Investigating the Production and Assessment of Bioplastic Derived from Guso

(Eucheuma spinosum) Seaweed

A Research Paper Presented to the Senior High School Faculty of

Calamba National Comprehensive High School
DBAN, Calamba Misamis Occidental

In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements in Inquires, Investigation and Immersion under the

Mentorship of Ms. Maris B. Muñoz

By:
Lessly Joy L. Docejo
Arrianne Joyce A. Baguio
Phejie C. Collamar
Jennie Babe P. Gapor
Joasher D. Llebore
Stephanie Quinlob
Aaron C. Torres
Syrah Mae G. Ymbol
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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to sincerely thank everyone who has contributed to the

success of this research study. The people listed below have all been given the gift of being

able to encourage, bless, and support us along the way, and they have all contributed to our

growth as researchers and individuals.

First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Ms. Maris B.

Muñoz, our Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion mentor, for her valuable knowledge,

advice, and constant dedication to our academic growth have been crucial in guiding our

research projects. We are very appreciative of her guidance, endurance, and ongoing support

throughout this journey.

To our parents for their unwavering love, support, and faith in us, because this has

been our ongoing source of strength throughout our academic journey. They have shown us

amazing support, sacrifice, and understanding. We owe them for their steadfast commitment

and for instilling a passion for study and a thirst for knowledge in us.

The grace of our All-Powerful God, who gave us insight, motivation, and the power

to overcome obstacles, is what we most gratefully acknowledge. The blessings we have

experienced during our research project have made us feel grateful. Our faith has served as a

compass, comforting us in tough times, and serving as a reminder of the greater goal that

underlies our quest for knowledge.

The researchers wish to express their appreciation for the invaluable contributions and

unwavering support they have received from the all-time supportive faculties and staff of

CNCHS, their fellow researchers, their parents, the respondents, and God. We have reached

this point in our academic careers because of their combined efforts and blessings.
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Dedication

The foundation of our research journey has been our family and loved ones, whose

continuous support, inspiration, and unwavering faith in us have served as the driving force

behind our study. Their unconditional love and encouragement have been the bedrock upon

which we have built our intellectual pursuits, reminding us of the importance of balancing

academic rigor with the cherished bonds that enrich our lives.

Our deepest gratitude goes out to our research mentor, whose invaluable advice,

extensive knowledge, and vital insights have profoundly impacted our intellectual

development. Their guidance has been a beacon, illuminating new pathways of inquiry and

motivating us to push the boundaries of our understanding. We are truly honored to have had

the privilege of learning from such a dedicated and esteemed scholar.

To our fellow students, whose similar experiences, attitude of cooperation, and

thought-provoking debates have enhanced the collaborative spirit of our study project. Your

diverse perspectives and willingness to engage in constructive dialogue have broadened our

horizons and inspired us to approach our research with greater nuance and empathy.

Finally, to the dedicated communities who are tirelessly committed to empowering the

growth and sustainability of agriculture, we extend our heartfelt gratitude. Your unwavering

dedication to cultivating a better future for all serves as a constant source of inspiration,

reminding us of the profound impact that can be achieved when we work together towards a

common goal of environmental stewardship and social progress.

It Is with deep appreciation and a renewed sense of purpose that we dedicate this

research study to all those who have supported, guided, and challenged us along the way.
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May our findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to create a more sustainable and equitable

world for generations to come.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement ............................................................................. i
Dedication .......................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ............................................................................... iii
Abstract .............................................................................................. iv
I. Introduction......................................................................................1-6
The Problem ......................................................................................1-2
Statement of the Problem ..................................................................3
Hypothesis of the Study .....................................................................3
Conceptual Framework.......................................................................4
Scope and Delimitations ....................................................................4-5
Significance of the Study ...................................................................5
Definition of Terms ............................................................................6

II. Research Methods ............................................................................7-10

Research Design ................................................................................7
Research Environment .......................................................................7
Samples ..............................................................................................7
Data Gathering Procedure .................................................................8
Statistical Treatment...........................................................................9
Ethical Considerations........................................................................10

III. Results and Discussion ....................................................................11-13

Results and Discussion.......................................................................11-12
Summary of Findings ........................................................................13

IV. Conclusions, and Recommendations ..............................................14-15

Conclusions........................................................................................14
Recommendations..............................................................................14-15
References..............................................................................................16-17
Appendices.............................................................................................18-20
Documentations..................................................................................18-19
Tables..................................................................................................20
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Curriculum Vitae..................................................................................21-28
Abstract

Bioplastics have emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based

plastics, with the potential to address environmental concerns. This study investigates the
production and assessment of bioplastic derived from Guso (Eucheuma spinosum), a type of
red seaweed abundant in the Philippines. The research aims to explore the feasibility of
utilizing Guso seaweed as a feedstock for bioplastic production. The study involves the
extraction of carrageenan, a polysaccharide found in Guso, and its subsequent conversion into
bioplastic films. Various parameters, such as tensile strength and water resistance are
evaluated to optimize the bioplastic properties. The physicochemical, mechanical, and
thermal characteristics of the produced bioplastic films are analyzed and compared to
conventional plastic counterparts. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding
of the potential of Guso seaweed as a renewable and sustainable source for bioplastic
production, providing insights into the processing techniques and the performance of the
bioplastic derived from this marine resource.

Keywords: Bioplastic, Guso, Eucheuma spinosum, Carrageenan, Seaweed, Sustainable,

Renewable
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Chapter 1
Introduction
The Problem

Plastic pollution is an enormous problem that affects our world in a profound way. It’s

not something we can ignore or take lightly. It demands immediate attention and action to

stop its constant expansion and reduce the harm it inflicts on wildlife, ecosystems, and even

our own health. This study takes a deep dive into the intricacies of this issue, shedding light

on where plastic pollution comes from, how it spreads, the impact it has on our environment,

and the potential risks it poses to human well-being.

Though the rise of plastics has revolutionized various fields, its large-scale production

has led to increased plastic pollution. While past studies focused on plastic’s impact on

wildlife, a new concern has emerged: its contribution to climate change. Every stage of a

plastic product’s life, from obtaining raw materials to disposal, generates greenhouse gases.

The oil and gas industry that supplies plastic is a major source of these emissions, and even

recycling isn’t a perfect solution as it can release greenhouse gases as well. Incinerating

plastic waste is particularly harmful to the climate (Shen et al. 2023).

Every year, approximately 9 million tons of plastic enter the world’s oceans, posing

significant threats to marine life, coastal ecosystems, and human well-being. Marks D. et al.,

(2020) specifically examines the environmental governance of marine plastic pollution from

Thailand, the sixth largest global contributor, emphasizing the interconnected nature of the

issue and the lack of accountability among those responsible at various levels of governance.

The Philippines also play a significant role in global marine plastic pollution, with

many experts pointing to the country as a major contributor. Specifically, it is thought that
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numerous rivers in the Manila metropolitan area serve as primary routes for plastic waste

from land to make its way into the ocean. However, the accuracy of these estimates is

uncertain due to a shortage of real-world data. (Van Emmerik et al., 2020).

Seaweed has the capability to serve as a viable source for producing plastic

alternatives that are both eco-friendly and sustainable in nature. According to (El-Sheekh et

al., 2024), Halimeda opuntia a type of green seaweed that can be used to create bioplastic

film. By optimizing the ratio of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to seaweed biomass, a thin

bioplastic film with improved physical and mechanical properties was successfully

developed. In addition, Ulva rigida a green seaweed, which is a plentiful biomass containing

polysaccharides and proteins, and explored its potential as a bio resource for bioplastic food

packaging (Sonchaeng et al., 2023).

The common concern in the Philippine market is the banning of plastic usage (Plastic

Bag Reduction and the Use of Eco Bag Ordinance of the Municipality of Calamba of 2015)

which urges people to use paper-made wrappers. This is a good idea in reducing plastic

pollution however, these paper-made wrappers are not strong enough and disintegrate easily

on wet substances. Single-use plastic on the other hand is a good material for wet goods but

on the bad side, it also contributes to plastic pollution which could be resolved by using

seaweed-based bioplastics.

Plastic pollution is a pressing concern affecting our planet, but there’s hope in the

form of seaweed. By harnessing its potential, we can create biodegradable, non-toxic

alternatives to traditional plastics. This study explores the potential of Guso (Eucheuma

spinosum), a type of seaweed, as a bioremediation tool for plastic pollution.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the viability of Guso (Eucheuma spinosum) seaweed as a

sustainable source for bioplastic production. Despite the known potential of seaweed as a bio-

resource for various industrial applications, its utilization in bioplastic manufacturing is not

fully exploited. The research will address several critical questions:

1. What is the quality of the seaweed-based bioplastics in terms of;

a. Tensile strength

b. Water resistance

2. Is there a significant difference between the single-use plastic and the biofilm seaweed

in terms of tensile strength and water resistivity?

Hypothesis of the Study`

There is a significant between the tensile strength and water resistivity of bioplastic

and single-use plastic.

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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1

Extraction of Polysaccharides
in Guso Seaweed

Production of Bioplastic Film

Testing for Testing for

Tensile-strength Water-resistance
Strength

Sta
tistical Analysis

Seaweed boasts a rich composition of polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, and

alginate, which are pivotal in forming a robust bioplastic matrix. These polysaccharides offer

unique gelling properties essential for creating a flexible yet resilient structure, consequently

enhancing the tensile strength of the resulting bioplastic. Alginate, in particular, stands out for

its capacity to form strong and elastic gels when exposed to divalent cations like calcium,

further reinforcing the material's mechanical integrity. Moreover, seaweed extracts exhibit

inherent water-resistant properties, making them ideal candidates for producing bioplastics

that can withstand moisture, thereby contributing to the durability and longevity of the

material in various applications.

Scope and Delimitations

This study generally aims to develop a biodegradable plastic with the use of seaweed

and evaluate the feasibility of Guso (Eucheun Spinosum) as main component for the
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production of bioplastic. The study was done to specifically find out the quality of the

produced product in terms of tensile strength and water-resistance. The study utilizes extract

from Guso seaweed. Evaluation of the bioplastic was done through appropriate methods for

the purpose of answering the research questions. The researchers utilized a green seaweed (E.

Spinosum) which is locally known as Guso. However, the study limits the application of the

produced bioplastic to single-use items, such as packaging, to assess its suitability and

performance.

Significance of the Study

The results of this Experimental study will offer essential insights into the feasibility of

seaweed-derived bioplastics, potentially yielding significant advantages:

Fishermen. This presents a new opportunity for additional income as the utilization of

marine-based materials leads to the production of sustainable bioplastics.

Plastic manufacturing firms. This represents an opportunity due to the production of marine-

based bioplastics, which in this study specifically utilizes Guso seaweed. This innovation

could lead to advancements in plastic production, including enhanced efficiency and reduced

costs.

Beach resorts. They are stand to benefit because the excessive growth of seaweed often

results in decreased income for resort owners. However, by utilizing seaweed for plastic

production, resorts can potentially increase their profits.

Community. The use of marine materials can contribute to pollution reduction, as bioplastics

are biodegradable and can significantly impact the country’s development. This will decrease

reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels, thus aiding in sustainability efforts.

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The results of this study can serve as a foundation for future researchers, providing a

basis for their work. They can conduct further experiments and studies based on the outcomes

of this research, thereby aiding in their endeavors. This will shed light on the potential use of

Guso (Eucheuma Spinosum) in bioplastic production, while also offering valuable insights

into similar research areas for students and other researchers interested in this topic.

Definition of Terms

Bioplastic. A plastic made from renewable biomass sources like plants or algae.

Concentration. The amount of a substance present in a particular mixture.

Eucheuma spinosum (Guso). A species of seaweed commonly used in carrageenan

production.

Extract. It refers to the juice collected from the Guso seaweed after the drying method

Glycerin. A colorless, odorless, viscous liquid with a sweet taste, used in various industrial

and cosmetic applications.

Glycerol. An organic substance having the formula, CiHsOs, which acts as the main

plasticizer in making the marine-based bioplastic

Green seaweed. A general term for seaweed that is green in color, often referring to members

of the Chlorophyta division.

Polysaccharides. Long chains of sugar molecules that store energy in plants and animals.

Additionally, it has component in making a seaweed-based bioplastic

pH Level. A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Seaweed. Marine algae that grow in saltwater environments.

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Tensile strength. The ability of a material to resist stretching and breaking under tension.

Water-resistance. The amount of water absorbed by the bioplastic (guso).

Chapter 2
Research Methods
This chapter presents the research methods. It includes research design, research

environment, research samples, sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering

procedure, statistical treatment, and ethical considerations in conducting research.

Research Design
In this study, the researcher uses true experimental research with quantitative

approach. The design was chosen since it applies treatment and manipulation more

extensively and it uses statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis. A true

experiment is a type of experimental design and is thought to be the most accurate type of

experimental research. The true experimental approach provides a higher degree of control in

the experiment and produces a higher degree of validity (Mohajan, H. K., 2020). The study

aims to investigate the potential of Guso (Eucheuma Spinosum) as bioplastic.

Research Environment
The study will be conducted in the backyard of the researcher located in Purok 1,

Langub, Calamba, Misamis Occidental. The researcher will set up a temporary laboratory

area where the production shall take place.

Samples
Guso Seaweed (Eucheuma Spinosum)
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The bioplastic is made out from Guso seaweed. To make it, start by collecting the

seaweed and thoroughly cleaning it to remove any impurities. Once cleaned, dry the seaweed

until it becomes brittle. Next, extract the polysaccharides from the seaweed by boiling it in

water. Mix the seaweed extract with glycerine as a plasticizer mix the ingredients thoroughly,

pour the mixture into a mold or spread it out on a flat surface, allowing it to dry (Zaimis et

al., 2021) and form the bioplastic. Let the bioplastic cure for a few days until it is completely

dry and solid.

Data Gathering Procedure

Extraction of Polysaccharide in Eucheuma spinosum

The extraction of carrageenan will start with sun drying of the 2 kilos of E. spinosum.

The seaweed drying method will adopt from the seaweed drying system that will develop by

the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) -Center of Agri-Fisheries and

Biosystems Mechanization (BIOMECH) under the leadership of Dr. Ronel S. Pangan, the

researchers incorporated the second type of drying process which is the permanent-type

seaweed drying system constructed permanently inland using concrete footings

(Redera,2019). The drying process will take several days until the guso will be totally dried

since the drying method is dependent on the weather, the researchers dried the guso seaweed

for 9 hours a day that will take about 9 days of drying to take out the moisture within the

algae. The seaweed will be frequently turned for quick drying. Also, for efficient drying, the

seaweed was evenly spread. Afterwards, the E. spinosum was boiled with hot water for 2-3

hours and was extracted by means of compression.

Production of the Plastic Films

The production of the plastic film will start with preparing the preparing mixture. The

mixture will be made with different concentration of glycerol as plasticizer and seaweed
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extract (a) (70 Seaweed extract: 30 Glycerin), (b) (60 Seaweed extract: 40 Glycerin), (c)

(50:50) and 60 ml amount of distilled water.

Cooking materials such as spatula, cups, and stoves will utilize. Seeing as three test

subjects was produced, it was helpful that the replicates was identified by a marker. Every

bioplastic solution that contains different levels will be placed in a separate casserole and will

heat until a transparent viscous gel creates.

Testing for Tensile Strength

The researchers used a pin and created a hole in the bioplastic and a piece of plastic

cup, each end of the string was pushed into the hole of the bioplastic and the plastic cup. The

whole set-up was then pinned on a wall. A rice will be gradually added until the bioplastic

reaches its full capacity and worn out. This process was repeated until all sample was tested

and three trials was done for each sample (Thiruchelvi, et al., 2021)

Testing for Water-Resistance

Testing for water-resistance will be done using water absorption test (Alonso-

González, et al., 2021) The researchers will prepare three small bowl filled with 60mL

amount of water. Each sample of the bioplastic will be immersed into the water and is left for

5minutes. After 5minutes, the sample of bioplastic was removed from the water and was

placed in a separate cup, the final volume of the water collected from the bioplastic was

extracted using a syringe to measure the amount of fluid absorbed by the bioplastic. Three

trials for each sample was done.

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Statistical Treatment
The Kruskal-Wallis test can be utilized to statistically analyze the data obtained from

the production and assessment of bioplastic derived from Guso (Eucheuma spinosum)

seaweed. This non-parametric test is suitable when comparing multiple groups or conditions,

which is relevant in this study's context. It will help determine if there are any significant

differences among the groups being studied, such as different formulations or processing

methods of the bioplastic. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test will provide valuable insights

into the effectiveness of various production and assessment techniques, contributing to the

overall understanding of bioplastic derived from Guso seaweed.

Ethical Considerations

The study on bioplastic derived from Guso seaweed must carefully consider its

environmental impact, long-term sustainability, and ethical implications. Researchers should

evaluate the sustainability of seaweed harvesting, energy and resource consumption, and

biodegradability of the final product, ensuring the process minimizes negative environmental

consequences. The availability and renewability of the Guso resource, as well as the potential

impact on local ecosystems and communities, should be assessed. Ethical sourcing,

transparent supply chains, and respect for community rights are essential. Thorough safety

and health assessments, stakeholder engagement, and informed consent are critical priorities.

Overall, the study should prioritize responsible innovation that prioritizes the well-being of

people and the environment, building public trust through transparent research and ethical

bioplastic development.
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Chapter 3

Results and Discussion

This chapter delves into the outcomes and in-depth discussion of the data collected during the

experiment. The researchers have organized the findings in a series of tables, which not only

present the data clearly but also address the specific questions raised in the previous chapter.

This approach helps in comprehensively understanding the implications of the results and

how they contribute to the broader context of the research.

1. What is the quality of the seaweed-based bioplastics in terms of: tensile-strength and

water- resistance?

Table 1. Tensile Strength Data for Seaweed-Based Bioplastic

Tensile Strength (in kg)

Treatments
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean SD
70:30 7.38 kg 7.56 kg 7.81 kg 7.58 kg 0.18
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60:40 3.28 kg 3.24 kg 3.28 kg 3.30 kg 0.06

50:50 2.68 kg 2.16 kg 2.16 kg 1.33 kg 0.25

Table 1 shows the tensile strength of the E. spinosum-based bioplastic plastic in grams

on three trials, its mean, and standard deviation. As observed in the table Treatment 70:30 has

a mean tensile strength of 7.58 kg. Treatment 60:40 has a mean tensile strength of 3.30kg.

Treatment 50:50 has a mean tensile strength of 1.33kg. In addition, the standard deviation

presented on the table indicates how the values spread away from the mean. From the data, it

revealed that Treatment 70:30 has the highest tensile strength, followed by Treatment 60:40

and that Treatment 50:50 have the lowest tensile strength. This shows similar results to the

study conducted by Flury & Narayan entitled " Biodegradable plastic as an integral part of

the solution to plastic waste pollution of the environment " (2021), wherein the study stated

that as the plasticizer concentration increases, tensile strength of the film decreases

Water Absorbed (in mL)

Treatments
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean SD
Table 2. Water Resistance Data for Seaweed-Based Bioplastic

70:30 0.50 mL 0.50 mL 0.55 mL 0.52 mL 0.023

60:40 0.40 mL 0.45 mL 0.45 mL 0.43 mL 0.023
50:50 0.35 mL 0.30 mL 0.40 mL 0.35 mL 0.040

Table 2 reveals the water absorbed of E. spinosum-based bioplastic in mL during three

trials, its mean and standard deviation. As presented in the table, Treatment 70:30 has mean

water absorbed of 0.52. Treatment 60:40 has mean water absorbed of 0.43. Treatment 50:50

has mean water absorbed of 0.35. The standard deviation of the three treatments revealed that

the data did not spread away from the mean. Since the lower the water absorbed, the higher

the water-resistance of the bioplastic, it inferred that Treatment 50:50 has the highest water-

resistance, followed by Treatment 60:40 and finally Treatment 70:30.This results is similar to
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the study of Fu, Z. (2021), wherein their results revealed that the increased in glycerol

concentration results to the decreased in water absorption and increased water-resistance.

2. Is there a significant difference between the single-use bags and the biofilm seaweed?

Table 3. Tensile Strength Data for Single- Use Bags

Tensile Strength (in kg)

Treatments
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean SD

Single- Use Bags 6.24 kg 6.47 kg 6.89 kg 6.53 kg 0.16

Table 4. Water Resistance Data for Single- Use Bags

Water Absorbed (in mL)

Treatments
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean SD

Single- Use Bags 0.64 mL 0.57 mL 0.62 mL 0.61 mL 0.021

The comparison between bioplastics and single-use paper bags in terms of tensile strength

and water resistance highlights significant differences important for sustainable material

choice. Bioplastics, derived from renewable resources, generally offer better tensile strength

and superior water resistance compared to paper bags, which are prone to tearing and degrade

quickly upon exposure to moisture. Studies, such as those by Chang et al., (2021) and Trinh
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et al., (2023), support these findings by providing evidence of the mechanical robustness and

moisture barrier properties of bioplastics. These properties make bioplastics more suitable for

applications demanding durability and moisture resistance, positioning them as a viable,

environmentally friendlier alternative to traditional plastics and less durable paper bags.

Summary of Findings

1. Tensile strength of the bioplastic increased as the concentration of seaweed (E.

spinosum) decreased.

2. Treatment 70:30 (70% seaweed, 30% plasticizer) has the highest tensile

strength (7.58 kg), followed by Treatment 60:40 (3.30 kg) and Treatment

50:50 (1.33 kg).

3. Water resistance increased as the concentration of seaweed increased.

4. Treatment 50:50 has the highest water resistance (0.35 mL absorbed),

followed by Treatment 60:40 (0.43 mL) and Treatment 70:30 (0.52 mL).
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5. These findings are similar to previous studies on bioplastics, which showed

that a higher concentration of biomaterials leads to increased tensile strength

and water resistance.

6. Bioplastics made from seaweed offer advantages over single-use paper bags in

terms of tensile strength and water resistance.

7. Bioplastics are a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics and paper

bags for applications requiring durability and moisture resistance.

Chapter 4
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
Tensile strength in bioplastics increases with higher carrageenan levels, enhancing

strength, while more plasticizer decreases strength but improves flexibility. Conversely,

carrageenan lowers water resistance due to its hydrophilic properties, whereas plasticizer

boosts it by filling polymer gaps to prevent water penetration. These inverse relationships in

bioplastic formulations show crucial trade-offs affecting the material's mechanical properties

and durability. Compared to single-use paper bags, bioplastics offer superior tensile strength
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and water resistance, making them more durable and suitable for applications requiring these

properties. As such, bioplastics present a sustainable, robust alternative to both conventional

plastics and less durable paper bags, supporting sustainability and environmental

conservation efforts.

Recommendations

To address the environmental concerns associated with single-use plastics and the

excessive growth of green seaweed, it is recommended that researchers explore alternative

green seaweeds as raw materials for bioplastics, potentially reducing the biomass from

seaweed overgrowth. Furthermore, government agencies should collaborate to support

scientific endeavors aimed at discovering biodegradable substitutes for single-use plastics,

thereby helping to decrease waste accumulation. Additionally, researchers should employ

leveling tools to ensure consistent thickness in bioplastic products, enhancing their quality

and performance. Lastly, experimenting with various types of guso (a type of seaweed) could

provide insights into optimizing bioplastic properties, offering a broader base of data for

selecting the most effective seaweed sources for bioplastic production. These steps would

contribute significantly to sustainable material development and environmental conservation.

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