion, and Politics................................. 235
Emergence of a War Economy.................................................... 235
The War Economy and Private Property................................. 236
Individual Accumulation of Cattle.......................................... 237
Women as Private Property..................................................... 237
Heritable Private Property Among Pastoral Warriors............. 238
The Emergence of Patrilineal Clans............................................ 238
Notes........................................................................................... 240
Contents of Volume I xxi

29 The Political Institutions of Herding Society:

Despotic Military Kingship...................................................... 241
The King’s Retinue: The Base of His Power.............................. 241
The King’s Court......................................................................... 242
The Creation of Local Officials Superseding
the Clan Associations and Linked Directly
to the King and His Court........................................................... 243
The King’s Local Officials as Precurors
to the Bureaucrats................................................................... 243
The King’s Polity Backed by the Power
of His Military Retinue........................................................... 243
The Local Bureaucrats as the King’s Tax Collectors.............. 244
The New System of Justice and Judiciary: Kingly
Decree Replaces Customary Law........................................... 245
The King Versus the Military Commanders:
Centralization Versus Feudalization........................................ 245
The King’s Harem....................................................................... 246
Harem Politics: Sexual Exploitation Turned
Against the King: Female Court Politicians........................... 246
The King’s Mother as a Power in the Realm:
Mother-Son Psychic Attachment............................................ 247
Harem Guards and Their Relationship to Court Politics........ 248
Notes........................................................................................... 249
30 Military Kingship and State Violence..................................... 251
The Use of Naked Force............................................................. 251
The Reification of Power............................................................ 252
The Dehumanization of the Internal Polity............................. 252
Institutional Demands and Leadership Personalities.................. 253
Notes........................................................................................... 256
31 The Legitimacy Processes of Herding Societies..................... 257
The Rational Processes of Legitimacy Repressed...................... 257
The Irrational Processes of Legitimation.................................... 258
Notes........................................................................................... 260
32 Economy and Polity.................................................................. 261
The Rise of Private Property from War Booty and Its Link
to Aristocracy.............................................................................. 261
Note............................................................................................. 262
33 Some Impediments to Democracy in Horticultural
and Herding Societies............................................................... 263
Warfare and Its Effects on Democracy and Despotism
in Horticultural and Herding Societies....................................... 263
Some General Conclusions on the Relationship
Between Warfare and Despotism............................................ 265
Economic Surplus and Its Effect on Democracy
and Despotism in Horticultural and Herding Societies........... 266
Some General Conclusions on Surplus Wealth
and Despotism......................................................................... 268
xxii Contents of Volume I

The Destruction of the Separation and Limitation

of Power in Horticultural and Herding Societies
and the Rise of Despotism...................................................... 270
The Irrational Processes of Legitimacy and Despotism
in Horticultural and Herding Societies................................... 271
Crises of Integration and the Breakdown of Order..................... 273
Social Change and Its Effects on Democracy
and Despotism in Horticultural and Herding Societies........... 273
Anarchic, Anomic Violence Versus Manipulated Order......... 274
Notes........................................................................................... 276
Section 5 Conclusions: The Paradoxes of Tribes
34 The Paradox of Tribes.............................................................. 279
Humans as Humans..................................................................... 279
The Paradox of Tribes................................................................. 279
Kings and Warrior Aristocrats..................................................... 280
From Mystical Shaman to Theocratic Priests............................. 281
Tribal Elders: From Gerontocracy to Plutocracy........................ 282
The Rise and Fall of the Status of Women:
Horticulture vs. Warfare.............................................................. 283
Democracy and Despotism in Post-­Tribal Societies................... 284
Conclusions................................................................................. 285
A Note on: China, India, the Moslem Middle East
and Ancient Egypt....................................................................... 286
Conclusions................................................................................. 288
Notes........................................................................................... 288

Part II From Tribal Society to City-States

in the Ancient Middle East
Section 6 Mesopotamia: Vestiges of Tribal Democracy
in the City-States, and the Rise of the
Kingly-Bureaucratic State
35 Introduction to the Middle Eastern Grain,
Agricultural, and Animal Herding Societies.......................... 295
The World’s Earliest Grain Agriculture
and Pastoral Herding Societies................................................... 295
Gender and the Two Modes of Production................................. 296
Pastoral-Herding and Male Dominant Societies......................... 298
Notes........................................................................................... 300
36 Democracy in the Sumerian City States:
The Assembly, the Elders, and the King................................. 303
Primitive Democracy in Sumer................................................... 303
The Council of Elders and the Popular Assembly
of the Male Warriors in Sumer.................................................... 304
From Tribal Democracy to City-State Democracy in Sumer...... 306
The Counsel of Elders................................................................. 308
The Popular Assembly of Male Citizens.................................... 309
Contents of Volume I xxiii

Debates in the Popular Assembly of Sumer No Rhetoric,

No Majority Vote – The Unanimity Principle of Tribes.............. 311
The Democratic Assembly as the Judiciary: Public Trials
in the Sumerian City-States........................................................ 312
Notes........................................................................................... 313
37 Projections of the Tribal Assembly in the World
of the Sumerian Myths............................................................. 315
Wise Words, Discussion, and the Unanimity Principle.............. 317
The Assembly of the Gods as a Court of Law............................ 318
The Elders Versus the War-King................................................. 319
Gilgamesh, the War-King, Advised and Constrained
by the City Elders........................................................................ 320
Notes........................................................................................... 323
38 The Status and Role of Women in Ancient Sumer................. 325
Did the High Priestess Participate in the Popular
Assembly or the Council of Elders?........................................... 325
Horticulture Vs. Pastoralism in the Early Civilizational
Development of Sumer............................................................... 325
The Fertility Religion and the Power of Women........................ 327
Clan Matriarchs, Priestesses and Polyandry in Sumerian
Society......................................................................................... 329
Beyond the Fertility Goddess: Other Powerful Goddesses
in the Sumerian Pantheon........................................................... 333
Nammu, Mother of Creation: Vaginal Images of Creation......... 333
Ki, Mother Earth......................................................................... 334
Goddesses of Learning and Healing........................................... 336
Inanna-Ishtar, the Fertility Goddess, Her Myths
and Her Priestesses Remain Central........................................... 336
Monotheism: Death-Knell of the Female Deity.......................... 338
The High Priestess of Sumer: Enheduanna................................. 341
From High Priestess to Queen.................................................... 343
The First Woman King?.............................................................. 344
The Deterioration of the Role of Women in Mesopotamian
Society......................................................................................... 344
Did Women Participate in the Popular Assembly?..................... 345
Notes........................................................................................... 346
39 The Emergence of the Temple Economy Overseen
by Priests and Priestesses in the River-Flood Areas.............. 349
Why Did Male Priests Direct Riverflood Agriculture?............... 350
The Rise of an Organized Priesthood......................................... 352
The Temple Economy in Sumer: Corvee Labor Teams
Overseen by Priests..................................................................... 355
The Temple and the Priests......................................................... 355
Notes........................................................................................... 356
40 The Rise of the Kingship: Expansionary, Genocidal
Warfare...................................................................................... 359
The Democratic Assembly Elects the War-Leader..................... 359
xxiv Contents of Volume I

The Intensification of Warfare: From War-Chief

to Hero-King............................................................................... 361
The Warrior-Hero Becomes A Tyrant......................................... 363
Gilgamesh the Hero Becomes Gilgamesh the Tyrant................. 365
Notes........................................................................................... 365
41 From the Theocratic State to the Kingly-Bureaucratic
State............................................................................................ 367
From Priests to Kings: From “En” to “Lugal”............................ 367
The War-Kings Separate Their Power from the
Temple Economy........................................................................ 369
Expansionary Warfare and the Rise
of the Lugal War Leaders............................................................ 369
Military Technique Improves: Heavy-Armored Regiments........ 370
The Kingly State Engenders Class Distinctions......................... 370
The Warfare State and the Decline of the Power and Status
of Women.................................................................................... 371
The Kingly-Bureaucratic State and the Decline
of Democratic Processes............................................................. 373
Rebellion and Reform: The Attempted Social Reform
Movement Against the Kingly-Bureaucratic-­State..................... 374
Continuing Military Conquests: The Reforms Overridden......... 375
Sargon the Great: Conquest and Centralization.......................... 376
The Permanence of the Kingly-­Bureaucratic State................. 376
Revolution Against Sargon’s Successors.................................... 377
The King Becomes a God........................................................... 378
The Barbarian Invasions and the Last Revival
of the Sumerian City-State.......................................................... 379
The Third Dynasty of Ur: The Kingly-­Bureaucratic
State Becomes Institutionalized.................................................. 380
From Priests to Secular Bureaucrats: From Ensis
to Viziers (“Mandarins”)............................................................. 381
The Decline of the Free Citizenry and the Rise
of Class Distinctions................................................................... 382
The Secularization of the Bureaucrats and the Crisis
of Legitimacy.............................................................................. 383
Notes........................................................................................... 385
42 The Reform Movements and the Ethic of Social Justice....... 387
Codes of Law and Social Justice Before Hammurabi................ 388
Hammurabi’s Code: Social Justice Plus Harsh Punishments..... 391
The Babylonian Class Structure as Exhibited
in Hammurabi’s Code: Degrees of Free Citizenry
and Slavery.................................................................................. 393
Hammurabi’s Marriage Law: Monogamy, Polygamy,
and the Lowered Status of Women............................................. 395
Crime and the Death Penalty in Hammurabi’s Code:
An Eye for an Eye, a Tooth for a Tooth...................................... 396
King Hammurabi: The Power and Authority
of the Kingly-State Extended...................................................... 397
Contents of Volume I xxv

Putting the Courts in the King’s Power....................................... 397

The Kingly-State Attempts to Take Control
of the Temple Economy and Merchant Activity......................... 398
Notes........................................................................................... 399
43 The Pastoral Tribal Invasions and the Partial
De-Legitimation of The Kings.................................................. 401
The Waves of Pastoral Invasions................................................. 401
The Continuing Existence of Tribal Pastoral Peoples
on the Periphery of Civilization.................................................. 401
Tribal Chiefs Become Kings....................................................... 402
Notes........................................................................................... 403
44 The Revival and Expansion of the Private Economic
Sector in Mesopotamia............................................................. 405
The Merchants as Land Grabbers and Usurers........................... 406
The Merchants as Highly Respected City Fathers...................... 407
The Merchant Cities of Mesopotamia and the Return
to Older, More Democratic Political Institutions........................ 410
The Continuing Presence of the Council of Elders
and the Assembly of Citizens in Old Babylonia......................... 412
Notes........................................................................................... 416
Section 7 Vestiges of Tribal Democracy and the Rise
of Commercial Oligarchy in the City-States
of Syria, Canaan and Phoenica
45 The Early Agricultural City-States......................................... 421
The Lack of River-Flood Agriculture and the Absence
of the Large Scale Kingly-Bureaucratic State............................ 422
Specialized Agriculture and Animal Husbandry......................... 422
Caravan Commerce and Craft Production.................................. 423
Tribal and Linguistic Origins of This Region............................. 423
Commercial City-States and Pastoral Tribes.............................. 424
Trade and Trepidation: Egypt and Mesopotamia
Dominate the West Semitic City-States...................................... 425
The Political Structure of the West Semitic Speaking
City-States................................................................................... 425
The Politics of Pastoral Tribes.................................................... 427
The Tense Symbiosis Between the City-States
and the Pastoralists...................................................................... 428
Notes........................................................................................... 430
46 The City-State, Ugarit: A Great Coastal Trading City.......... 431
The Political Structure of Ugarit................................................. 432
The Rise of the Amorite Kingship.............................................. 432
Notes........................................................................................... 434
47 West Semitic Myths and Legends............................................ 435
El, the Father God, and the Divine Council................................ 436
El as the Father-God and Creator of All Things......................... 438
El as the Patriarch of the Pastoralists.......................................... 438
xxvi Contents of Volume I

The Council of the Gods in the Canaanite Myths....................... 439

Baal: The War God, the Storm God............................................ 440
The Dying and Resurrected God............................................. 440
Baal as Hero-Warrior Who Becomes King................................. 441
Death and Resurrection Ideology................................................ 443
The Death and Resurrection of Baal........................................... 444
The Political Implications of the Death and Resurrection
Ideology...................................................................................... 446
The Sacrificing of Children to the Flames of Moloch................ 447
Anat: Goddess of Fertility and War............................................ 448
The Fertility Goddesses and the High Status
of Canaanite Women................................................................... 449
Notes........................................................................................... 451
48 Ebla............................................................................................ 453
The Economy of Ebla: Specialized Agriculture,
Craft Industries, and Caravan Trade........................................... 454
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry............................................ 455
Warfare and Trade....................................................................... 459
The Role of the Pastoralists in War and Commerce................... 460
The Political Organization of the City-State of Ebla:
The Elders and the Free Citizens................................................ 461
From Tribal Elders to Merchant City Fathers:
Gerontocracy Yields to Wealth-Oligarchy.................................. 462
Military Expansion and Military Governors: The “Lugals”....... 462
The Early Monarchy at Ebla: Limited Tenure,
Limited Power............................................................................. 464
Ebrium: The First True King of Ebla—And the Last................. 465
The Secular Sovereign at Ebla.................................................... 465
The Bureaucracy at Ebla............................................................. 466
The Religion of Ebla................................................................... 467
The Status of Women at Ebla...................................................... 468
Notes........................................................................................... 470
49 The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States:
Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy........................................ 473
The City Council: The Council of Elders................................... 474
The Merchant Oligarchy at Ugarit and Ebla (and Byblos)......... 475
Notes........................................................................................... 476
50 From Canaanites to Phoenicians............................................. 479
The Hurrian Charioteers and the Hyksos Invasion of Egypt...... 479
The Egyptian Repression........................................................ 480
The Hittite Empire...................................................................... 481
The Hapiru Movement: Runaway Citizens, Pastoralists,
and the Demand for Social Justice.............................................. 481
The Decline of the Power and Prestige of The Canaanite
Kingship...................................................................................... 483
The Invasion of the Sea Peoples................................................. 484
The Invasion of the Hebrews...................................................... 485
The Influence of the Sea People on Canaanite Culture............... 485
Contents of Volume I xxvii

Who Were the Sea People........................................................... 485

The Story of Wen Amon, The Egyptian Trading Emissary........ 487
The Phoenicians Improve the Boats of the Sea People............... 488
The Improved Craft-Goods of the Phoenicians.......................... 488
The Alphabet............................................................................... 490
The Rise of Sidon and Tyre......................................................... 490
Notes........................................................................................... 494
51 The Political Institutions of the Phoenician City-States........ 495
The Revival of the Kingship After the Fall of the Hittites
and Settlements of the Sea Peoples............................................. 495
Merchant and Artisan Wealth Leads to Political Oligarchy........ 496
The Phoenician City-States: Monarchy and Merchant
Aristocracy.................................................................................. 497
The Assyrian and Babylonian Expansion and the Second
Decline of the Phoenician Kingship........................................... 499
The Merchant Oligarchy Takes Over the Offices of State.......... 499
The Suffettes and Magistrates: Leaders and Judges................... 501
The Persians Push the Phoenicians Further to Sea..................... 502
The Social Structure and Form of Government
During the Persian Period....................................................... 504
Alexander the Great, the Siege of Tyre,
and the Tyrian Political Structure................................................ 505
The Political Institutions of the Phoenician City-States
Under the Hellenistic Rulers....................................................... 507
The Abolition of the Phoenician Kingship in the Hellenistic
Era............................................................................................... 508
The New Political Structure of the Phoenician City-States
and the Hellenization of the Upper Class................................... 508
The Revolt of the Poorer Citizens at Arvad................................ 510
The Roman Takeover.................................................................. 511
Notes........................................................................................... 512
52 Carthage..................................................................................... 515
Introduction................................................................................. 515
The Myths of the Foundation of Carthage.................................. 515
The Carthaginians Compete with the Greeks: Establish
A Huge Mercenary Army............................................................ 518
From Kings to Generals: From Kingship to Elective,
Tenure-­Limited Generalship....................................................... 519
The Elimination of Kingship and the Threat of Tyranny............ 520
The Carthaginian Constitution.................................................... 522
The Suffettes............................................................................... 524
A Democratic Evolution in Carthage?........................................ 525
Aristotle on the Constitution of Carthage................................... 528
Democracy at Carthage............................................................... 529
Wealth-Oligarchy at Carthage..................................................... 530
Emigration De-Fuses the Possible Trend Toward
Democratization.......................................................................... 532
Notes........................................................................................... 533
xxviii Contents of Volume I

53 Religion and Women in Phoenician Society........................... 537

Carthaginian Religion: Canaanite Cultural Unity
and Political Bonding.................................................................. 537
Death and Resurrection Still Central.......................................... 538
The Sacrifice of Infants and Children Through the Flames........ 539
Phoenician Religion: Social Unification
and Political Control................................................................... 540
The Goddess Astarte: Sexuality, Re-birth and Joy...................... 541
The Women of Phoenicia and Carthage: Jezebel, Athalia,
and Elisha.................................................................................... 543
Notes........................................................................................... 546

Section 8 Israel: From Pastoral Tribalism to Mosaic

Monotheism to Monarchy and After Babylon
to Theocracy
Introduction: The Bible as History and Myth............................. 547
Notes........................................................................................... 549
54 The Pastoral Origins of the Hebrews:
“Those Who Crossed the River”.............................................. 551
The Religion of the Pastoral Hebrews: The Gods
of the Patriarchs and Their Ancestral Fathers............................. 554
The Political Organization of the Pre-Egyptian
Patriarchal Period........................................................................ 556
Notes........................................................................................... 557
55 Egypt and the Hebrews............................................................ 559
The Collective Memory of the Hyksos Invasions of Egypt........ 559
The Egyptian Memory of the Hyksos Event............................... 560
Manetho’s Account..................................................................... 561
Notes........................................................................................... 563
56 Egypt After the Hyksos Invasion: The New Kingdom
and the New Religious Ideas.................................................... 565
The Eighteenth Dynasty and Monotheism.................................. 565
The Hyksos Again....................................................................... 566
The New Kingdom 18th Dynasty: Warrior-Kings,
Matriarchal Wives, and the Amun Priesthood............................. 567
The Religious Conflict: Amun vs. Re
and Thebes vs. Memphis............................................................. 568
The Amun Priesthood Becomes Too Powerful:
The Role of Hatshepsut............................................................... 569
Tuthmose III: A Warrior-King Again.......................................... 571
Akhenaten and the Religious Upheaval...................................... 572
From Akhenaton to Ramesses II................................................. 576
Notes........................................................................................... 576
Contents of Volume I xxix

57 Creation and the Supreme Deity in the Theology

of Egypt...................................................................................... 579
The Primitive Creation Myths..................................................... 580
The Emergence of a More Sophisticated Cosmology................. 580
The Hermopolitan Theology....................................................... 581
The Memphite Theology............................................................. 581
The Universal Cosmology of Heliopolis.................................... 582
The Theology of Thebes............................................................. 583
The Theology of Amun-Re......................................................... 584
Akhenaten and the Attempted Eradication
of the Amun Priesthood and Their God...................................... 586
Akhenaten Attempts to Eradicate the Worship
of All Other Gods........................................................................ 589
The Reaction Against Akhenaten’s Theology and Politics......... 590
King Tut Restores Amun and All The Gods and Goddesses...... 590
Notes........................................................................................... 591
58 The Hebrews Enter the Nile Delta........................................... 593
Evidence of the Primitive God, “YAH”...................................... 593
The “Shasu” and the Egyptians................................................... 594
Notes........................................................................................... 596
59 From Joseph to Moses.............................................................. 597
Moses and His Egyptian Enculturation....................................... 599
Moses in Egypt: The Origin Myth and the Legends................... 600
Moses and His Midianite Enculturation..................................... 602
Moses Discovers the “God of the Fathers”................................. 603
The Exodus from Egypt.............................................................. 604
Moses and the Hebrews in Kadesh: The New Name
for the New Land........................................................................ 606
Moses in Kadesh: The Ritual and Political Organization
of the New Tribal Confederation................................................ 607
Jethro, Moses and the New Political Structure
of the Israelite Confederation...................................................... 608
The Opposition to Moses............................................................ 610
Religious Rebellion Against Moses............................................ 611
The Rebellion of the Golden Calf............................................... 613
The Installation of the Levis as Priestly Enforcers
of the New Faith.......................................................................... 614
The Levites Compared to the Celtic Druids
and Persian Magi the Druids....................................................... 615
The Magi..................................................................................... 616
The Ten Commandments and the Covenant
with the Israelites........................................................................ 617
Moses and Monotheism: The First Three Commandments........ 618
The Strict Moral Code of the Ten Commandments.................... 620
The Third Commandment and the Elimination of Magic
from the Mosaic Religion........................................................... 621
xxx Contents of Volume I

Moses and Monotheism: Is the God of the Ten

Commandments a Tribal God or a Universal God?.................... 622
The Covenant Between God and the Israelite Confederation..... 623
The Mark of the Covenant: The Circumcision
of the Boys After Birth................................................................ 624
Notes........................................................................................... 626
60 Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan....................... 629
Joshua’s Farewell Speech to the Tribal Assembly...................... 629
The Israelite Tribal Confederation.............................................. 630
The Confederation of the Twelve Tribes..................................... 632
The Slow and Difficult Conquest of the Land of Canaan........... 633
The Unique Political Structure of the Israelite Tribal
Confederacy................................................................................ 635
The Levite Priests Establish a “Guild”....................................... 638
The Levites as Priests, Teachers, and Guests of Each
Israelite Tribe.............................................................................. 639
The Evolution Towards Rational Torah Interpretation
Amongst the Levites................................................................... 640
Notes........................................................................................... 642
Section 9 The Kings and Prophets in the Land of Canaan
61 The Rise of the Monarchy........................................................ 645
The Rise of the Monarchy........................................................... 645
The Sea People and the Israelite Tribal Confederation............... 645
The Transition from the Charismatic Shofetism
To the War Kings........................................................................ 647
The Israelite War Organization under the Tribes
and the Shofetim......................................................................... 647
The Philistine War Organization................................................. 648
From Samson to Samuel to Saul................................................. 650
Samuel: The Last Shofet............................................................. 651
Saul: The First Military King of Israel....................................... 653
Pre-Cursors to Saul’s Kingship................................................... 655
The War-Kingship....................................................................... 656
David and Jerusalem: The Transition from Military
Kingship to Traditional Monarchy.............................................. 657
Samuel and David: The Davidic Line Becomes
The Holy Line of Israelite Kings................................................ 659
David with the Philistines........................................................... 660
David Creates a Professional Army on the Philistine Model...... 661
Jerusalem: The Capital and the Holy City of God...................... 661
Traditional Kingship Emerges: Secular Officials,
Temple Priests, and Corvee Labor.............................................. 662
The Secular Bureaucracy............................................................ 664
David Annihilates Saul’s Descendants and Other
Rebellious Factions..................................................................... 665
The Royal Succession not Institutionalized:
Absalom, vs. Solomon................................................................ 665
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.