Assignment 1.

1
An electrical load consists of three resistances connected in series-parallel. The series resistor has a value of 1.6 ohms
and the two parallel connected resistors are rated at 4 and 6 ohms respectively. A 12 volt battery (ideal) is used to
supply this load.

1.1.1 Calculate the current and power supplied from the battery to the load.
1.1.2 Calculate the current carried by each of the load resistors.
1.1.3 Calculate the power consumed by each of the load resistors.
1.1.4 Calculate the voltage drop across each of the load resistors.
1.1.5 Check that the power consumed by the load equals the power supplied by the battery.

Solution

1.11: Calculate Current and Power supplied from battery to the load

1/R` = 1/R2 + 1/R3

1/R`= 1/4Ω + 1/6Ω
1/R` = 10/24
R` = 2.4Ω

Rt = R1 + R`
Rt = 1.6Ω + 2.4Ω
Rt = 4Ω

IT = V/Rt
IT = 12/4
IT = 3A

Psupplied = V x I
Psupplied = 12 x 3
Psupplied = 36W

1.1.2: Calculate current carried by each of the load resistor

I1.6Ω = 3A

I4Ω = 3 x R3 / (R3+R4)
I4Ω = 3 x (6/ 10)
I4Ω = 1.8A

I6Ω = 3 x R4 / (R3+R4)
I4Ω = 3 x (4/ 10)
I4Ω = 1.2A

1.1.3: Calculate power consumed by each of the load resistor

P1.6Ω = I2R
P1.6Ω = 32 X 1.6
P1.6Ω = 14.4W

P4Ω = I2R
P4Ω = 1.82 X 4
P4Ω = 12.96W

P6Ω = I2R
P6Ω = 1.22 X 6
P6Ω = 8.64W

1.1.4: Calculate voltage drop across each of the load resistor

V1.6Ω = I xR
V1.6Ω = 3 X 1.6
V1.6Ω = 4.8V

V4Ω = I xR
V4Ω = 1.8 X 4
V4Ω = 7.2V

V6Ω = I xR
V6Ω = 1.2 X 6
V6Ω = 7.2V

1.1.5: Power consumed by load

Ptotal = P1.6Ω + P4Ω + + P6Ω

Ptotal = 14.4W + 12.96W + 8.64W
Ptotal = 36W
Assignment 1.2
A 240 volts 50 Hz single phase ac source supplies a series load consisting of a resistor (40 ohms), a reactor (127.324
mH) and a capacitor (318.3 μF).

1.2.1 Calculate the current and real power delivered by the source. Compare this value with the power consumed by
the resistor.
1.2.2 Calculate the power factor at which the above power is delivered.
1.2.3 Is the power factor is lagging or leading? Explain why?
1.2.4 Calculate the voltage developed across each the three load circuit components.
1.2.5 Draw a phasor diagram with the source current as reference. Show all the numerical values of the voltages and
current. The diagram should be neatly drawn nearly to scale.
1.2.6 Determine the maximum load current.
1.2.7 Determine the source frequency for maximum load current.
1.2.8 What is the name of this frequency?
1.2.9 Determine the load power factor.
1.2.10 What is the name of the source

Solution

1.2.1 Calculate the current and real power delivered by the source. Compare this value with the power consumed by
the resistor.
R = 40Ω
L = 127.3mH
C = 318.3µF
F = 50Hz

XL = jωL
ω = 2π f
XL = j2π f L
XL = j2 x 3.14 x 50 x 127.3m
XL = j39.87
XL = 39.87<90

XC = 1/ jωC
ω = 2π f
XC = 1/ j2π f C
XC = 1/ j2 x 3.14 x 50 x 318.3µF
XC = -j10.1
XC = 10.1<-90
ZT = √(R2 + (XL - XC)2
ZT = √(402 + (39.87 - 10.1)2
ZT = 49.9Ω

IT = V/ZT
IT = 240/49.9
IT = 4.8A
Preal = V x I cosΦ
cosΦ = R/ZT
Φ = cos-1(40/49.9)
Φ = 36.7
Preal = 240 x 4.8 cos36.7
Preal = 923W

Presistor = I2R
Presistor = (4.8)2 x 40
Presistor = 9216W

1.2.2 Calculate the power factor at which the above power is delivered.
cosΦ = R/ZT
Φ = cos-1(40/49.9)
Φ = 36.7

1.2.3 Is the power factor is lagging or leading? Explain why?

Current is lagging voltage by 36.7°

1.2.4 Calculate the voltage developed across each the three load circuit components.
Vresistor = IT R
Vresistor = 4.8 x 40
Vresistor = 192V

VL = IT XL
VL = 4.8 x 39.87<90
VL = 191.7<53.4°

VC = IT XC
VC = 4.8 x 10.1<-90
VC = 48.5<-126.6°

1.2.5 Draw a phasor diagram with the source current as reference. Show all the numerical values of the voltages and
current. The diagram should be neatly drawn nearly to scale

1.2.6 Determine the maximum load current.

I = V/ZT
ZT = √(R2 + (XL - XC)2
At maximum load current, XL = XC

I = 240/40
I = 6A

1.2.8 What is the name of this frequency?

This frequency is called resonant frequency

1.2.9 Determine the load power factor.

ZT = √(R2 + (XL - XC)2
At maximum load current, XL = XC
ZT = 40<0°
Cos(0) =1

1.2.10 What is the name of the source

Name of source is called variable frequency source
Assignment 1.3
A star-connected balanced three phase load is supplied from a balanced three phase source. Line voltage at the load is
415 volts and the line current is 20 amps at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
1.3.1 Determine the load impedance in each phase.
1.3.2 Repeat the above with delta connected load.
1.3.3 Show by analytical methods that the power consumed by an unbalanced three-phase load (either delta or star)
can be accurately measured by using two single-phase wattmeters.

Solution

For star connected balanced three phase load, load impedance is given by
RX = VAN/ILN
RY = VBN/ILN
RZ = VCN/ILN

VAN = VAB /√3

VAN = 415<0 /√3
VAN = 239.6<0 volts
Since, load is balanced three phase, phase angles are 120° apart, therefore
VBN = 239.6<-120 volts
VCN = 239.6<-240 volts

And in three phase star connected load,

Ia = ILN =IPhase

Ia = 20<0
IB = 20<-120
IC = 20<-240

As given in question, Iphase = 20A, and Power factor = 0.8

cos-1(0.8) = 36.86° lagg

Therefore

RX = VAN/ILN
RX = 239.6<0 / 20<0°
Rx = 11.98<36.86 Ω

Since load is balanced three phase

RY = 11.98<36.86 Ω
RZ = 11.98<36.86 Ω
1.3.2 Repeat the above with delta connected load.

For delta connected balanced three phase load, load impedance is given by
RAB = VAB/IAB
RBC = VBC/IBC
RCA = VCA/ICA

VAB = VPHASE = 415<0 volt

Since, load is balanced three phase, phase angles are 120° apart, therefore
VBC = 415<-120 volt
VCA = 415<-240 volt

And in three phase star connected load,

IAB = IPhase /√3
IAB = 20<0 / √3
IAB = 11.54<0A

IBC = 20<-120
ICA = 20<-240

As given in question, Iphase = 20A, and Power factor = 0.8

cos-1(0.8) = 36.86° lagg

Therefore

RAB = VAB/IAB
RAB = 415<0 / 11.54<0°
RAB = 35.96<36.86 Ω

Since load is balanced three phase

RBC = 35.96<36.86 Ω
RCA = 35.96<36.86 Ω
Assignment 1.4
A single phase 120 volt, 60 Hz supply is connected to a coil of 200 turns wound around a toroidal magnetic
core with a mean length is 100 cm, uniform cross section of 20 cm 2 and a relative permeability of 2,500.
Determine

1.4.1 the flux density in the core as a function of time and

1.4.2 the current in the coil as functions of time.

Solution:

Vrms =120V
f = 60Hz
l = 100cm
N = 200 turns
A = 20cm2
µr =2500
B =?
I =?

For Flux density, B

We know for toroidal core

Vrms = 4.44fNBA
Ø = BA

Vrms = 4.44fNØ
Ø = Vrms /4.44fN
Ø = 120 /4.44 x 60 x 200
Ø = 0.00225wb

B =Ø / A
B =0.00225 / 0.002
B =1.125 T

For Current I

Hl = Ni
i = Hl/N

B = µH
B = µ°µrH
H = B / µ°µr
H = 1.125T / / 4πx10-7 x 2500
H = 358 A turns/m

i = 358 x 1 / 200
i = 1.79A
A magnetic core with an air gap is shown in Figure 1.4 (a). The depth of the core is 5 cm. Other dimensions
are shown in the figure itself. The magnetization curve of the core material is shown in Figure 1.4 (b).
Assume a 5% increase in the effective air gap area due to fringing. Determine the following.

1.4.3 Amount of current required to flow in the coil in order to establish an air gap flux density of one-half
a tesla?
1.4.4 At the current established above, what will be the flux densities in the four sides of the core?

1.4.5 What is the total flux present in the air gap?

Solution:
1.4.3 Amount of current required to flow in the coil in order to establish an air gap flux density of one-half
a tesla?

As per given information

Core depth =5cm
N =1000 turns
B =0.5T
i =?
If B =0.5T, we can calculate from graph
H =400 A turns/m
We know that
B =µH
µ =B/H
µ =0.5/400
µ =1.25x10-3
µr =4πx10-7

And
Ø =Ni/R
Ø =BA
R =l/µA

We will devide core into four parts i.e

l1 = top and bottom,
l2 = Left
l3 = airgap
l4 = Right

R1 =l1/µA1
l1 =(5+30+2.5)*2
l1 =75cm
A1 =10cm x 5cm
R1 = 75cm
1.25x10-3 x 10cmx5cm
R1 =120k A turns/wb

R2 =l2/µA2
l2 =(5+30+5)
l2 =40cm
A2 =10cm x 5cm
R2 = 40cm
1.25x10-3 x 10cmx5cm
R2 =64k A turns/wb

R3 =l3/µA3
l3 =0.05cm
A3 =5cm x 5cm
R3 = 0.05cm
-7
4πx10 x 5cmx5cm
R3 =159k A turns/wb

R4 =l2/µA4
l4 =(5+(30-0.07)+5)
l2 =39.93cm
A4 =5cm x 5cm
R4 = 40cm
1.25x10-3 x 5cmx5cm
R4 =128k A turns/wb

Rtotal = R1+R2+R3+R4
Rtotal = 120k+64k+159k+128k
=471k A turns/wb
Total flux is
Ø =BA
Ø =0.5 x 0.5cm x 0.5cm x 1.05
Ø =0.00131wb

Ø =Ni/R
i = ØR/N
i = 0.00131 x 471k/1000
i = 0.615A

1.4.4 At the current established above, what will be the flux densities in the four sides of the core?
We know total flux is
Ø =0.00131wb

BTOP = Ø/ATOP
BTOP = 0.00131 / 10cm x 5cm
BTOP = 0.262T
BBOTTOM= 0.262T
BLEFT = 0.262T

BRIGHT = Ø/ATOP
BRIGHT = 0.00131 / 5cm x 5cm
BRIGHT = 0.524T
1.4.5 What is the total flux present in the air gap?

Total flux is
Ø =BA
Ø =0.5 x 0.5cm x 0.5cm x 1.05
Ø =0.00131wb