Social bond theory also called Social control theory ( Travis W.

Hirschi)
 the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. He assumes that
all individuals are potential law violators, but they are kept under control because they fear that
illegal behavior will damage their relationships with friends, parents, neighbors, teachers, and
employers.
 Without these social ties or bonds, and in the absence of sensitivity to and interest in others, a
person is free to commit criminal acts.

Four elements of Social Bond :

1. Attachment - refers to a person's sensitivity to and interest in others.
2. Commitment - involves the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional lines of action,
such as getting an education and saving money for the future.
3. Involvement - heavy involvement in conventional activities in school, recreation, and family
leaves little time for illegal behavior.
4. Belief - people who live in the same social setting often share common moral beliefs; they may
adhere to such values as sharing, sensitivity to the rights of others, and admiration of the legal
code.

Social Reaction: Labeling Theory (Howard S. Becker)

 explains that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate
(label) certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing a person and encouraging them to
accept this negative personal identity.

- Social groups create deviance by making rules whose infractions constitute deviance, and by
applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders.
- Deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits, but rather a consequence of the application
by others of rules and sanctions to an "offender."
- The deviant is one to whom the label at some points and places in history and illegal at others.

CONSEQUENCES OF LABELING:
Becker concerns with two effects of labeling: the creation of stigma and the effect of self-image.
 Stigmatization
Labels are believed to produce stigma. People who have been negatively labeled because of their
participation or alleged participation in deviant or outlawed behaviors maybe socially outcasted who
may be prevented from enjoying a higher education, well-paying jobs, and other social benefits
 Self-labeling
It refers to the process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts the label as a
personal role or identity.
 Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Deviant behavior patterns that are in response to an earlier labeling experience, a person act out
these social roles even if they were falsely bestowed.
 Dramatization of Evil
Frank Tannenbaum (1938) suggests that social typing, which he called "dramatization of evil,"
transforms the offender's identity from a "doer of evil" to "an evil person".

Primary and Secondary Deviance (Edwin M. Lemert).

 Primary Deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor
and can be quickly forgotten.
 Secondary Deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or
social control agents who apply a negative label. The newly labeled offender then reorganizes his
or her behavior and personality around the consequences of the deviant act.
Economic Model of Criminal Behavior: Basic Theory (Gary S. Becker)
 is a standard model of decision-making where individuals choose between criminal activity and
legal activity on the basis of the expected utility from those acts.

Among the factors that influence an individual's decision to engage in criminal activities are:
1. the expected gains from crime relative to earnings from legal work;
2. the chance (risk) of being caught and convicted;
3. the extent of punishment; and
4. the opportunities in legal activities.

Karl Marx's Theory (Karl Heinrich Marx)

 viewed crime as the product of law enforcement policies akin to a labeling process theory; he
also saw connection between criminality and the inequities found in the Capitalist system. He
states that its development had turned workers into a dehumanized mass who lived an existence
that was at the mercy of their capitalist employers.

Marx identified that there are two (2) components in the mode of production:
1. productive forces, which include such things as technology, energy sources, and material
resources; and
2. productive relations, which are the relationships that exist among the people producing goods
and services. The most important relationship in industrial culture is between the owners of the
means of production (capitalist bourgeoisie), and the people who do the actual labor
(proletariat).
According to Marx, capitalist society is subject to the development of a rigid class culture with the
capitalist bourgeoisie at the top, followed by the working proletariat, and at the bottom, the fringe
members who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others -dependent (lumpen
proletariat) (Siegel, 2004).
In Marxist theory, it claimed that it is not necessary to have a particular amount of wealth or prestige
to be a member of the capitalist; it is more important to have the power to exploit others
economically, legally, and socially (Siegel, 2004).

Friedrich Engels' and Willem Bonger's Theory

The Contribution of Friedrich Engels

 crime as a function of social demoralization-a collapse of people's humanity reflecting a decline
in society. Workers are demoralized by the capitalist society, are caught up in the process that
leads to crime and violence. Working people committed crime because their choice was a slow
death of starvation or a speedy one at the hands of the law. The brutality of the capitalist
system, he believed, turns workers into animal-like creatures out a will of their own.

The Contribution of Willem A. Bonger

 Bonger believed that crime is of social and not biological origin, but exception of few special
cases, crime lies within the boundaries of normal human behavior. According to Bonger, no act is
naturally immoral or criminal. He viewed crimes as antisocial acts that reflect current morality.

Bonger believed that society is divided in have and have not groups, not on the basis of people's
innate ability, but because of the system production that is in force. In every society that is divided
into ruling class and an inferior class, penal law serves the will of the ruling class. Even though criminal
laws may appear to protect members of both classes, hardly any act is punished that does not injure
the interests of the dominant ruling class. In the capitalist system makes both the proletariat and
bourgeoisie crime prone, but only the proletariat likely to become officially recognized criminals.
Because the legal system discriminates against the poor by defending the actions of the wealthy and
second of all, it is the proletariat who are deprived of the materials that are monopolized by the
bourgeoisie. In short, crimes are function of poverty (Siegel, 2004).