SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:-

NAME ROLL NO.

Delhi Technical
Himanshu Bansal 21-ME-L-05
Campus
Paras Choyal 21-ME-L-07
Sonu 21-ME-L-10

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 Abstract ................................................................... 3
 Introduction.......................................................... 4
 Working Principle................................................5
 Design and Construction........................................................6
 Hydraulic System............................................................................ 11
 Requirement of Working Setup ....................................... 13
 Application ................................................................. 15
 Machinery and Equipment Safety .................................... 17
 Benefits of Using Hydraulic Excavator Model............... 20
 Conclusion ............................................................. 22

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  ABSTRACT
Hydraulic excavators are usefully employed in sev-eral
earthmoving applications, from small utility dig-gers to big mining shovels.
Versatility of this kind of machine relies on a flexible basic framework, that
comprises a fully rotating upperstructure and an articu-lated working
equipment; moreover, availability of different types of attachments (buckets,
hammers, breakers, augers) expands excavators duty compliance.
The first activity is a real-time acquisition of hydraulic system supply
pressure(s) and flow(s) during machine opera-tion, which provides a cycle
load map and defines operational sequence (arm retraction, bucket close,
boom up, upper-structure swing left, bucket dump, upperstructure swing
right, and arm extension). A second step is the discrete integra-tion of
hydraulic power values calculated at each acquisition step, which gives a
machine energy use characteristic related to hydraulic system working, for
the whole cycle and for each cycle phase. A third step is the comparison of
energy use characteristics of the same machine doing the cycle without
actually moving earth (simulated digging) and moving earth (actual digging).
This approach allows the definition of external load influence.
A different approach compares energy use characteristics of different
machinery performing the same simulated digging. This alternative approach
highlights effects of different hydraulic system architectures in machine
operation.

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  INTRODUCTION
A hydraulic excavator consists of an upper carriage with
hydraulically rotating upper deck (revolving 360º) and attachment,
directly mounted to either a wheeled or crawler undercarriage. The
front end of the excavator attachment consists either of a bucket,
grapple, scrap shear, or another implement.

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom,

dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the
"house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They are
a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly
called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator
are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic
cylinders and hydraulic motors.
Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of
operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators which
use winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE
High-pressure oil is supplied to the tracks' hydraulic
motors through a hydraulic swivel at the axis of the pin, allowing the
machine to slew 360° unhindered and thus provides the left-and-right
movement. The arm provides the up-and-down and closer-and-further
(or digging movement) movements.

The main elements of the working mechanism of an excavator are

the shovel boom, dipper stick, bucket and links enabling them to swing.
The paper deals with structural and geometric analysis of the
mechanism. The kinematics of the mechanism has been studied and the
force analysis is presented.

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  DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

The main basic components of an excavator are as follows:

1. THE ARM: The arm is comprised of two hydraulic cylinders, a bucket and boom
which is on the upper part of the arm. The arm moves in two parts just like a
human arm would be at the wrist and the elbow.

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2. CYLINDER ROD: Inside of the hydraulic cylinder is a rod, which is the inner part
of the cylinder and a Piston, which is at the end of the cylinder and enables the
arm to move with the help of oil. If there were no oil in the cylinder, the piston
would drop to the bottom, but because of the nature of oil, its volume always
stays the same. Oil is pumped through the end of the piston and in turn pushes
the rod through the cylinder, thus creating movement of one or both parts of the
arm. By control of the amount of oil is pumped through the Valve, the accuracy of
the arm can be easily manipulated. This movement is activated by the use of
control valves that are positioned inside the Cab where the driver seat is.

3. THE ENGINE: Power in an automobile is normally received straight from the

engine but it works differently in a hydraulic excavator. Because the machine
uses a lot of force, it is able to move by changing the energy it receives from the
engine into hydraulic power.

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4. THE SWING: One of the functions of this machine is its ability to turn. The swing
of the excavator enables it to turn. The swing circle comprises of an outer race,
an inner race, ball bearings and a pinion. As the outer race turns, the pinion runs
alongside the unmoving inner race. The ball bearings work to ensure that this is
done smoothly.

5. THE CAB: The upper structure where the drivers seat is located and the controls
are

positioned. With the help of two levers on both side and two in the front, the
driver can move both at the same time to control direction and height.

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6. THE FEET: There are two types of excavator bases. One type has wheels just
as a regular car would, also known as the wheel type. Because of the nature of
the base, it is primarily used on hard surfaces, such as concrete and gravel. The
second type is known as a crawler because of its ability to drive on less stable
surfaces, such as mud, sand. Unlike the wheel type, the crawler covers more the
ground and thus will not sink into the ground. It does just as the name suggests,
crawls, with a conveyor belt-like mechanism. This machine can only be used on
site and would have to be transported by another vehicle to get from one point to
another.

7. THE BOOM: An excavator boom is a component used to operate an excavator,

a piece of heavy machinery used for digging holes or otherwise moving large
amounts of material. The excavator usually consists of a base with tracks or
treads attached to rotating wheels, as well as a unit known as the house that
rotates 360 degrees so the operator can access material on all sides of the
machine without repositioning the entire unit. The excavator boom extends off
the front of the house, and it usually consists of two pieces that articulate for
better reach.

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8. THE BUCKET: A bucket is mounted to the end of the excavator boom. Bucket is
responsible for doing the digging as well as for containing the materials to be
moved. All components of the excavator boom as well as the bucket itself are
controlled by hydraulics; an outer stanchion filled with fluid usually some sort of
oil can be pressurized, thereby causing an internal piston to push forward. When
the pressure is released, the piston will retract. In this way, the two parts of the
excavator boom as well as the bucket can be controlled from the operator's cabin
of the machine.

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  HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
There are two types of hydraulic system:
1. Open loop hydraulic system
2. Closed loop hydraulic system
Open loop hydraulic system and closed loop hydraulic system are the two
types of hydraulic system. In an open loop system, when the actuating
mechanism is idle, there will be fluid flow but no pressure. For a closed loop
system, when the pump operates there will be pressure for fluids.
Open loop hydraulic system is used in Hydraulic Excavator.
The open circuit system using the variable displacement pump are widely
used on the construction machinery such as hydraulic excavators, crawler
cranes, and wheel loaders.

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 Hydraulics allow excavators to perform their many functions. These
machines are not just limited to earthwork. They also lift and place heavy objects
such as sewer pipes, equipment, building panels, etc. Their hydraulic systems
function within the overall parameters of the machine’s performance (weight,
center of gravity, lift point, reach, tractor tread footprint, etc.)
These design dimensions determine the excavator’s tipping point (the point
where the load carried by the excavator bucket and the position of the bucket in
relation to the excavator’s center of gravity causes the end rollers to lift away from
the track rails). Mathematically, the tipping point is the load located at a particular
radius. Similarly, the excavator’s rating height is defined by its load, and the
vertical distance from the bucket to the ground.
These design dimensions determine the excavator’s tipping point (the point
where the load carried by the excavator bucket and the position of the bucket in
relation to the excavator’s center of gravity causes the end rollers to lift away from
the track rails).

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 REQUIREMENT OF WORKING
SETUP
In doing anything, it involves methodology. Similarly, there are
certain principles and requirements in carrying out structural design.
Because the hydraulic excavator often starts frequently, brakes, changes
direction, the external load changes greatly, the working condition is
bad, often bears the vibration and the shock, therefore has the high
design request to the working device.

1. Scope of operations and transport requirements: When

designing the working device, the geometric size should satisfy the
distribution characteristic of reasonable excavation force besides
convenient transportation, so that the excavator can realize the
maximum excavation force in the main excavation area. In the main
excavation area, the excavator is excavated in the way of excavating
below the ground, from bottom to top, moving to the fuselage, in this

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way, the loading efficiency is high, the cycle time is short, easy to unload,
the driver has good field of vision, high productivity and safety.
2. Mechanical stability: The stability of the whole machine is
closely related to the design of the working device, so the designed
working device should be satisfied that the excavator should not be
tipped when working and parking, and so on.
3. Meet structural strength requirements: The structural
strength requirement is to design the working device, so the working
device should be subjected to the stress distribution and deformation
law of each part of the structure under various stress conditions, so as to
ensure that the designed working device should have sufficient strength.
4. Environmental economic requirements: The design of the
working device should not neglect the economic cost because of the
simple pursuit of technical performance while meeting the
requirements of use.
A hydraulic excavator consists of an upper carriage with
hydraulically rotating upper deck (revolving 360º) and attachment,
directly mounted to either a wheeled or crawler undercarriage. The
front end of the excavator attachment consists either of a bucket,
grapple, scrap shear, or another implement.
The main components of a hydraulic system are (i) hydraulic
pump, (ii) reservoir for hydraulic fluid, (iii) filter, (iv) actuator, (v)
accumulator, (vi) directional control valve, (vii) flow control valve, (viii)
pressure relief valve, and (ix) pipes and fittings.

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  APPLICATION
The hydraulic excavators are designed for various operation uses, such as
excavating, leveling, digging, loading and demolishing. Commonly used in
construction, road building, mining, and civil engineering projects, the hydraulic
excavators are applicable for various operations. Backhoe operation of hydraulic
excavators is suitable for digging an area which is lower than the excavator.
When the hydraulic excavator’s boom cylinder is at 90-degree angle while the
arm cylinder stays vertically, maximum digging force can be obtained through
the thrusting force of each hydraulic cylinder. Make use of this angle effectively
to help you achieve the maximum working efficiency of the excavator. The
digging range of the hydraulic excavator’s arm is from 30 to 45°. The angle may
vary according to digging depth, but it is better to keep it within the above
range if possible. Do not operate the hydraulic cylinders to their full.

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 Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
 Material handling
 Brush cutting with hydraulic saw and mower attachments
 Forestry work
 Forestry mulching
 Demolition with hydraulic claw, cutter and breaker attachments
 Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
 River dredging
 Hydro excavation to access fragile underground infrastructure using
high pressure water
 Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver
 Drilling shafts for footings and rock blasting, by use of an auger or
hydraulic drill attachment
 Snow removal with snowplow and snow blower attachments
 Aircraft recycling

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  MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT SAFETY
 For most excavators the manufacturers ID plate is on the outside of the operator
platform/cabin adjacent the boom connection point. The serial number is generally on
the plate however if not it will be stamped on the chassis in this area. Sometimes you
will need to wipe off grease or dirt to see it.
 Next you will need to identify and select the machine’s features and attachments. This
is a simple check box process in Plant Assessor. Once that is complete, it is time to
consider the specific controls required to manage the hazards and risks on your
machine.
 Plant Assessor walks you through consideration of various “families” of controls
specific to the machine you are inspecting. The questions are grouped logically, which
helps streamline the inspection process

There are two different types of risks you need

to be aware of and control for wind power water pump tools
and equipment:

Mechanical Risks
Non-mechanical Risks

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 Mechanical Risks
Mechanical risks are associated with the moving parts of different
machines that can cause injuries. If a specific risk cannot be eliminated
then measures must be taken to prevent any harm from the moving
parts. In many cases this includes the installation of special guards on
various parts of the machine.
Be aware of all machines that eject objects that could potentially hit a
person with enough force to cause an injury

Identify all machines that have moving parts like a boom or

mechanical arm that can reach a person and cause an injury

All mobile equipment and machines used in areas where people work
or can gain access.

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 Non-mechanical Risks
Many machines and certain pieces of equipment emit
harmful emissions or utilize fluids or gases under pressure. Others use
chemicals or chemical by‐products, run on electricity or make very loud
noises when in use. All of these things represent non‐mechanical
hazards that can cause serious injuries if they are not carefully
controlled in the workplace. The following is a list of commonly found
non‐mechanical hazards that must be controlled:

 Dust
 Heat
 High intensity light including laser and ultra‐violet lighting
 Heavy metals including lead, cadmium and mercury
 Explosive or flammable products and atmospheres
 Steam
 Lionizing radiation including x‐rays and microwaves

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 BENEFITS OF USING HYDRAULIC
EXCAVATOR MODEL
Excavators are equipped with powerful engines and
hydraulic systems, making them strong and capable of handling
tough and heavy-duty tasks. They can dig deep into the ground,
break down large structures, and move massive amounts of
materials.

1. It has a faster cycle time than basic hydraulic

2. The operating unit is comparatively easier

3. The bucket penetrating force is much higher

4. It gives a more precise digging

5. The overall speed is much higher. You can increase its size
if and when required.

6. It has step-less speed regulation and a larger speed range

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[21]
 CONCLUSION

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