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Bm05 Plants
Bm05 Plants
P
lants influence everything from unclear what the knock-on effects will understand how the environment shapes
food chains to climate change. Yet be. Modelling studies are beginning to the translation of genomes into adaptive
we know little about the traits unravel the links between our changing phenotypes.
that allow plants to survive and environment and ecosystem health, but Plants share close links with other
adapt to their habitat or to a more research is needed to inform organisms, such as microbes, insects and
warming planet. We are a long way from legislation. herbivores, all of which generate signals that
being able to harness these adaptations for can alter plant function and phenotype.
our own benefit. Our failure to understand A genetic legAcy Signals from certain insects trigger the
these traits is in part due to the split of bi- production of new plant structures (galls)
ology research into molecular–cellular and Plant genetics will provide some of the and molecules from the saliva of plant-
ecological–evolutionary disciplines. A new answers. Plant genomes have been shaped eating insect larvae can elicit the host plant
generation of plant scientists is needed to by hundreds of millions of years of natural to produce a new phenotype, including new
realize the full potential of plant genetics. selection, and so carry a genetic record of defense traits, physiological properties and
how plants have adapted to previous even a new type of flower.
PlAnts And the environment environmental change. Our wanton Endophytic microbes, including bacte-
destruction of plant species means that ria and fungi, can promote plant growth
Plants form the basis of most food chains this biological legacy is disappearing, and boost mineral availability. Although
on the planet. To pass on their genes, plants however, just as we are developing the DNA fingerprinting has shown that most
must find mates, avoid being eaten and tools to understand and use it. plants harbour vast microbial communi-
compete for resources in an ever-changing The plant-genomics revolution began ties, the majority resist laboratory culture,
environment — all while being rooted to when thale cress (Arabidopsis thalania) be- and so their exact function remains a mys-
the spot. They have evolved a myriad of came the first plant to have its genome tery and new techniques are needed for
strategies to deal with these environmental sequenced. Since then, it has been found to further investigation4.
challenges. contain more ‘coarse-grained’ genetic di- Studies of these plant interactions have
Most adaptation strategies are chemi- versity than was thought, with individual already led to practical applications. The
cal, many involving the production of plants sometimes differing by hundreds of ability of the tumour-causing Agrobacterium
secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids genes2. Despite its approximately 500,000 to transfer genes to plants is regularly used
and steroids, which we, in turn, rely on as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to genetically engineer plants with new
the basis of our pharmacological recipe Arabidopsis contains just six major meta- traits. The promise of plants engineered
book. Some 100,000 secondary metabo- bolic groupings, suggesting that only a few for pathogen resistance, and of harnessing
lites have been discovered thus far, and variable genetic regions result in metaboli- the services of microbial mutualists in
technological advances will probably see cally distinct phenotypes3. Understanding crop plants, has yet to be realized, however,
this number double in the next decade. these sources of genetic variation should largely because little is known of the full
The environment shapes plants, but shed light on how plants adapt to environ- spectrum of microbes encountered by plants
plants also influence the environment. mental change. in their natural environment.
They store carbon, fix nitrogen and produce Although high-throughput methods
oxygen1. They shape weather patterns, and reduced sequencing costs have made A question of timing
provide flood defence, purify water, provide such analyses more accessible, how the
food, and offer solace and inspiration. nucleotides interact to produce the cornu- Plants operate on different timescales to
With nearly 7 billion humans affecting copia of substances found in plants is still most organisms, with some living for
the environmental composition of the unknown. Studies of these substances — thousands of years. Successful reproduction
planet, however, plants are being forced to proteomes and metabolomes — are still in is often a matter of timing, with plants
function under conditions outside their their infancy, and a major challenge will be ‘choosing’ when to switch from a vegetative
recent evolutionary experience, and it is the knitting together of these studies to to a reproductive state. Although the
K
ey experiments exploring the solutions to environmental max Planck institute for chemical ecology, where students have used
challenges hidden in plant genomes are underway at the max transformed native plants to elucidate how a sophisticated mixture
Planck institutes in cologne, marburg, Ploen, tubingen and Jena. of floral chemicals helps plants to get what they need from their
the training of field biologists in molecular science is underway at the pollinators (Kessler, D. et al. Science 321, 1200–1202, 2008).
the laboratory-based study of plant genetics cannot fulfil its potential until
it includes reference to the natural environment in which plants evolved.
harnessing certain plant traits could help produce high-yield crops suitable
for a warming world.
➟ For references see pages 38 and 39 2010+ | Research Perspectives of the Max Planck Society 23