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The Publishing Challenge
for Independent Video
Game Developers
The Publishing Challenge
for Independent Video
Game Developers
A Practical Guide

Odile Limpach
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-41674-4 (Hardback)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-41672-0 (Paperback)

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publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
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A very special thanks to Christian, Juliette, Jean and
Roger for their patience and support. With love.
Contents

Foreword, xiii
Acknowledgments, xvii
Author, xix
Contributors, xxi

Chapter 1 ◾ Introduction 1
REFERENCES 11

Chapter 2 ◾ An Overview of the Indie PC and Console

Market13
Imaad manzar
LOOKING AT REGIONS 14
SIFTING THROUGH GENRES 16
UNDERSTANDING PLATFORMS 18
REFERENCES 24

Chapter 3 ◾ What Does Publishing Mean? 27

NO “ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL” DEFINITION 28
DETAILED STRUCTURE OF PUBLISHING 29
Distribution 30
Funding 31
Development 37
Support Services 41
Communication 48

vii
viii   ◾    Contents

WHO ARE THE PUBLISHERS? 56

First-Party Publishers 56
Online/Streaming Distribution Platforms 59
Developer–Publishers 59
Media Companies 60
Publishers with Small or Mid-Size Development Teams 61
Mobile-Only Publishers 61
Publishers with an Investment Background 61
Boutique Publishers 61
A CLOSER LOOK AT BOUTIQUE PUBLISHERS 62
ONLINE STORES DISTRIBUTION LANDSCAPE 66
IT IS ALL ABOUT COMMUNITY BUILDING AND SERVICING 76
REFERENCES 85

Chapter 4 ◾ Choosing Your Publishing Strategy 89

CHECKLIST TO CONSIDER EXTERNAL PUBLISHING 91
Do You Have the Right Team to Develop and Finish Your Game? 92
Are You Ready and Able to Produce a Polished Prototype? 93
Are You Ready to Prepare High-Quality Pitching
Documentation? 94
Are You Looking for Project or Company Funding? 96
Are You Ready to Enter a Close and Intense Business
Relationship? 98
Are You Ready to Spend Time Pitching, Negotiating, and
Be Rejected? 99
Are You Able to Finance the Gap Until the Contract Is Signed? 100
What Is Your Cash Flow Situation for the Complete Length of
the Project? 102
Are You Ready to Split the Revenue and Recognize the Value
of the Partnership? 103
Are You Ready to Eventually Share Your Intellectual Property
(IP) and Enter a Long-Term Relationship? 103
Do You Clearly Know Your Objectives for Your Game and
Your Company? 105
 Contents   ◾    ix

Are You Ready to Accept Change Requests According to the

Publisher’s Feedback? 105
Are You Ready to Fight through and Negotiate a Long
Legal Agreement? 106
Do You Know a Lawyer to Support You in Setting Up
the Contract? 107
Are You Ready to Manage the Relationship? 108
Do You Have a Long-Term View of the Publisher
Sustainability? 109
Do You Understand the Structure and Organization of the
Publisher and Their Philosophy? 109
Are You Ready to Accept Strict Deadlines and Adapt Your
Production Pipeline Accordingly? 111
Are You Ready to Maintain Clear Documentation of
the Project? 112
Are You Ready to Follow a Clear and Transparent
Communication Schedule? 113
How Important Is It to Reach as Many Countries as Possible? 113
Do You Have the Workforce and Willingness to Carry Out
Marketing Activities? 113
Do You Know Your Target Group, Your Unique Selling
Propositions, and Your Objectives? 115
Do You Have the Necessary Budget to Fund a
Marketing Campaign? 117
Do You Know How to Best Manage the Lifetime Sales of
Your Game? 117
Are You Ready to Cooperate and Share Responsibilities for
Building Your Community? 118
Do You Already Have a Vibrant Community and Efficient
Social Network Management? 118
HOW PUBLISHING AND FINANCING ARE CLOSELY
INTERWOVEN, BY THIERRY BAUJARD 122
Which Financing at Which Stage of the Project? 122
Project versus Company Funding 122
What Are the Different Sources of Financing (Public/Private) 125
x   ◾    Contents

Opportunities for Co-production 128

Position of a Publisher towards Other Sources 129
GAME PUBLISHING AGREEMENT: THE LEGAL ENDGAME,
BY KONSTANTIN EWALD 136
Publisher’s Objectives 136
Developer’s Objectives 137
Key Legal Issues in Your Game Publishing Agreement 138
Additional Elements of the Game Publishing Agreement 141

TESTIMONIALS BY PUBLISHING EXPERTS 142

Managing Partnerships in Publishing Deals: By Søren Lass 142
The Publisher Question: Financial and Strategic
Consideration 143
Managing the Collaboration Process 147
The Commercial Results 149
Preparation Is Key and after the Deal Is before the Deal 151
Questions to Ask Yourself as a Developer When Choosing
a Publisher 152
How and When to Make the Right Strategic Decisions for
Marketing, by Zoran Roso 153
At the Beginning: Key Strategic Decisions and How to
Make Them 153
When You Start: What Do You Need to Think about and
How Do You Measure Success? 159
Wrapping Up… 167
CASE STUDY: PUBLISHING OF VECTRONOM BY
LUDOPIUM AND ARTE 168
Turning a Concept into a Good Prototype 168
Starting Showcasing and Getting Feedback 169
Looking for a Publisher and Finding a Publishing Deal 170
Milestones, Localization, and QA 178
Preparation for Communication Is the Core of Your Success 179
A Captivating Atmosphere 179
 Contents   ◾    xi

Solve Puzzles at the Speed of Sound 180

Play on Your Own or with Friends 181
Press and Advertising 182
Community Building 184
Participation at Fairs and Festivals 188
Project Plan and Release Timing 192
Distribution, Store Management, Coordination of
Marketing Activities 192
REFERENCES 195

Chapter 5 ◾ Gathering of Useful Tools for Publishing 197

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS BY JULIAN BROICH 197
LIST OF CURRENT PUBLISHERS 200
LIST OF TOOLS FOR PR, COMMUNICATION, AND
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT, BY PIERRE SCHLÖMP 200
Self-Publishing Checklist 200
Publishing and Distribution Platforms for PC and
Virtual Reality 201
QA and Localization 202
The Marketing Plan 203
Your Own Website and Internet Presence 204
Freelance PR Agencies 205
Content Creators 205
Forums and Other Platforms 206
Hashtags and Bots 208
Game Festivals 209
REFERENCE 209

Chapter 6 ◾ Conclusion 237

REFERENCES 242

INDEX, 243
Foreword

“T here exists no standard definition of publishing for video

games. The definition is primarily shaped by current market actors
and the various services they offer. It can include positioning, communica-
tion, community management, localization, quality assurance, financing,
and much more” (Chapter 1). This is how Odile Limpach writes in the
introduction of her publication.
In fact, it is a challenge to deliver the one, universal explanation of
game publishing. It is just as correct and, in my opinion, understandable
that the individual market players each have their own subjective view of
publishing in the video games segment. A standard definition is in my
opinion not necessary. From the point of view of young game developers
and creatives—and this book aims to them—game publishing sums up
everything which helps their game to be enjoyed by as many users as pos-
sible. How does a possible player get aware of the creation of independent
developers? How does the game find its way to the gamer? What is the best
way that players become fans and built a community that cannot wait to
get their hands on the next game of the studio?
This book intends to give a first orientation to those who are interested
of becoming an indie studio entrepreneur and to start their own business
with the creation of video games.
Guidance is also very welcome in such a dynamic market as the digital
games industry. The market figures (which this book already mentions
in Chapter 1) make clear that year by year more and more new games are
released. There is an enormous variety of genres, on PC, consoles, mobile,
and home entertainment systems, accessible by more and more market
actors with their distribution platforms—both on- and offline.
If one thing is certain, it is that the video game market is in perma-
nent motion. Technological innovations influence the entire video games
ecosystem, the games themselves, the hardware, and the sales channels.

xiii
xiv   ◾    Foreword

Everything requires each other. Moreover, every innovation is adapted to

business models. The market is changing unstoppably. Cloud gaming resp.
online streaming platforms for games are the latest example. It is a chance
and challenge at the same time.
Such changes in the market have always existed. The classic retail
market has clearly dominated the games software sales for full version
and add-ons. PC online distribution and the first-party stores on video
game consoles in the 2000s and later on the app stores have permanently
changed the shopping habits of gamers. Today, it is a matter of course to
differentiate between several types of sales with digital games such as in-
game purchases, subscriptions, and online services.
Again, it is a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that new
studios start in a market that is driven by very professional players. Some
of them have decades of experience. The market itself is very mature; com-
puter and video games have already a great market maturity. Think of
the enormous number of users, the high sales figures, and positive mar-
ket forecasts. All new players in this market have to assert themselves.
At the same time, the size and forecasted growth of the market could be
an opportunity for young game developers, as the market is much differ-
entiated. Again and again indies come up with innovative and inspiring
games that perfectly fit a niche and find an audience.
What does this mean to new actors who wants to start in the video
games industry? How do they keep track and find the right path for them-
selves? I think, it is important that new talents should never underestimate
the professionalism of the video games market. This maturity and profes-
sionalism is a constant characteristic of the video games market, although
it is of course also a very dynamic part of the entertainment resp. media
market. As said, it is always changing, thanks to its participants, the prod-
uct, and the technological progress as well as all the fascinating ways to
communicate to gamers.
There is one thing that I have noticed all the time when I met new inde-
pendent developers at events. Many of them have founded as a project
group during their studies at university. They have teamed up to develop
a games project together and then decided to become entrepreneurs in
the games industry. The team members are young game designers, artists,
or programmers. At one point in their start-up phase, one team member
has to leave game development to take over the business economic part.
This means that most of the time, the business knowledge is not present
in those game development teams right from the start. This is exactly a
 Foreword   ◾    xv

crucial point where games-oriented incubator programs at the universi-

ties have to emphasize on.
This brings me again to the title of the book: The Publishing Challenge
for Independent Video Game Developers: A Practical Guide. Every indie
developer faces this question at some point, if the game is not a hobby
project. The publishing question is linked to many more questions:
For which platform(s) do I develop my game? What is the genre of my
game? How do I finance the entire development? Depending on the fund-
ing, how much time do I have to finish the game and how does the scope
of the game look like? Who is the target audience for the game, where do
I find it, what price for the game will consumers accept, and how does the
business model of the game look like? Will I be able to refinance the proj-
ect and how will I continue after the game release? How much and what
can I do alone, for what do I need help? Do I even want to work with oth-
ers? If so, am I well prepared for a potential partner search at trade shows,
matchmaking events, etc.? How does my pitch look like?
In order to answer all these questions, it is important to meet and
speak to others who were already in that kind of situation. It is helpful
to exchange, to do networking, and to find mentors. It is great to meet
alumni at events, to go to game developers’ meetups, and to talk to others
about their experiences. Thanks to the interviews that the authors of this
book made, you get insights from different industry players.
I wish all readers new findings by reading this book, and if you are an
independent developer who is looking for the best solution for your proj-
ect, all the best wishes for your personal career.

—Karsten Lehmann
Ubisoft Blue Byte GmbH
Acknowledgments

I would like to gratefully thank all interview partners and

co-authors; without their contribution, this book would not have been
possible. All these people dedicated a lot of time to being interviewed and
openly shared not just their views on publishing but also their successes
and challenges to provide a more transparent view of our industry and
support new talent. Also, I would like to warmly thank the authors who
immediately accepted to contribute and delivered high-quality articles
with deep insight into their field of expertise. I am grateful to be a member
of such a dedicated and open network.
• Contributors:
• Thierry Baujard, Spielfabrique 360° UG (haftungsbeschränkt)
• Konstantin Ewald, Osborne Clarke Rechtsanwälte Steuerberater
Partnerschaft mbB
• Søren Lass, Business Development Consultant
• Karsten Lehmann, Ubisoft Blue Byte GmbH
• Imaad Manzar, Vantage XR UG
• Zoran Roso, Seriously Digital Entertainment
• Pierre Schlömp, Tritrie Games GbR
• Interview partners:
• Marcus Bäumer, Bäumer, Berger, Nikutta GbR
• Julian Broich, Headup GmbH
• Jason Della Rocca, Execution Labs
• Benjamin Feld, Mixtvision Mediengesellschaft mbH
xvii
xviii   ◾    Acknowledgments

• Thomas Friedmann, Funatics Software GmbH

• Onat Hekimoglu, Slow Bros. UG (haftungsbeschränkt)
• Linda Kruse, the Good Evil GmbH
• Katharina Kühn, Golden Orb UG (haftungsbeschränkt)
• Boris Lehfeld, 2nd Wave GmbH
• Michael Liebe, Booster Space GmbH
• Pascal Müller, Mooneye UG
• Christian Patorra, Sluggerfly GmbH
• Milan Pingel, Massive Miniteam GmbH
• Markus Wilding, Private Division, Take-Two Interactive, Inc.

Imaad Manzar and Pierre Schlömp deserve a special mention as they

have been instrumental in supporting this project through their research,
structuring, proofreading, editing, layout-work and valuable feedback.
I also thank Prof. Dr. Gundolf S. Freyermuth for his advices and kind
encouragements.
Author

Professor Odile Limpach teaches economics and entrepreneurship at the

Cologne Game Lab, Cologne, Germany, and is managing the Incubator
of the CGL. She also is co-founder of the accelerator SpielFabrique 360°
and works as Strategic Consultant for serious games and cross-media
projects. Between 2007 and 2014, she was the managing director at the
German entertainment software studio Blue Byte. Before she was the
managing director of Ubisoft GmbH. She graduated from business school
in France and completed her MBA in the United States. Odile Limpach is
also involved as a volunteer in the areas of vocational training and media
development. Furthermore, she acts as an advisor (CCEF) for the French
Ministry for International Business Development.

xix
Contributors

Thierry Baujard is co-founder of Spielfabrique UG, a Franco-German

accelerator in the video game industry. He has lived in Berlin for 20 years
and runs several companies in the financing of creative industries, par-
ticularly in film, film music, musictech, fashiontech, and video games.
His expertise is to facilitate the acceleration of funding between European
countries for the creative and digital industries. He holds an MBA from
Bocconi in Italy and UCLA from the United States, and is a graduate of
ENA’s Cycle of European Studies.

Julian Broich has been active in the German games industry for more
than 20 years and worked on more than 100 projects in various positions,
including some award-winning and top-ranked games. He took his first
steps in the games industry as an intern and working part time as a game
tester for Softgold/THQ between 1996 and 1997. Before joining the team
of Headup Games in May 2018, Julian had worked as Product Manager
and Head of Submission Management for Rondomedia and Astragon.

Konstantin Ewald is a Partner and Head of Tech, Media and Comms at

Osborne Clarke, Germany. He advises leaders in the digital media and
software industry throughout Europe and the United States on all matters
of digital media and IT law as well as IP/technology-related transactions.
He is a specialist in E- and M-commerce law, as well as data protection
issues. A large part of his practice is working with clients in the digital
media/video game sector. Konstantin regularly acts for major computer
and mobile games developers and publishers as well as other rights owners
who are licensing rights for use in interactive software products. He regu-
larly counsels clients during the product development phase, providing
advice about how to design games/apps and other digital media products

xxi
xxii   ◾    Contributors

to avoid claims for infringement and to comply with privacy and youth
protection regulations. Konstantin has published the first legal handbook
on mobile apps and is editor-in-chief of Germany’s leading blog about
legal aspects of games www.gameslaw.org.

Søren Lass has played different business development and marketing

roles in the games industry for publishers and developers in Copenhagen,
Montreal, and Hamburg (Ubisoft, among others) since 1998. He now
works as a freelance agent and consultant for game developers, publish-
ers/investors, and public organizations. He has been involved in numer-
ous small to large international publishing, licensing, and distribution
partnerships including successful indie games such as Awesomenauts and
Expeditions: Viking to AAA brands such as Rainbow Six and Star Wars,
among many others.

Karsten Lehmann studied communication, marketing, and political sci-

ence in Essen. He has been working in the games industry for around
20 years and knows the day-to-day business of teams on both the publish-
ing and production sides of digital games. Karsten worked for many years
in public relations and created communication strategies for the entire
life cycle of games, including all development and release phases. As the
Public Affairs Director, he coordinates today the initiatives of the German
Ubisoft development studio to strengthen sector-related training.

Imaad Manzar develops virtual reality training games for firefighters

through his studio Vantage XR. His areas of focus include game design,
sound design, and user research. Previously, he worked at Fantastic Foe,
an indie studio developing a game about depression and youth suicide.
During his master’s degree at the Cologne Game Lab, he worked on
Antura and the Letters, an open-source mobile game to help Syrian refu-
gee children learn how to read. He was responsible for coordinating the
launch and communication of the game. Before jumping face first into
the games industry, he was part of Pakistan’s first YouTube sketch comedy
troupe and helped kickstart his city’s live electronic music scene.

Zoran Roso has worked with and for many noteworthy developers,
publishers, and platform holders including Rockstar Games, 2K Games,
Blizzard, Activision, PlayStation, Bungie, YS Net, Massive Entertainment,
and Koch Media to name a few and has left his mark on renowned IPs
 Contributors   ◾    xxiii

such as GTA, World of Warcraft, Diablo, Starcraft, Guitar Hero, Tony

Hawk’s, Cabela, James Bond, Transformers, Prototype, Spider-Man,
X-Men, Uncharted, Gran Turismo, God of War, and The Last of Us.
Currently, Zoran is building up the German presence for Seriously Digital
Entertainment and their Hit Freemium-Mobile Games-IP Best Fiends,
while also consulting for other clients.

Pierre Schlömp has studied Digital Games with a focus on game design
and worked as a digital marketing consultant. Among his clients were
the Allianz Insurance company and the project Antura and the Letters,
an award-winning learning game for Syrian refugees. He supported this
project as marketing coordinator, content producer, and 2D artist. As a
Game Designer and Writer, he contributed to multiple applications that
have been displayed or awarded during fairs and exhibitions, such as the
Gamescom, Devcom, Digility, German Dev Days, Next Level Festival, and
Max Ernst Museum in Brühl. As a co-founder of TriTrie Games, he is
currently working on a Full Motion Mystery Adventure about political
radicalization called Jessika—Underneath the System.

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
• Research, publishers list, and proofreading: Imaad Manzar
• Interviews and layout: Pierre Sascha Schlömp
• Members of the Market Intelligence Workgroup @ CGL: Alexander
Gerhards, Arthur Kehrwald, Maurice Matz, Daniel Loria
• Picture for cover: Seren Besorak
 Chapter 1

Introduction

T he market for video games has been booming and growing

for decades. Besides the big entertainment companies, numerous
independent studios of various sizes offer games for PC and consoles. The
current market is absolutely overflowing with games of varying quality
on all platforms. For example, on the Steam store, around 9,600 games
were released in 2018. An average game on Steam this year sold 100 copies
and made $280 total revenue.1 This illustrates the high barriers for young
developers to access the market and build a sustainable business on games.

The myth of overnight success should be laid to rest.

TRAVOX 2

To release a commercially successful game, not only does the project

require a certain level of quality but also a well thought out strategy to
access and engage the market. What is the point of developing if nobody is
going to discover your game? As Jesus Fabre states:

There is a lot of randomness and arbitrariness involved

in whether an audience catches onto your game. To help
make this happen you need promotional skills, much more
than ever before.
JESUS FABRE3

Thus, conducting professional publishing activities, with or without a

partner, is nowadays accepted as a necessity for independent developers.
1
2   ◾    The Publishing Challenge

Therefore, the question of self-publishing or working with an external

publisher remains very present and relevant. My intention is to shed some
light on this matter and ease the decision-making process of independent
developers.
Additionally, the online distribution market is currently undergoing
a dramatic disruption. Old and new actors like Steam, Epic, and Apple
are announcing new platforms and streaming services utilizing new
business models and a modified share of responsibilities between the dif-
ferent actors. Indeed, the balance of power between market actors is being
heavily shifted between publishers, developers, and distributors. Some
companies gather all three activities in one, while others are very focused.
The fight for market share is ongoing, and there is no clear-cut path for
video game publishing due to a myriad of possible options. These factors
make the market especially difficult for young and inexperienced develop-
ers to enter, raising the bar even higher for success.

In a digital marketplace, the lasting popularity of a given

product is roughly equal to the ingenuity of its creators; if
they can generate new methods for attracting new players
and keeping an existing community engaged, the sales can
keep going for months and even years.
MATTHEW HANDRAHAN4

A majority of developers recognize the necessity for marketing and

development teams to work hand in hand from the conception of a game
to create a true and believable communication narrative. Also, the sooner
developers interact with their community and involve players in devel-
opment, the more advocates will participate in launch efforts and con-
tribute towards long-lasting popularity. This further blurs the boundaries
between development, communication, and marketing. The developer of
Move or Die, Nicolae Berbece, conveys the point very clearly:

Whenever I come up with an idea for the game, I immedi-

ately think about how the trailer would look or how we can
sell the idea.
MATTHEW HANDRAHAN4

However, smaller development studios very often do not have the skills
and/or time to publish their games properly:
 Introduction   ◾    3

I don’t have time for it, and it’s very, very difficult. It’s scary
and weird. I only really like creating new games, and since
I do so many things because I work on music and code and
design, it’s very good if someone can help me, someone who
I can offload marketing stuff and getting devkits to. I don’t
know how all that works and I don’t have time to.
NIKLAS NIGREN5

Quite often, they underestimate the necessity and the amount of work
required to have a structured market approach. The tasks behind put-
ting a game on the market are seldom clear to new developers, as Attilio
Carotenuto skillfully illustrates in Figures 1.1 and 1.2.6

When starting out, you really think it’s going to be something like this:

Programming Game Design

UI
Prototyping

Art
Music

FIGURE 1.1 The reality of independent game developers. (From Carotenuto,

Attilio. “Postmortem of my first Indie Game,” Gamasutra.com, September,
2017. https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/AttilioCarotenuto/20170927/306590/
Postmortem_of_my_first_Indie_Game.php.)

You’ll quickly realise it’s more like this:

Regulations
Assets Accounting Publisher
Programming Game Design
Porting Grants QA
eMails Salary VAT
Taxes UI Website
Funding Marketing
Copyright Prototyping Reviews
Press Analytics Networking
Art Market Research
IP Protection
Bookkeeping Music
Team Management Paperwork
Interviewing
Recruiting

FIGURE 1.2 The reality of independent game developers. (From Carotenuto,

Attilio. “Postmortem of my first Indie Game,” Gamasutra.com, September,
2017. https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/AttilioCarotenuto/20170927/306590/
Postmortem_of_my_first_Indie_Game.php.)
4   ◾    The Publishing Challenge

More dramatically, Paul Kilduff-Taylor says that:

Indie dev is a minefield now. To have a chance at a good

level of success, you basically have to nail everything. That’s
a really tall order, so devs are simply looking to stack the
odds in their favour.
PAUL KILDUFF-TAYLOR7

Danny Day from QCF Design summarizes the complexity of releasing

a game:

Anyone who has launched a game will tell you what a

nightmare it can be. From promoting to putting out fires,
there are a million things that need doing, and just as many
that can go wrong.
HAYDN TAYLOR8

But what does it mean to publish a game? What are the tasks and
responsibilities involved? The game industry is a rather young one and
regularly undergoes large structural changes because of technological
progresses and the emergence of new market actors. Therefore, there
exists no standard definition of publishing for video games. The defi-
nition is primarily shaped by current market actors and the various
services they offer. It can include positioning, communication, commu-
nity management, localization, quality assurance, financing, and much
more. Each market stakeholder has a slightly different definition and
approach. Also, platform holders such as Microsoft, Sony, Apple, and
Valve offer more or less a closed ecosystem with strict rules and regula-
tions that evolve depending on their overall strategies. These ecosystems
need to be thoroughly understood so they can be used to their maxi-
mum potential.
Most games are meant to be played by an international audience, and
thus, the distribution should ideally reach players worldwide. This adds a
layer of complexity to the publishing question since, for example, national
age restriction laws, various banking and accounting requirements, or just
cultural differences have to be considered.
Jennifer Mendez eloquently summarizes the trap into which a lot a
young developer stumbles:
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
like effect on all who have the time and patience to read what I have
here written.
 Speech of Hon. John A. Logan,

On Self-Government in Louisiana, January 13 and 14, 1875.

The Senate having under consideration the resolution submitted
by Mr. Schurz on the 8th of January, directing the Committee of the
Judiciary to inquire what legislation is necessary to secure to the
people of the State of Louisiana their rights of Self-government
under the Constitution Mr. Logan said:
Mr. President: I believe it is considered the duty of a good sailor
to stand by his ship in the midst of a great storm. We have been told
in this Chamber that a great storm of indignation is sweeping over
this land, which will rend asunder and sink the old republican craft.
We have listened to denunciations of the President, of the
republicans in this Chamber, of the republican party as an
organization, their acts heretofore and their purposes in reference to
acts hereafter, of such a character as has seldom been listened to in
this or in any other legislative hall. Every fact on the side of the
republican party has been perverted, every falsehood on the part of
the opposition has been exaggerated, arguments have been made
here calculated to inflame and arouse a certain class of the people of
this country against the authorities of the Government, based not
upon truth but upon manufactured statements which were utterly
false. The republican party has been characterized as despotic, as
tyrannical, as oppressive. The course of the Administration and the
party toward the southern people has been denounced as of the most
tyrannical character by men who have received clemency at the
hands of this same party.
Now, sir, what is the cause of all this vain declamation? What is
the cause of all this studied denunciation? What is the reason for all
these accusations made against a party or an administration? I may
be mistaken, but, if I am not, this is the commencement of the
campaign of 1876. It has been thought necessary on the part of the
opposition Senators here to commence, if I may use a homely phrase,
a raid upon the republican party and upon this Administration, and
to base that upon false statements in reference to the conduct of
affairs in the State of Louisiana.
I propose in this debate, and I hope I shall not be too tedious,
though I may be somewhat so, to discuss the question that should be
presented to the American people. I propose to discuss that question
fairly, candidly, and truthfully. I propose to discuss it from a just,
honest, and legal standpoint. Sir, what is that question? There was a
resolution offered in this Chamber calling on the President to furnish
certain information. A second resolution was introduced, (whether
for the purpose of hanging on it an elaborate speech or not I am not
aware,) asking the Committee on the Judiciary to report at once
some legislation in reference to Louisiana. Without any facts
presented officially arguments have been made, the country has been
aroused, and some people have announced themselves in a manner
calculated to produce a very sore feeling against the course and
conduct of the party in power. I say this is done without the facts;
without any basis whatever; without any knowledge officially
communicated to them in reference to the conduct of any of the
parties in the State of Louisiana. In discussing this question we ought
to have a standpoint; we ought to have a beginning; some point from
which we may all reason and see whether or not any great outrage
has been perpetrated against the rights of the American people or
any portion of them.
I then propose to start at this point, that there is a government in
the State of Louisiana. Whether that government is a government of
right or not is not the question. Is there a government in that State
against which treason, insurrection, or rebellion, may be committed?
Is there such a government in the State of Louisiana as should
require the maintenance of peace and order among the citizens of
that State? Is there such a government in the State of Louisiana as
requires the exercise of Executive authority for the purpose of
preserving peace and order within its borders? I ask any Senator on
this floor to-day if he can stand up here as a lawyer, as a Senator, as
an honest man, and deny the fact that a government does exist?
Whether he calls it a government de jure or a government de facto, it
is immaterial. It is such an organization as involves the liberties and
the protection of the rights of the people of that State. It will not do
for Senators to talk about the election of 1872. The election of 1872
has no more to do with this “military usurpation” that you speak of
to-day than an election of a hundred years ago. It is not a question as
to whether this man or that was elected. The question is, is there
such a government there as can be overturned, and has there been an
attempt to overturn it? If so, then what is required to preserve its
status or preserve the peace and order of the people?
But the other day when I asked the question of a Senator on the
other side, who was discussing this question, whether or not he
indorsed the Penn rebellion, he answered me in a playful manner
that excited the mirth of people who did not understand the
question, by saying that I had decided that there was no election, and
that therefore there was no government to overturn. Now I ask
Senators, I ask men of common understanding if that is the way to
treat a question of this kind; when asked whether insurrection
against a government recognized is not an insurrection and whether
he endorses it, he says there is no government to overturn. If there is
no government to overturn, why do you make this noise and
confusion about a Legislature there? If there is no State government,
there is no State Legislature. But I will not answer in that manner. I
will not avoid the issue; I will not evade the question. I answer there
is a Legislature, as there is a State government, recognized by the
President, recognized by the Legislature, recognized by the courts,
recognized by one branch of Congress, and recognized by the
majority of the citizens by their recognition of the laws of the State;
and it will not do to undertake to avoid questions in this manner.
Let us see, then, starting from that standpoint, what the position of
Louisiana is now, and what it has been. On the 14th day of
September last a man by the name of Penn, as to whom we have
official information this morning, with some seven or ten thousand
white-leaguers made war against that government, overturned it,
dispersed it, drove the governor from the executive chamber, and he
had to take refuge under the jurisdiction of the Government of the
United States, on the soil occupied by the United States custom-
house, where the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States
Government extends, for the purpose of protecting his own life.
 This then was a revolution; this then was a rebellion; this then was
treason against the State, for which these men should have been
arrested, tried, and punished. Let gentlemen dodge the question as
they may; it may be well for some men there who engaged in this
treasonable act against the government that they had Mr. Kellogg for
governor. It might not have been so well for them, perhaps, had there
been some other man in his place. I tell the Senator from Maryland if
any crowd of armed men should undertake to disperse the
government of the State of Illinois, drive its governor from the
executive chamber, enter into his private drawers, take his private
letters, and publish them, and act as those men did, some of them
would pay the penalty either in the penitentiary or by dancing at the
end of a rope.
But when this rebellion was going on against that State, these
gentlemen say it was a State affair; the Government of the United
States has nothing to do with it! That is the old-fashioned secession
doctrine again. The government of the United States has nothing to
do with it! This national government is made up of States, and each
State is a part of the Government, each is a part of its life, of its body.
It takes them all to make up the whole; and treason against any part
of it is treason against the whole of it, and it became the duty of the
President to put it down, as he did do; and, in putting down that
treason against the Kellogg government, the whole country almost
responded favorably to his action.
But our friend from Maryland, not in his seat now, [Mr.
Hamilton] said that that was part of the cause of the elections going
as they did. In other words, my friend from Maryland undertook in a
roundabout way to endorse the Penn rebellion, and claim that people
of the country did the same thing against the government of the State
of Louisiana, and on this floor since this discussion has been going
on, not one Senator on that side of the chamber has lisped one word
against the rebellion against the government of the State of
Louisiana, and all who have spoken of it have passed it by in silence
so as to indicate clearly that they endorse it, and I believe they do.
Then, going further, the President issued his proclamation
requiring those insurgents to lay down their arms and to resume
their peaceful pursuits. This morning we have heard read at the
clerk’s desk that these men have not yet complied fully with that
proclamation. Their rebellious organization continued up to the time
of the election and at the election. When the election took place, we
are told by some of these Senators that the election was a peaceable,
and a fair election, that a majority of democrats were elected. That is
the question we propose to discuss as well as we are able to do it.
They tell us that there was no intimidation resorted to by any one in
the State of Louisiana. I dislike very much to follow out these
statements that are not true and attempt to controvert them because
it does seem to me that we ought to act fairly and candidly in this
Chamber and discuss questions without trying to pervert the issue or
the facts in connection with it.
Now, I state it as a fact, and I appeal to the Senator from Louisiana
to say whether or not I state truly, that on the night before the
election in Louisiana notices were posted all over that country on the
doors of the colored republicans and the white republicans, too, of a
character giving them to understand that if they voted their lives
would be in danger; and here is one of the notices posted all over that
country:

2×6

This “2 × 6” was to show the length and width of the grave they
would have. Not only that, but the negroes that they could impose
upon and get to vote the democratic ticket received, after they had
voted, a card of safety; and here is that card issued to the colored
people whom they had induced to vote the democratic ticket, so that
they might present it if any white-leaguers should undertake to
plunder or murder them:
 New Orleans, Nov. 28, 1874.

This is to certify that Charles Durassa, a barber by occupation, is a

Member of the 1st Ward Colored Democratic Club, and that at the late
election he voted for and worked in the interests of the Democratic
Candidates.

WILLIAM ALEXANDER,
President 1st Ward Col’d Democratic Club.

NICK HOPE, Secretary.

Rooms Democratic Parish Committee.

New Orleans, Nov. 28, 1874.

The undersigned, Special Committee, appointed on behalf of the Parish

Committee, approve of the above Certificate.

ED. FLOOD, Chairman.

PAUL WATERMAN.
H. J. RIVET.

Attest:
J. H. HARDY, Ass’t Sec. Parish Committee.

These were the certificates given to negroes who voted the

democratic ticket, that they might present them to save their lives
when attacked by the men commonly known as Ku-Klux or white-
leaguers in that country; and we are told that there is no intimidation
in the State of Louisiana!
Our friend from Georgia [Mr. Gordon] has been very profuse in
his declamation as to the civility and good order and good bearing of
the people of Louisiana and the other Southern States. But, sir, this
intimidation continued up to the election. After the election, it was
necessary for the governor of that State to proceed in some manner
best calculated to preserve the peace and order of the country.

Now, Mr. President, I want to ask candid, honest, fair-minded

men, after reading the report of General Sheridan showing the
murder, not for gain, not for plunder, but for political opinions in the
last few years of thirty-five hundred persons in the State of
Louisiana, all of them republicans, not one of them a democrat—I
want to ask if they can stand here before this country and defend the
democratic party of Louisiana? I put this question to them for they
have been here for days crying against the wrongs upon the
democracy of Louisiana. I want any one of them to tell me if he is
prepared to defend the democracy of Louisiana. What is your
democracy of Louisiana? You are excited, your extreme wrath is
aroused at General Sheridan because he called your White Leagues
down there “banditti.” I ask you if the murder of thirty-five hundred
men in a short time for political purposes by a band of men banded
together for the purpose of murder does not make them banditti,
what it does make them? Does it make them democrats? It certainly
does not make them republicans. Does it make them honest men? It
certainly does not. Does it make them law-abiding men? It certainly
does not. Does it make them peaceable citizens? It certainly does not.
But what does it make them? A band of men banded together and
perpetrating murder in their own State? Webster says a bandit is “a
lawless or desperate fellow; a robber; a brigand,” and “banditti” are
men banded together for plunder and murder; and what are your
White Leagues banded together for if the result proves that they are
banded together for murder for political purposes?
O, what a crime it was in Sheridan to say that these men were
banditti! He is a wretch. From the papers he ought to be hanged to a
lamp-post; from the Senators he is not fit to breathe the free air of
heaven or of this free Republic; but your murderers of thirty-five
hundred people for political offenses are fit to breathe the air of this
country and are defended on this floor to-day, and they are defended
here by the democratic party, and you cannot avoid or escape the
proposition. You have denounced republicans for trying to keep the
peace in Louisiana; you have denounced the Administration for
trying to suppress bloodshed in Louisiana; you have denounced all
for the same purpose; but not one word has fallen from the lips of a
solitary democratic Senator denouncing these wholesale murders in
Louisiana. You have said, “I am sorry these things are done,” but you
have defended the White Leagues; you have defended Penn; you
have defended rebellion; and you stand here to-day the apologists of
murder, of rebellion, and of treason in that State.
I want to ask the judgment of an honest country, I want to ask the
judgment of the moral sentiments of the law-abiding people of this
grand and glorious Republic to tell me whether men shall murder by
the score, whether men shall trample the law under foot, whether
men shall force judges to resign, whether men shall force prosecuting
attorneys to resign, whether men shall take five officers of a State out
and hang or shoot them if they attempt to exercise the functions of
their office, whether men shall terrify the voters and office-holders of
a State, whether men shall undertake in violation of law to organize a
Legislature for revolutionary purposes, for the purpose of putting a
governor in possession and taking possession of the State and then
ask the democracy to stand by them—I appeal to the honest
judgment of the people of this land and ask them to respond whether
this was not an excusable case when this man used the Army to
protect the life of that State and to preserve the peace of that people?
Sir, the man who will not use all the means in his power to preserve
the nationality, the integrity of this Government, the integrity of a
State or the peace and happiness of a people, is not fit to govern, he
is not fit to hold position in this or any other civilized age.
Does liberty mean wholesale slaughter? Does republican
government mean tyranny and oppression of its citizens? Does an
intelligent and enlightened age of civilization mean murder and
pillage, bloodshed at the hands of Ku-Klux or White Leagues or
anybody else, and if any one attempts to put it down, attempts to
reorganize and produce order where chaos and confusion have
reigned, they are to be denounced as tyrants, as oppressors, and as
acting against republican institutions? I say then the happy days of
this Republic are gone. When we fail to see that republicanism
means nothing, that liberty means nothing but the unrestrained
license of the mobs to do as they please, then republican government
is a failure. Liberty of the citizen means the right to exercise such
rights as are prescribed within the limits of the law so that he does
not in the exercise of these rights infringe the rights of other citizens.
But the definition is not well made by our friends on the opposite
side of this Chamber. Their idea of liberty is license; it is not liberty,
but it is license. License to do what? License to violate law, to
trample constitutions under foot, to take life, to take property, to use
the bludgeon and the gun or anything else for the purpose of giving
themselves power. What statesman ever heard of that as a definition
of liberty? What man in a civilized age has ever heard of liberty being
the unrestrained license of the people to do as they please without
any restraint of law or of authority? No man, no not one until we
found the democratic party, would advocate this proposition and
indorse and encourage this kind of license in a free country.
Mr. President, I have perhaps said more on this question of
Louisiana than might have been well for me to say on account of my
strength, but what I have said about it I have said because I honestly
believed it. What I have said in reference to it comes from an honest
conviction in my mind and in my heart of what has been done to
suppress violence and wrong. But I have a few remarks in conclusion
to submit now to my friends on the other side, in answer to what they
have said not by way of argument but by way of accusation. You say
to us—I had it repeated to me this morning in private conversation
—“Withdraw your troops from Louisiana and you will have peace.”
Ah, I heard it said on this floor once “Withdraw your troops from
Louisiana and your State government will not last a minute.” I heard
that said from the opposite side of the Chamber, and now you say
“Withdraw your troops from Louisiana and you will have peace.”
Mr. President, I dislike to refer to things that are past and gone; I
dislike to have my mind called back to things of the past; but I well
remember the voice in this Chamber once that rang out and was
heard throughout this land, “Withdraw your troops from Fort
Sumter if you want peace.” I heard that said. Now it is “Withdraw
your troops from Louisiana if you want peace.” Yes, I say, withdraw
your troops from Louisiana if you want a revolution, and that is what
is meant. But, sir, we are told, and doubtless it is believed by the
Senators who tell us so, who denounce the republican party, that it is
tyrannical, oppressive, and outrageous. They have argued themselves
into the idea that they are patriots, pure and undefiled. They have
argued themselves into the idea that the democratic party never did
any wrong. They have been out of power so long that they have
convinced themselves that if they only had control of this country for
a short time, what a glorious country they would make it. They had
control for nearly forty long years, and while they were the agents of
this country—I appeal to history to bear me out—they made the
Government a bankrupt, with rebellion and treason in the land, and
were then sympathizing with it wherever it existed. That is the
condition in which they left the country when they had it in their
possession and within their control. But they say the republican
party is a tyrant; that it is oppressive. As I have said, I wish to make a
few suggestions to my friends in answer to this accusation—
oppressive to whom? They say to the South, that the republican party
has tyrannized over the South. Let me ask you how has it tyrannized
over the South? Without speaking of our troubles and trials through
which we passed, I will say this: at the end of a rebellion that
scourged this land, that drenched it with blood, that devastated a
portion of it, left us in debt and almost bankrupt, what did the
republican party do? Instead of leaving these our friends and citizens
to-day in a territorial condition where we might exercise jurisdiction
over them for the next coming twenty years, where we might have
deprived them of the rights of members on this floor, what did we
do? We reorganized them into States, admitted them back into the
Union, and through the clemency of the republican party we
admitted representatives on this floor who had thundered against
the gates of liberty for four bloody years. Is that the tyranny and
oppression of which you complain at the hands of the republican
party? Is that a part of our oppression against you southern people?
Let us go a little further. When the armed democracy, for that is
what they were, laid down their arms in the Southern States, after
disputing the right of freedom and liberty in this land for four years,
how did the republican party show itself in its acts of tyranny and
oppression toward you? You appealed to them for clemency. Did you
get it? Not a man was punished for his treason. Not a man ever
knocked at the doors of a republican Congress for a pardon who did
not get it. Not a man ever petitioned the generosity of the republican
party to be excused for his crimes who was not excused. Was that
oppression upon the part of the republicans in this land? Is that a
part of the oppression of which you accuse us?
 Let us look a little further. We find to-day twenty-seven
democratic Representatives in the other branch of Congress who
took arms in their hands and tried to destroy this Government
holding commissions there by the clemency of the republican party.
We find in this Chamber by the clemency of the republican party
three Senators who held such commissions. Is that tyranny; is that
oppression; is that the outrage of this republican party on you
southern people? Sir, when Jeff Davis, the head of the great
rebellion, who roams the land free as air, North, South, East, and
West, makes democratic speeches wherever invited, and the vice-
president of the southern rebellion holds his seat in the other House
of Congress, are we to be told that we are tyrants, and oppressing the
southern people? These things may sound a little harsh, but it is time
to tell the truth in this country. The time has come to talk facts. The
time has come when cowards should hide, and honest men should
come to the front and tell you plain, honest truths. You of the South
talk to us about oppressing you. You drenched your land in blood,
caused weeping throughout this vast domain, covered the land in
weeds of mourning both North and South, widowed thousands and
orphaned many, made the pension-roll as long as an army-list, made
the debt that grinds the poor of this land—for all these things you
have been pardoned, and yet you talk to us about oppression. So
much for the oppression of the republican party of your patriotic
souls and selves. Next comes the President of the United States. He is
a tyrant, too. He is an oppressor still, in conjunction with the
republican party. Oppressor of what? Who has he oppressed of your
Southern people, and when, and where? When your Ku-Klux,
banded together for murder and plunder in the Southern States,
were convicted by their own confession, your own representatives
pleaded to the President and said, “Give them pardon, and it will
reconcile many of the southern people.” The President pardoned
them; pardoned them of their murder, of their plunder, of their
piracy on land; and for this I suppose he is a tyrant.
More than that, sir, this tyrant in the White House has done more
for you southern people than you ought to have asked him to do. He
has had confidence in you until you betrayed that confidence. He has
not only pardoned the offences of the South, pardoned the criminals
of the democratic party, but he has placed in high official position in
this Union some of the leading men who fought in the rebellion. He
has put in his Cabinet one of your men; he has made governors of
Territories of some of your leading men who fought in the rebellion;
he has sent on foreign missions abroad some of your men who
warred against this country; he has placed others in the
Departments; and has tried to reconcile you in every way on earth,
by appealing to your people, by recognizing them and forgiving them
for their offenses, and for these acts of generosity, for these acts of
kindness, he is arraigned to-day as a Cæsar, as a tyrant, as an
oppressor.
Such kindness in return as the President has received from these
people will mark itself in the history of generosity. O, but say they,
Grant wants to oppress the White Leagues in Louisiana; therefore he
is an oppressor. Yes, Mr. President, Grant does desire that these men
should quit their everyday chivalric sports of gunning upon negroes
and republicans. He asks kindly that you stop it. He says to you,
“That is all I want you to do;” and you say that you are desirous that
they shall quit it. You have but to say it and they will quit it. It is
because you have never said it that they have not quit it. It is in the
power of the democratic party to-day but to speak in tones of
majesty, of honor, and justice in favor of human life, and your Ku-
Klux and murderers will stop. But you do not do it; and that is the
reason they do not stop. In States where it has been done they have
stopped. But it will not do to oppress those people; it will not do to
make them submit and subject them to the law; it will not do to stop
these gentlemen in their daily sports and in their lively recreations.
They are White Leagues; they are banded together as gentlemen;
they are of southern blood; they are of old southern stock; they are
the chivalry of days gone by; they are knights of the bloody shield;
and the shield must not be taken from them. Sirs, their shield will be
taken from them; this country will be aroused to its danger; this
country will be aroused to do justice to its citizens; and when it does,
the perpetrators of crime may fear and tremble. Tyranny and
oppression! A people who without one word of opposition allows
men who have been the enemies of a government to come into these
legislative Halls and make laws for that government to be told that
they are oppressors is a monstrosity in declamation and assertion.
Who ever heard of such a thing before? Who ever believed that such
men could make such charges? Yet we are tyrants!
 Mr. President, the reading of the title of that bill from the House
only reminds me of more acts of tyranny and oppression of the
republican party, and there is a continuation of the same great
offenses constantly going on in this Chamber. But some may say “It
is strange to see Logan defending the President of the United States.”
It is not strange to me. I can disagree with the President when I think
he is wrong; and I do not blame him for disagreeing with me; but
when these attacks are made, coming from where they do, I am ready
to stand from the rising sun in the morning to the setting sun in the
evening to defend every act of his in connection with this matter
before us.
I may have disagreed with President Grant in many things; but I
was calling attention to the men who have been accusing him here,
on this floor, on the stump, and in the other House; the kind of men
who do it, the manner of its doing, the sharpness of the shafts that
are sent at him, the poisonous barbs that they bear with them, and
from these men who, at his hands, have received more clemency than
any men ever received at the hands of any President or any man who
governed a country. Why, sir, I will appeal to the soldiers of the rebel
army to testify in behalf of what I say in defense of President Grant—
the honorable men who fought against the country, if there was
honor in doing it. What will be their testimony? It will be that he
captured your armed democracy of the South, he treated them
kindly, turned them loose, with their horses, with their wagons, with
their provisions; treated them as men, and not as pirates. Grant built
no prison-pens for the southern soldiers; Grant provided no
starvation for southern men; Grant provided no “dead-lines” upon
which to shoot southern soldiers if they crossed them; Grant
provided no outrageous punishment against these people that now
call him a tyrant. Generous to a fault in all his actions toward the
men who were fighting his country and destroying the constitution,
that man to-day is denounced as a very Cæsar!
Sherman has not been denounced, but the only reason is that he
was not one of the actors in this transaction; but I want now to say to
my friends on the other side, especially to my friend from Delaware,
who repeated his bitter denunciation against Sheridan yesterday—
and I say this in all kindness, because I am speaking what future
history will bear me out in—when Sheridan and Grant and Sherman,
and others like them, are forgotten in this country, you will have no
country. When the democratic party is rotten for centuries in its
grave, the life, the course, the conduct of these men will live as bright
as the noonday sun in the heart of every patriot of a republic like the
American Union. Sirs, you may talk about tyranny, you may talk
about oppression, you may denounce these men; their glory may
fade into the darkness of night; but that darkness will be a brilliant
light compared with the darkness of the democratic party. Their
pathway is illuminated by glory; yours by dark deeds against the
Government. That is a difference which the country will bear witness
to in future history when speaking of this country and the actors on
its stage.
Now, Mr. President, I have a word to say about our duty. A great
many people are asking, what shall we do? Plain and simple in my
judgment is the proposition. I say to republicans, do not be scared.
No man is ever hurt by doing an honest act and performing a
patriotic duty. If we are to have a war of words outside or inside, let
us have them in truth and soberness, but in earnest. What then is our
duty? I did not believe that in 1872 there were official data upon
which we could decide who was elected governor of Louisiana. But
this is not the point of my argument. It is that the President has
recognized Kellogg as governor of that State, and he has acted for
two years. The Legislature of the State has recognized him; the
supreme court of the State has recognized him; one branch of
Congress has recognized him. The duty is plain, and that is for this,
the other branch of Congress, to do it, and that settles the question.
Then, when it does it, your duty is plain and simple, and as the
President has told you, he will perform his without fear, favor, or
affection. Recognize the government that revolution has been against
and intended to overthrow, and leave the President to his duty, and
he will do it. That is what to do.
Sir, we have been told that this old craft is rapidly going to pieces;
that the angry waves of dissension in the land are lashing against her
sides. We are told that she is sinking, sinking, sinking to the bottom
of the political ocean. Is that true? Is it true that this gallant old
party, that this gallant old ship that has sailed through troubled seas
before is going to be stranded now upon the rock of fury that has
been set up by a clamor in this Chamber and a few newspapers in the
country? Is it true that the party that saved this country in all its
great crises, in all its great trials, is sinking to-day on account of its
fear and trembling before an inferior enemy? I hope not. I
remember, sir, once I was told that the old republican ship was gone;
but when I steadied myself on the shores bounding the political
ocean of strife and commotion, I looked afar off and there I could see
a vessel bounding the boisterous billows with white sails unfurled,
marked on her sides “Freighted with the hopes of mankind,” while
the great Mariner above, as her helmsman, steered her, navigated
her to a haven of rest, of peace, and of safety. You have but to look
again upon that broad ocean of political commotion to-day, and the
time will soon come when the same old craft, provided with the same
cargo, will be seen, flying the same flag, passing through these
tempestuous waves, anchoring herself at the shores of honesty and
justice, and there she will lie undisturbed by strife and tumult, again
in peace and safety. [Manifestations of applause in the galleries.]
 Speech of Hon. James G. Blaine, of Maine,

On the False Issue raised by the Democratic Party, Delivered in the

Senate of the United States, Monday, April 14, 1879.
The Senate having under consideration the bill (H. R. No. 1,)
making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1880, and for other purposes—
Mr. Blaine said:
Mr. President: The existing section of the Revised Statutes
numbered 2002 reads thus:
No military or naval officer, or other person engaged in the civil,
military, or naval service of the United States, shall order, bring,
keep or have under his authority or control, any troops or armed
men at the place where any general or special election is held in any
State, unless it be necessary to repel the armed enemies of the United
States, or to keep the peace at the polls.
The object of the proposed section, which has just been read at the
Clerk’s desk, is to get rid of the eight closing words, namely, “or to
keep the peace at the polls,” and therefore the mode of legislation
proposed in the Army bill now before the Senate is an unusual mode;
it is an extraordinary mode. If you want to take off a single sentence
at the end of a section in the Revised Statutes the ordinary way is to
strike off those words, but the mode chosen in this bill is to repeat
and re-enact the whole section leaving those few words out. While I
do not wish to be needlessly suspicious on a small point I am quite
persuaded that this did not happen by accident but that it came by
design. If I may so speak it came of cunning, the intent being to
create the impression that whereas the republicans in the
administration of the General Government had been using troops
right and left, hither and thither, in every direction, as soon as the
democrats got power they enacted this section. I can imagine
democratic candidates for Congress all over the country reading this
section to gaping and listening audiences as one of the first
offsprings of democratic reform, whereas every word of it, every
syllable of it, from its first to its last, is the enactment of a republican
Congress.
I repeat that this unusual form presents a dishonest issue, whether
so intended or not. It presents the issue that as soon as the
democrats got possession of the Federal Government they proceeded
to enact the clause which is thus expressed. The law was passed by a
republican Congress in 1865. There were forty-six Senators sitting in
this Chamber at that time, of whom only ten or at most eleven were
democrats. The House of Representatives was overwhelmingly
republican. We were in the midst of a war. The republican
administration had a million or possibly twelve hundred thousand
bayonets at its command. Thus circumstanced and thus surrounded,
with the amplest possible power to interfere with elections had they
so designed, with soldiers in every hamlet and county of the United
States, the republican party themselves placed that provision on the
statute book, and Abraham Lincoln, their President, signed it.
I beg you to observe, Mr. President, that this is the first instance in
the legislation of the United States in which any restrictive clause
whatever was put upon the statute book in regard to the use of troops
at the polls. The republican party did it with the Senate and the
House in their control. Abraham Lincoln signed it when he was
Commander-in-Chief of an army larger than ever Napoleon
Bonaparte had at his command. So much by way of correcting an
ingenious and studied attempt at misrepresentation.
The alleged object is to strike out the few words that authorize the
use of troops to keep peace at the polls. This country has been
alarmed, I rather think indeed amused, at the great effort made to
create a widespread impression that the republican party relies for
its popular strength upon the use of the bayonet. This democratic
Congress has attempted to give a bad name to this country
throughout the civilized world, and to give it on a false issue. They
have raised an issue that has no foundation in fact—that is false in
whole and detail, false in the charge, false in all the specifications.
That impression sought to be created, as I say, not only throughout
the North American continent but in Europe to-day, is that elections
are attempted in this country to be controlled by the bayonet.
I denounce it here as a false issue. I am not at liberty to say that
any gentleman making this issue knows it to be false; I hope he does
not; but I am going to prove to him that it is false, and that there is
not a solitary inch of solid earth on which to rest the foot of any man
who makes that issue. I have in my hand an official transcript of the
location and the number of all the troops of the United States east of
Omaha. By “east of Omaha,” I mean all the United States east of the
Mississippi river and that belt of States that border the Mississippi
river on the west, including forty-one million at least out of the forty-
five million of people that this country is supposed to contain to-day.
In that magnificent area, I will not pretend to state its extent, but
with forty-one million people, how many troops of the United States
are there to-day? Would any Senator on the opposite side like to
guess, or would he like to state how many men with muskets in their
hands there are in the vast area I have named? There are two
thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven! And not one more.
From the headwaters of the Mississippi River to the lakes, and
down the great chain of lakes, and down the Saint Lawrence and
down the valley of the Saint John and down the St. Croix striking the
Atlantic Ocean and following it down to Key West, around the Gulf,
up to the mouth of the Mississippi again, a frontier of eight thousand
miles either bordering on the ocean or upon foreign territory is
guarded by these troops. Within this domain forty-five fortifications
are manned and eleven arsenals protected. There are sixty troops to
every million of people. In the South I have the entire number in
each State, and will give it.
And the entire South has eleven hundred and fifty-five soldiers to
intimidate, overrun, oppress and destroy the liberties of fifteen
million people! In the Southern States there are twelve hundred and
three counties. If you distribute the soldiers there is not quite one for
each county; and when I give the counties I give them from the
census of 1870. If you distribute them territorially there is one for
every seven hundred square miles of territory, so that if you make a
territorial distribution, I would remind the honorable Senator from
Delaware, if I saw him in his seat, that the quota for his State would
be three—“one ragged sergeant and two abreast,” as the old song has
it. [Laughter.] That is the force ready to destroy the liberties of
Delaware!
Mr. President, it was said, as the old maxim has it, that the
soothsayers of Rome could not look each other in the face without
smiling. There are not two democratic Senators on this floor who can
go into the cloak-room and look each other in the face without
smiling at this talk, or, more appropriately, I should say without
blushing—the whole thing is such a prodigious and absolute farce,
such a miserably manufactured false issue, such a pretense without
the slightest foundation in the world, and talked about most and
denounced the loudest in States that have not and have not had a
single Federal soldier. In New England we have three hundred and
eighty soldiers. Throughout the South it does not run quite seventy
to the million people. In New England we have absolutely one
hundred and twenty soldiers to the million. New England is far more
overrun to-day by the Federal soldier, immensely more, than the
whole South is. I never heard anybody complain about it in New
England, or express any great fear of his liberties being endangered
by the presence of a handful of troops.
As I have said, the tendency of this talk is to give us a bad name in
Europe. Republican institutions are looked upon there with jealousy.
Every misrepresentation, every slander is taken up and exaggerated
and talked about to our discredit, and the democratic party of the
country to-day stand indicted, and I here indict them, for public
slander of their country, creating the impression in the civilized
world that we are governed by a ruthless military despotism. I
wonder how amazing it would be to any man in Europe, familiar as
Europeans are with great armies, if he were told that over a territory
larger than France and Spain and Portugal and Great Britain and
Holland and Belgium and the German Empire all combined, there
were but eleven hundred and fifty-five soldiers! That is all this
democratic howl, this mad cry, this false issue, this absurd talk is
based on—the presence of eleven hundred and fifty-five soldiers on
eight hundred and fifty thousand square miles of territory, not
double the number of the democratic police in the city of Baltimore,
not a third of the police in the city of New York, not double the
democratic police in the city of New Orleans. I repeat, the number