XBCS1013 CALCULUS

Chapter 4:
Application of Derivative
Part 3

Hemavathi Ramulu
Department of Computing
School of Computing & Creative Media
KDU University College
 Outline
 Mean value theorem
 L’Hospital’s Rule
 Antiderivatives
 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

If f (x) is a differentiable function over

[a,b], then at some point between a and b:
f b  f  a 
 f c
ba
 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

If f (x) is a differentiable function over

[a,b], then at some point between a and b:
f b  f  a 
 f c
ba

Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.

 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

If f (x) is a differentiable function over
[a,b], then at some point between a and b:
f b  f  a 
 f c
ba

Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.

The Mean Value Theorem only applies over a closed interval.

 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

If f (x) is a differentiable function over

[a,b], then at some point between a and b:
f b  f  a 
 f c
ba

The Mean Value Theorem says that at some

point in the closed interval, the actual
slope equals the average slope.
 Mean Value Theorem

Slope of tangent: Tangent parallel to

y B chord.
f c
Slope of chord:

f b  f  a 
ba
A
y  f  x

0 a c b x
 Mean Value Theorem
 
Show the function f ( x)  cos x on 0, 
 3
satisfies the hypothesis of
the Mean Value Theorem

The function is continuous on [0,/3] and differentiable on

(0,/3). Since f(0) = 1 and f(/3) = 1/2, the Mean Value
Theorem guarantees a point c in the interval (0,/3) for
which
f b  f  a  1/ 2  1
 f c   sin c c = 0.498
ba  /30
 Mean Value Theorem

(0,1)

at x = 0.498, the slope

of the tangent line is
equal to the slope of
(/3,1/2)
the chord.
 Mean Value Theorem

Definitions Increasing Functions, Decreasing Functions

Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 and x2
be any two points in I.

1. f increases on I if x1 < x2  f(x1) < f(x2).

2. f decreases on I if x1 < x2  f(x1) > f(x2).
 Mean Value Theorem
Corollary Increasing Functions, Decreasing Functions
Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b).
A couple of somewhat obvious definitions:
1. If f’ > 0 at each point of (a,b), then f increases on [a,b].
2. If f’ < 0 at each point of (a,b), then f decreases on [a,b].

A function is increasing over an interval if the

derivative is always positive.

A function is decreasing over an interval if the

derivative is always negative.
 Mean Value Theorem

Find where the function f ( x )  x 3

 9 x 2
 24 x
is increasing and decreasing and find the local
extrema.
f ( x)  x3  9 x2  24 x + 0 - 0 +
f’(x)
f ' ( x)  3x2  18x  24 2 4
inc (,2)  (4, )
0  3( x  6 x  8)
2

0  ( x  6 x  8)
2 dec (2,4)
0  ( x  4)( x  2) x = 2, local maximum
x = 4, local minimum
Mean Value Theorem

(2,20) local max

(4,16) local min

 Mean Value Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem
If f (x) is a differentiable function over
[a,b], and if f(a) = f(b) = 0, then there is at
least one point c between a and b such
that f’(c)=0:

(a,0) (b,0)
 L’Hôpital’s Rule
x2  4
Consider: lim
x 2 x  2

0
If we try to evaluate this by direct substitution, we get:
0
Zero divided by zero can not be evaluated, and is an
example of indeterminate form.

In this case, we can evaluate this limit by factoring and

canceling:

lim
x2  4
 lim
 x  2  x  2   lim x  2
  4
x 2 x  2 x 2 x2 x  2


 f  x x2  4
lim  lim
x a g  x  x 2 x  2

The limit is the ratio of the numerator over the denominator

as x approaches 2.

x2  4 4
0.05
3
2
1
-3 -2 -1 1
x
2 3 If we zoom in far enough,
0
-1
the 0curves
1.95
will
2
appear2.05as
x
-2 straight lines.
-3
-4
x2 -5
-0.05


 f  x x2  4
lim  lim
x a g  x  x 2 x  2

0.05

f  x As x2
f  x
becomes:
g  x
g  x
0 1.95 2 2.05
x

-0.05


 f  x x2  4
lim  lim
x a g  x  x 2 x  2

0.05

df As x2
f  x
becomes:
dg
g  x
0 1.95 2 dx 2.05
x
df
df
 dx
dg dg
-0.05 dx

 f  x x2  4 
d 2
x  4
2x
lim  lim  lim dx  lim 4
x a g  x  x 2 x  2 x 2 d
 x  2
x 2 1

dx

L’Hôpital’s Rule:
f  x
If lim
x a g  x 
is indeterminate, then:

f  x f  x
lim  lim
x a g  x  x a g   x 


 Example:

1  cos x  lim sin x  0

lim x 0 1  2 x
x 0 x  x 2
If it’s no longer
indeterminate, then
STOP!

If we try to continue with L’Hôpital’s rule:

sin x cos x 1 which is wrong

 lim  lim 
x 0 1  2 x x 0 2 2


 On the other hand, you can apply L’Hôpital’s rule as
many times as necessary as long as the fraction is still
indeterminate:
x
1 x 1 0
2 1
lim
0 
x 0 x2  4
1 2
1
1  x   1  x
2 (Rewritten in
lim 2 exponential
1
x 0 x2 form.) 
1
8
1 1
1  x  

2
0
 lim 2 2
x 0 2x 0
3
1
 1  x  2

0
not
 lim 4 0
x 0 2 
 Example:
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ∞
2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 0 lim𝜋 =
lim 3
= 𝑥→ 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 −𝑥 0 2

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
6𝑥 2
− 6𝑥 + 5 = lim𝜋
= lim 𝑥→ (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)2
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 − 1 2

5 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= = lim𝜋
−1 𝑥→ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
2

= −5
= lim𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→
2

=1
 Example:

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 𝑒𝑥 ∞
lim = lim 2 =
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim 𝑒𝑥 ∞
𝑥→0 1
lim =
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 ∞
1
=
1 𝑒𝑥
=1 = lim
𝑥→∞ 2

∞
=
2
=∞
L’Hôpital’s rule can be used to evaluate other indeterminate
0
forms besides .
0

The following are also considered indeterminate:


0  1 
00  0

 0
The first one, , can be evaluated just like .
 0

The others must be changed to fractions first.


  1
lim  x sin 
x 
 x This approaches 0
1
sin
lim x 0
x  1 This approaches
x 0

use L’Hôpital’s rule:

1 1  1 
sin cos      2 
 x   x   lim cos  1 
lim x  lim    cos  0   1
x  1 x  1 x 
 x
 2
x x

Example:
lim𝜋(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = ∞ ∙ 0
𝑥→
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 0
lim𝜋 =
𝑥→ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= lim𝜋
𝑥→ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2
0
=
−1
=0
  1 1 
lim  

 This is indeterminate form 

x 1 ln x x 1 

If we find a common denominator and subtract, we get:

 x  1  ln x  0
lim  
x 1  x  1 ln x  Now it is in the form
  0

 1 
 1  
lim  x
x 1 x  1  L’Hôpital’s rule applied once.
  ln x 
 x 

 x 1  0
lim   Fractions cleared. Still
x 1 x  1  x ln x
  0

  1 1 
lim   

x 1 ln x x  1   1 
lim   L’Hôpital again.
x 1 1  1  ln x
 

 x  1  ln x 
lim  
x 1  x  1 ln x 
  1
 1  2
 1  
lim  x
x 1 x  1 
  ln x 
 x 

 x 1 
lim  
x 1 x  1  x ln x
 

Example:

1 1 1 1
lim − = − = ∞−∞
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 0 0
Find a common denominator
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
lim − = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
lim =
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
lim = =0
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
 
Indeterminate Forms: 1 0 0
0
Evaluating these forms requires a mathematical trick to
change the expression into a fraction.

ln u We can then write the

ln u  n ln u 
n
expression as a fraction,
1 which allows us to use
L’Hôpital’s rule.
When we take the nlog of an exponential function,
the exponent can be moved out front.
Then move the
lim f  x   e xa 
ln lim f  x 
e
lim ln  f  x  
xa limit notation
x a outside of the log.

We can take the log of the function as long

as we exponentiate at the same time.

 
Indeterminate Forms: 1 0 0
0

Example:
ln  x  
lim
e x x 
1/ x
lim x
x 
0
1
L’Hôpital
lim x

lim ln x1/ x
x
 e x 1 applied
e
0
1
e
lim ln  x 
x x
e 1
 Example:

lim+ 𝑥 𝑥 = 00 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ − 𝑥 = 0

𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑦 = lim+ 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 lim+ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 0
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦=1
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥= 0 ∙ (−∞) 𝑦 = lim+ 𝑥 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛𝑥 −∞
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ =
𝑥→0 1 ∞
𝑥
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑥 =
𝑥→0 −1
𝑥2
Example:
𝑥
2
lim 1+ = 1∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

𝑥
2
𝑦 = lim 1+
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥
2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 lim 1+
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥
2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 𝑙𝑛 1 +
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 𝑥𝑙𝑛 1 + = ∞∙0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
 2 2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 𝑥𝑙𝑛 1 + = ∞∙0 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim =2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 1 + 𝑥2
𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑥2 0 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 1 =
𝑥→∞ 0
𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 2
1 −2 𝑦 = 𝑒2
∙
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim = 2
𝑥→∞ −1 𝑦 = lim 1+ = 𝑒2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥2
Antiderivatives
Integration of 1/x and 1/(ax + b)

1
 x dx  ln x  c

1 1
 ax  b dx  a ln ax  b  c

f '  x
 dx  ln f  x   c
f  x
Examples:

1
 x  3 dx  ln x  3  c

5 5
 3  2 x dx   2 ln 3  2 x  c
x 1
 x2  3 dx 
2
ln x 2
3 c
Integration of exponential functions

  c
x x
e dx e

ax  b eax b
e dx 
a
c

f  x f  x
 f  xe dx  e c
'
Examples:

x x
e e
x
dx  e  e
x
c

1 2x 1 e2 x
e e dx  x 
e 2
c