When analysts talk of an end to the cold war taking place in 1989, they

are normally referring to the course of events in Eastern and Central

Europe.
Collapse and Reaffirmation of Communism as an intimately connected
events in Eastern Europe and Chine:
In the same year in which communist authority collapsed on the
European continent, it was being reaffirmed in China. The two
processes were intimately connected (Chinese leaders were afraid of its
collapse in China so they committed to reforms that can assure its
reaffirmation)
Tiananmen Square in June 1989, a decisive, effective, and bloody action
to suppress protests in China. This suppression of protest sent a clear
message that in spite of economic reforms, there would be no tinkering
with the fundamentals if the Chinese political system.
There is very likelihood that if Gorbachev had decided to crack down in
Poland or East Germany, The Chinese communist Party might have been
persuaded to act with less severity itself. but seeing the destruction of
state authority in the other socialist countries when Gorbachev didn't
react with force it convinced Chinese leaders in Beijing that unless it
took swift action, they too might go the same way (As with Gorbachev's
less severe action communism collapsed in those countries)

Fukuyama and others talked of an end to China modern history:

Actually, begins when a number of Western pundits like Fukuyama were
talking rather too easily about its history coming to an end.
American foreign policy guru Zbigniew Brzezinski's views about China
as ‘Unfinished Business’ China thereafter remained what the American
foreign policy guru, Zbigniew Brzezinski, termed as unfinished business
A HYBRID SYSTEM
With strong residues of communist ideology articulated by a powerful
party bureaucracy, an inefficient but still important state sector
combined with, and coexisting uneasily alongside.
DYNAMIC CAPITALIST ENTREPRENEURSHIP driven by foreign
investment, much of it overseas Chinese and most of it located in the
special economic zones in the coastal provinces of the East and South
East.
Criticism on Hybrid system of China
Combination Of Communism and Commercialism Not Viable Over the
Longer Term
Many experts took the view that this combination of opposites,
communism and commercialism was basically not viable over the
longer term.
Combination not only exist side by side but also Support each other
Others felt that the two could not only exist side by side, but that the
success of actually pre-supposed the other, and that China's great
strides forward economically would have been impossible without a
powerful state holding the ring.
Market-Stalinism couldn’t fir into pre-existing socio-economic
categories
Either way, this peculiar form of Market-Stalinism or market Leninism
with capitalist characteristics didn't easily fit into simple preexisting
socioeconomic categories.
ORIGINS OF CHINA'S HYBRID SYSTEM
Can be traced back to the 1970s and the twin decision taken then to
open up relations with the United States and integrate at least parts of
China into the global economy
As a way of offsetting the power of the former USSR

A means of renovating China's moribund economic system

China's marketization

Privatization of agriculture
At around the same time, China took the equally momentous decision
to privatize agriculture, thus laying the foundation for a great upsurge of
economic activity in the Chinese countryside.
CONSEQUENCES OF REFORMS
In purely economic terms the results of these changes were striking.
a).Massive changes within China itself
China as a success story of international capitalism

The results of these reforms were striking and by the 1990s China had
become one of the great success stories of international capitalism.
Rising expectations amongst an increasingly large Chinese middle class

The dynamics of the new capitalism also led to a tide of rising

expectations amongst an increasingly large Chinese middle class.
China under growing pressure to abide by international political norms

But Marketization and globalization were not neutral, and as China

grew closer to the West economically, it found itself under growing
pressure to abide by international political norms.
More information and contact with the outside world were demanded

Rapid economic growth and modernization in the late 20th century,

there was a growing demand for more information and contact with the
outside world that could destabilize the political system and because
too much information and contact with the outside world could lead to
the spread of ideas and values that could ruin the ideology of
communism. So, in a controlled political system information and contact
with the outside world were tightly regulated and controlled.

2). INCREASING CHINA'S WEIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Major factor in regional politics

For many years a nuclear have and a permanent member of the UN

security Council, China in the 1990s became a major factor in regional
politics and an aspiring power in its own right.

Foreign policy debates in the US

This not only caused quite a stir in Asia Pacific but generated one of the
great foreign policy debates in the United States.
a).A NUMBER ONE PROBLEM: To many in the region, of course, China
continues to be viewed as the number one problem,
Assertive presence in disputed islands in south China sea: An
increasingly assertive presence that has threatened to take over the
disputed security islands well Undermining Independency of Taiwan
undermine the independence of Taiwan. China has even warned that if
Taiwan made any attempt to establish itself as a sovereign country
independent of China, it would not stand idly by, Nor, it seems would
the United States
China in a conflict with the only nation stood in its way
Some analysts have seen all this Taiwan issue not just as some Chinese
internal problem, bit a symptom of " a classic rising power that one day
would come into conflict with the only nation that stood in its way, the
US.

China of 2000 compared to the Germany of old 1939

One commentator, Nicholas Kristoff of the New York times has even
compared China in 2000 with to the Germany of old--resentful, ruthless
and expansionary with a growing military capability to match its
ambitions.
China as a natural threat to the region and therefore an adversary of
the US There are those who feel that a combination of history,
geography, and capabilities make China a natural threat to the region
and therefore an adversary of the US.

Official position adopted by Bush senior and Democrat Clinton was that,
while China may have had its differences with the United States but
cooperation was still possible. In Short, over most issues -Taiwan being
the obvious exception, China 's international conduct had been
relatively restrained
No was this according to those who advocate engagement rather than
containment.
The record spoke for itself:
China didn't exercise its veto to halt UN actions against Iraq in 1990 and 1991

China didn't block the Security Council's approval of the international

protectorate over Kosovo

It peacefully reacquired Hong Kong from the British

It approves the development of UN peace keepers to East Timor

China acted very responsible during the Asian financial crisis of 1998

The only consequence of treating China as enemy would be to make it

one, and so delay rather than accelerate, any progressive change in its
internal character. Because China was a huge market for American
goods and a massive market for the region and potentially one of the
biggest markets in the world market it was bound to evolve.

The Great policy debate about China

Policy makers in the US more concerned about great business
opportunities in China than they are about political freedom.
What impact was rapid market change and global economic integration
of political systems in general and repressive Policies in particular?
A part of deeper discussion was this question
One that had preceded the end of the cold war but became more
intense after its end and revolved around a simple but this fundamental
question.
Supporters for capitalism Saw only positive political outcomes that
once the market genie had been let out of the bottle there could be no
putting it back in again.
Others were more skeptical
Feeling that this was little more than a fancy rationalization used by
western governments and their multinational allies to justify doing
business with dictators and dictatorships like China.
Only time would tell who was right. Meanwhile, out there in the real-
world western policy makers could only see economic opportunities in
China. If they didn't take them then their competitors would.
A vast China market comprising a billion consumers beckoned; new
orders were there to be won and vast investments made as China
continued in its headlong rush towards market modernity. And there
was no time to lose.
It was these very material considerations, rather than liberal concerns
about free speech and human rights , that were likely to determine the
West's attitude towards China in an era of Geo-economics.