UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY MARDAN

PROJECT REPORT OF (OEL)

Submitted To : Engineer Sheraz
Date :- 27 / 12 / 2023
GROUP LEADER: Muhammad ijaz ul haq
MEMBERS
1) Muhammad Ijaz-ul-haq / 23MDCLE130
2) Abdul Sareer / 23MDCLE108
3) Azlan shah / 23MDCLE135
4) Umair khan / 23MDCLE138

CONTENTS
 1. INTRODUCTION OF BRICKS

2. TYPES OF BRICKS

3. DIFFERENCE BTEWWEN BRICKS

4. TESTS OF BRICKS

5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

6. WATER ABSORPTION TEST

7. EFFLORESCENCE TEST

8. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

9. COST OF WALL
Bricks :- “Enduring Architectural Icons”
In the realm of construction, bricks emerge as stalwart symbols, seamlessly
blending tradition with durability. These modest clay components, steeped in
history, lay the foundation for architectural resilience across the ages.
1
 Types of Bricks
on the basis of
quality:-
1.First-Class
Bricks:
- Uniform in shape and
size.

- Well-burnt with sharp edges.

- Low water absorption, high strength.

2. Second-Class Bricks:
- Slightly irregular in shape.

- May have minor cracks or distortions.

- Used in non-visible areas of construction.

3. Third-Class Bricks:
- Irregular in shape and size.

- Contains significant defects.

- Utilized in temporary or non-structural work.

4. Overburnt ( Jhama ) Bricks :

2
 - Burnt at excessively high temperatures.

- Dark in color, extremely hard.

- Suitable for heavy-duty construction.

5. Underburnt ( Kaccha ) Bricks:

- Insufficiently fired.

- Soft, porous, and light in weight.

- Not suitable for load-bearing structures

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4
OPEN ENDED LAB
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
ASTM CODE C39

IMPROTANCE
Compressive strength is vital in construction, determining a brick's ability to bear loads. This is crucial for
load-bearing elements like walls and columns, ensuring safety and durability. Standards set by authorities
like BIS in India guide this aspect.

Specimen preparation
Drying the sample

The brick of each class was first dried using well air ventilated oven at temperature of 110°C for a period of
24 hours.

Cooling the sample

After drying the sample, the bricks of each class were cooled for period of 4 hours at room temperature.

Apparatus
 Bricks sample
 Oven
 Cement mortar
 Universal testing machine
 Brush

Procedure
The compression testing machine was set to speed of kN.

The brick specimen was kept in CTM such that the mortar filled frog faced the compressive strength and
brick was in stretcher position

Load was applied unless the brick failed

maximum load
Compressive strength = area(mm)2
5
STANDARD LIMIT
1) The compressive strength of first-class brick should not be less than 10.5N\mm2
2) The compressive strength of second-class brick should not be less than 7N\mm2
3) The compressive strength of third-class brick should not be less than 5N\mm2

Source: S.K. DUGGAL BOOK (Recommended by Department)

6
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Specimen Class 1st Class 2nd Class 3rd

Sample Sampl Sample Sample Sample Sample Sampl Sampl Sample
1st e 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd e 1st e 2nd 3rd
Average 11553,. 11990 12099.7 12396. 12920.7 11640.2 12104 11768 11995.
area (mm2) 9 5 5 5 5 25
Max load 189254 17827 155936 148612 107297 148327 89939 61786 55440
(N) 4
Compressiv 16.381 14.53 12.88 11.98 8.30 12.73 7.34 5.52 4.62
e strength
(N/mm^2)
Average
compressiv 14.597 11.003 5.8
e strength
(N/mm^2)
Compressiv
e strength 2117.11 1595.85 841.2
(Psi)

COMMENTS ON RESULT:
As per ASTM the compressive strength of first-class brick should not be
less than 10N\mm2 and our result is 14.597N\mm2

The compressive strength of second-class brick should not be less than

7N\mm2 and our result is 11.003N\mm2

The compressive strength of third-class brick should not be less than 5N\
mm2 and our result is 5.8N\mm2

All of the results from bricks were good.

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OPEN ENDED LAB
WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF BRICK
ASTM CODE C140

IMPORTANCE
Water absorption tests for bricks are crucial as they determine strength, durability, and mortar
bonding. The right absorption rate is vital for construction quality and longevity.

Apparatus
 Bricks sample
 Oven
 Balance scale

Drying the specimen

Before the experiment the bricks were dried using ventilated oven at 110°C for period of 24 hours.

Cooling the specimen

The dried bricks were cooled using room temperature exposure for duration for 4 hours

Procedure
After drying the specimen, weight it using highly calibrated scale and noted down it weight

The bricks sample should be submerged in water such that all bricks samples are easily under water using
corrosion free containers for duration of 24 hours

After the 24 hours in water take out the bricks sample, dry it with damp cloth and weight the sample.

Water absorption should be calculated as

Ws−Wo
Water absorption =
Wo
(100%)

STANDARD LIMIT:
1) FIRST CLASS BRICKS
The water absorption should not be more than 20
8
 OPEN ENDED LAB

2) SECOND CLASS BRICKS

The water absorption should not be more than 22%

3) THIRD CLASS BRICKS

The water absorption should not be more than 25%

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OPEN ENDED LAB
Observation and calculation
S Descriptio Class 1st Class 2nd Class 3rd
r n
#
Sampl Sampl Sampl Sampl Sampl Sampl Sampl Sampl Sampl
e 1st e 2nd e 3rd e 1st e 2nd e 3rd e 1st e 2nd e 3rd
A Weight in
oven 2839.0 2681. 2680 2773.8 2673 2730 2684.5 2681.2 2679.9
dried 2
condition
(g)
B Weight
after 24 hr 3189.8 3177. 3180.1 3372.8 3260 3300.6 3348.1 3482.7 3300.2
submerge 2
in water
(g)
C Water
absorptio 12.35 18.15 18.66 21.5 21.9 20.58 24.71 26.66 23.14
n
(%)
Average
%Age of
D water 16.5066 21.4 23.48
Absorption

COMMENT ON RESULT:
As per ASTM the water Absorption for first class brick should not be more than 20% and
from our experiment the water absorption of first-class bricks is 16.5066%
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As per ASTM the water Absorption for second class brick should not be more than 22% and from
our experiment the water absorption of second class bricks is 21.4%

As per ASTM the water Absorption for third class brick should not be more than 25% and from
our experiment the water absorption of third bricks is 23.48%

So, from above comments our bricks are fresh and suitable for construction

OPEN ENDED LAB

EFFLORESCENCE TEST
ASTM CODE 140

IMPROTANCE
Efflorescence test is crucial to identify alkaline substances causing white powder on bricks.
Ensures compliance with standards, preventing durability issues and structural damage in
construction. Early detection allows for corrective measures.

Apparatus
 Distilled water
 Bricks sample
 Corrosion free containers
 Oven
 Specimen preparation

Procedure
After drying cooling the bricks let the bricks stand in distilled water vertically.

The bricks should be submerged in water at least 1 inch deep.

Water level must be checked regularly.

After 7 days submerged in water let the bricks out of water and dry the bricks using oven at 110 oC for
24 hours.

Compare the both bricks at least 10 feet away. Look for any chances for efflorescence.
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OPEN ENDED LAB
EXAMPLE OF EFFLORESENCE

SHOWED BY OUR BRICKS

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OPEN ENDED LAB
CALCULATION AND REPORT
SO DESCRIPTION CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3
N
O
0 SPECIMEN S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
1 TOTAL AREA 36.93 37.38 37.84 38.02 35.99 36.7 40.5 39.3 38.6
IN INCHES

2 TOTAL AREA 23112.5 23662.7 23650 23762.5 22493.7 22937.48 25312.5 24562.3 24125
IN MM2

3 EFFLORED 2193.75 3443.7 0 7122.5 9234.75 5225 20000 17704.2 10175

AREA IN
(MM)2
4 % 9.49% 14.7% 0% 30% 41.0% 22.7% 79.01% 72.2% 42.1
EFFLORESEN %
CE
5 AVG 8.06% 31.23% 64.7%

6 TYPE NILL SLIGHT MODERATE

OPEN ENDED LAB

13
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BRICK
ASTM CODE C67

IMPORTANCE :
Flexural strength in bricks is vital for preventing bending or deformation under load. It ensures the
durability and stability of structures like arches and lintels, preventing failures and ensuring safety.

APPARATUS
 The flexural test is used to determine the flexural strength of a brick.
 The test involves applying a load to a brick in a three-point bending configuration.
 The load is applied to the brick at a constant rate until it fails.
 The maximum load that the brick can withstand before failure is recorded.
 The flexural strength of the brick is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the cross-
sectional area of the brick.
 The flexural strength of a brick is an important factor in determining its suitability for use
in construction.

PROCEDURE
 The flexural test is used to determine the flexural strength of a brick.
 The test involves applying a load to a brick in a three-point bending configuration.
 The load is applied to the brick at a constant rate until it fails.
 The maximum load that the brick can withstand before failure is recorded.
 The flexural strength of the brick is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the cross-
sectional area of the brick.
 The flexural strength of a brick is an important factor in determining its suitability for use
in construction.
 Flexural strength=MY/I

OPEN ENDED LAB

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REPORT AND CALCULATION
S DESCRIP CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3
O TION
N
O
1 SPECIME S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
N OR
SAMPLE

2 MAX 711931 6207 5093 33249 2908 3402 193147 1748 1406
BENDIN 07 98 8 18 36 70 88
G
MOMEN
T NMM
3 OUTERM 38.10 399.1 38.70 40.75 39.15 38.30 37.75 38.20 40.70
OST 5
FIBER
DISTANC
E Y MM
4 MOMEN 3867126 42204 50939 48811 41804 40975 3851801 41024 48676
T OF 28 8 12 23 32 82 2
INTERIA
MM4
5 FLEXUR 7.014 5.574 4.625 2.775 2.723 3.180 1.892 1.628 1.176
AL
STRENG
TH
N/MM2
6 AVERAG 5.737 2.8 1.56
E
66 92 53

OPEN ENDED LAB

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OPEN ENDED LAB
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COST OF WALL
STANDARD BRICK DIMENSION

LENGTH × WIDTH × HEIGHT

=9 X 4.5 X 3

= 125.5 IN3

CONVERSION OF CUBIC INCH INTO CUBIC FEET

=0.072627FT3

DIMENSIONS OF WALL
300 × 9 × 10

=FT. × 0.75FT × 10FT

=1,500 FT3

THE AMOUNT OF BRICKS REQUIRED IN CONSTRUCTION OF REQUIRED WALLTYPE

EQUATION HERE.DIMENSION OF WALL/DIMENSION OF BRICKS

1,500/0.072627

=20,653

BRICK WASTAGE

5% OF TOTAL

20,653 × 0.05=1,031.75

21,685 BRICKS OF TOTAL

OPEN ENDED LAB

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COST OF BRICKS OF REQUIRED VOLUME OF WALL

 IF WE USE 1ST CLASS BRICKS

THEN

21,685×17

RUPEES=368645/-

3 LAC 68 THOUSAND 6 HUNDRED AND 45

 IF WE USE 2ND CLASS BRICKS

303590×14

RUPEES=303590/-

3 LAC 03 THOUSAND 5 HUNDRED AND 90

 IF WE USE 3RD CLASS BRICKS

21,685×10

RUPEES 216840/-

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