1-1. What is torque? What role does torque play in the rotational motion of machines?

Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an
axis
1-2. What is Ampere's law?
the line integral of the magnetic field surrounding closed-loop equals to the
number of times the algebraic sum of currents passing through the loop.”

1-3. What is magnetizing intensity? What is magnetic flux density? How are they related?
Magnetic field strength or field intensity (H) is the amount of magnetising force.
Magnetic flux density (B) is the amount of magnetic force induced on the given
body due to the magnetising force H.

Permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation

of a magnetic field within itself.
1-4. How does the magnetic circuit concept aid in the design of transformer and machine
cores?
it helps in determining the magnetic performance of the core material and
optimizing the design for efficient operation.
1-4. What is reluctance?
Reluctance is the measure of an object's resistance to change its magnetic
field when subjected to an external magnetic field
1-6. What is a ferromagnetic material? Why is the permeability of ferromagnetic mate
rials so high?
Magnetic permeability is maximum for the ferromagnetic materials
because they have a large positive susceptibility to the external magnetic field;
they show a very strong attraction to magnetic fields and also when the
external field is removed they can retain their magnetic properties.

1-7. How does the relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material vary with magneto
motive force?

Permeability is the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic

field within itself

1−7. The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material increases with an

increase in magneto-motive force (MMF). When you apply an MMF (typically
from a coil or current-carrying conductor) to a ferromagnetic material, it aligns
the magnetic domains within the material, causing an increase in the material's
permeability. This means that the material becomes more susceptible to
becoming magnetized and thus enhances its magnetic properties.

1-8. What is hysteresis? Explain hysteresis in tenns of magnetic domain theory.

1−8⋅ Hysteresis refers to the phenomenon in ferromagnetic materials where

their magnetization lags behind changes in the applied magnetic field. In terms
of magnetic domain theory, hysteresis occurs because the magnetic domains
in the material do not realign instantaneously when the external magnetic field
changes. Instead, they have to overcome energy barriers to switch, leading to
hysteresis loops in the material's magnetization curve. This lag results in
energy losses in the form of heat and can be a critical factor in the efficiency of
magnetic devices and materials.
1-9. What are eddy current losses? What can be done to minimize eddy current losses in
a core?

Eddy current loss are core loss induced by circulation current

.Eddy current losses are energy losses in magnetic cores caused by induced
circulating currents (eddy currents) in the core material when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field. To minimize eddy current losses in a core, laminations
or laminated cores are used. Laminations are thin, insulated sheets or layers
of the core material stacked together. These insulating layers break the paths
for eddy currents, forcing them to flow within the individual laminations rather
than forming large, energy-wasting currents. This reduces the overall eddy
current losses in the core.
1- 10. Why are all cores exposed to ac flux variations laminated?

. Cores exposed to AC (alternating current) flux variations are laminated to

reduce eddy current losses. When a magnetic core is exposed to AC, the
changing magnetic field induces eddy currents in the core material. These
eddy currents create heat and energy losses, reducing the efficiency of the
device. Laminating the core, as mentioned in the previous answer, disrupts the
paths of these eddy currents, confining them to small, localized loops within
the laminations. This minimizes eddy current losses and ensures that most of
the magnetic energy is utilized for its intended purpose rather than being
wasted as heat.
1-11. What is Faraday's Jaw?
The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the negative of the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the path.

1- 12. What conditions are necessary for a magnetic field to produce a force on a wire?
Only where there is a nonzero angle between the direction of current and
direction of the magnetic field is there a force acting on the wire.
1-13. What conditions are necessary for a magnetic field to produce a voltage in a wire?
The magnetic lines of force have to cut and move through the wire
1- 14. Why is the linear machine a good example of the behavior observed in real dc
machines?
1- 15. The linear machine in Figure 1-19 is running at steady state. What would happen to
the bar if the voltage in the battery were increased? Explain in detail.
1- 16. Just how does a decrease in flux produce an increase in speed in a linear machine?

1-17. Will current be leading or lagging voltage in an inductive load? Will the reactive
power of the load be positive or negative?
For inductive load current will lag supply voltage. as inductive load always
consumes reactive power,reactive power will be positive for capacitive loads
reactive power will be nagative.
1-18. What are real, reactive, and apparent power? What units are they measured in? How
are they related?
P is the real power in watts (W), Q is the reactive power in volt-amperes
reactive (VAr) and S is the apparent power in volt-amperes (VA).
1-19. What is power factor?
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts (kW), to
apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). Apparent power, also
known as demand, is the measure of the amount of power used to run
machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is found by multiplying
(kVA = V x A)