Industrial training report

OGDCL

Submitted By:
Muhammed Zubair
2K20-CHET-12

Session (2020-2024)
Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology NFC Institute of
Engineering and Technology

P.O. Fertilizer Project, Khanewal Road, Multan (Pakistan)

Tel: 061-9220012-16 Fax: 061-9220018

Email: nfciet@nfciet.edu.pk
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 Training Information

Student Name:
Muhammed Zubair

Roll No:
2K20-CHET-12

Email:
Zubiikhan35@gmail.com

Course of Study:
BS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Year/Semester:
7th Semester

Training Start Date:

31-August-2023

Training End Date:

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 27-September-2023

Training Organization

Name: OGDCL

Address: Dhodak Plant

Field Supervisor: M. Kashif

Industrial Training Report

This report is submitted to department of Chemical Engineering

Technology NFC institute of Engineering & Technology Multan Pakistan

For the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Bachelor’s Degree

In

Chemical Engineering Technology

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 HOD/Internal Examiner:

Name: Dr. Sadiq Hussain Signature:_________

Supervised By:

Name: Dr. Sadiq Hussain Signature:_________

External Examiner:

Name:________________ Signature:_________

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 Acknowledgment

Thanks to Almighty Allah, the Most Beneficent, Most Merciful, for imparting me with the power
to initiate this training and successfully complete it. In addition, I would like to acknowledge my
parents, family and friends; whose assistance, guidance and trust gave me the strength to strive,
work day and night and face the challenges of this training.
I sincerely thank the Engineer Muhammad Kashif, Dr Zulfiqar Ali and Javeed Buzdar for believing
in me, encouraging and helping me throughout in this endeavour.

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 Abstract

Dhodak condensate and gas field is located in the rugged terrain of the castem Sulaiman Range,
about 80 km north of Dera Ghazi Khan in the Punjab province. The field was discovered in
December, 1976 through the drilling of Dhodak well #1 where condensate/gas was tested in the
Pab Sandstone of Cretaceous age Sandstone of Lower Ranikot Formation (Paleocene) was also
proved to be hydrocarbon bearing during the e course of further appraisal. Development and
Production license was granted to Oil & Gas Development Corporation over an area of 41.92
square kilometers by the Government of Pakistan. To date, a total of eight wells have been
drilled and seven wells are gas/condensate producers. Recent volumetric estimates for total wet
GilP are 1076 RSCF and total recoverable reserves are 611 BSCF of gas and 40 MMSTH of
condensate. Gas processing plant was set up near Dhodak which started production in
December, 1994. Present average daily production of condensate, gas, and LPG is 2600 barrels,
42 MMSCFT, and 180 metric tom respectively. Production is constrained due to the processing
capacity of the plant

Exploration and drilling history, complexities of petrophysics, reservoir geology, and challenges
of development planning of the Dhodak Field are presented. This paper also summarizes the
reservoir management strategy developed on the basis of compositional modeling and history
matching with special emphasis on problems related to condensate recovery in the clastic
reservoirs of Pab and Lower Ranikot.

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Contents
Chapter No.1
 History .............................................................................................
 Dhodak Plant ...................................................................................
 Introduction ....................................................................................
Chapter No.2
 Wellhead .........................................................................................
 Flare system ....................................................................................
 Manifolds ........................................................................................
 Sludge catcher .................................................................................
 Purification of Gas ...........................................................................
Chapter No.3
 Christmas tree & working ................................................................
 Sludge catcher & types ...................................................................
 Absorption tower ............................................................................
 Shell and tube heat exchanger ........................................................
 Valves .............................................................................................
 Pumps .............................................................................................
 Chart Recorder ................................................................................
Chapter No.4
 Safety ..............................................................................................

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 Chapter No.1
History of oil and gas
The earliest known gas wells were drilled in China in AD 347 or earlier. They had depths of up to
about 800 feet (240 m) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles. The gas was
burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10 th century, extensive bamboo pipelines
connected gas wells with salt springs.
The modern history of petroleum began in the 19 th century with the refining of paraffin from
crude oil. The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the
Riddings colliery at Alfreton, Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as
lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery.
The new oils were successful, but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail
(eventually being exhausted in 1851). Young, noticing that the oil was dripping from the
sandstone roof of the coal mine, theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat
on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially.
Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel
coal at a low heat, a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the
seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of
useful liquids from it, one of which he named “paraffine oil” because at low temperatures it
congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.[
Abraham Pineo Gesner, a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from
coal, bitumen and oil shale. His new discovery, which he named kerosene, burned more cleanly
and was less expensive than competing products, such as whale oil. In 1850, Gesner created the
Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other
cities. By 1854, he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American
Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island, New York. Demand grew to where his company’s
capacity to produce became a problem, but the discovery of petroleum, from which kerosene
could be more easily produced, solved the supply problem.

Dhodak Plant
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Dhodak is a producing conventional gas field located onshore Pakistan and is operated by Oil &
Gas Development. The Dhodak conventional gas field recovered 99.76% of its total recoverable
reserves, with peak production in 1999. Based on economic assumptions, production will
continue until the field reaches its economic limit in 2026. Dhodak plant Is located in the rugged
terrain of the eastern Sulaiman Range, about 80 km north of Dera Ghazi Khan in The Punjab
province. The field was discovered in December, 1976 through the drilling of Dhodak well # 1
where condensate/gas was tested In the Pab Sandstone of Cretaceous age. Sandstone of Lower
Ranikot Formation (Paleocene) was also proved to be hydrocarbon bearing During the course of
further appraisal. Development and Production license was granted to Oil & Gas Development
Corporation over an area Of 41.92 square kilometres by the Government of Pakistan. To date, a
total of eight wells have been drilled and seven wells are Gas/condensate producers.

Introduction
Dhodak Field is the northern most culmination of the Sufaid Koh anticlinorium, situated on the
eastern margin of Sulaiman Range, about 80 Km north of Dera Ghazi Khan city (Figure 1). The
area has been under active exploration since the early seventies. The first gas discovery in The
Sufaid Koh area was made by OGDC at Rodho in 1974. OGDC explorationists then looked for a
deeper prospect near Rodho hoping to Find liquid hydrocarbon accumulation. The Dhodak
structure was selected for this purpose and consequently, the first condensate discovery Of
Pakistan was made there in 1976 from the Lower Ranikot of Paleocene and Pab Sandstone of
Cretaceous age. With this discovery, the Lower Ranikot and Pab Sandstone were established as
gas/condensate reservoirs in the Sulaiman Range. Since the Dhodak discovery in 1976, seven
more wells have been drilled and the average daily production of the field is 42 MMSCFT gas,
2600 barrels condensate, and 180 tons of LPG. This paper being the case history of Dhodak Field
is required to encompass every aspect of development phase along with the exploration history.
The first part of the paper describes the exploration history, petro physics, and reservoir geology
of the field. The second part of the paper attempts to summarize the essential reservoir
engineering aspects along with the development optimization considerations. The paper also
very briefly reviews the existing surface facilities at Dhodak Field. The paper concludes with
some inferences from the exploration and development history of this field.

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 Chapter No.2
Process

Wellhead
A wellhead is the surface structure that surrounds the top of an oil or gas well. It provides the
main entry point for the well and serves as a crucial interface between the subsurface reservoir
and the surface facilities. The wellhead typically consists of various components, including a
casing head, tubing head, and a Christmas tree.
The casing head is the lowermost part of the wellhead and is connected to the surface casing of
the well. The tubing head is positioned above the casing head and provides a housing for the
production tubing. The Christmas tree, which is installed on top of the wellhead, is a complex
assembly of valves, spools, and fittings that controls the flow of oil or gas from the well.
Wellheads play a crucial role in maintaining well integrity, controlling the flow of hydrocarbons,
and allowing for various operations such as production, injection, and well interventions.

Flare system
A flare system in the context of the oil and gas industry is a safety device used to burn off excess
flammable gases during certain operational conditions. It is designed to handle emergency
situations or planned operational events where the normal process equipment cannot handle
the produced gases.
When there is an overpressure or upset condition in a facility, the flare system is activated to
safely combust and dispose of the excess gases through an elevated stack or flare. This
controlled burning prevents the release of unburned hydrocarbons and reduces the risk of a
hazardous situation, such as the accumulation of flammable gases.
Flare systems are crucial for maintaining safety and environmental compliance in the oil and gas
industry, helping to prevent the release of potentially harmful pollutants into the atmosphere.
While flaring is a safety measure, efforts are often made to minimize routine flaring due to its
environmental impact, and various technologies are employed to optimize the efficiency of flare
systems.

Manifolds

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Manifolds is a key component used to control the flow of fluids in a system, typically within a
wellhead or production facility. It serves as a central distribution point for fluids such as oil, gas,
or water, allowing for the redirection, isolation, or combination of flow from multiple sources.
Manifolds are crucial for managing the flow of hydrocarbons from wells to processing facilities
or transportation systems. They consist of pipes, valves, and other fittings designed to regulate
the movement of fluids. Manifolds help optimize production by allowing operators to control
the distribution of fluids, monitor pressure, and facilitate various operational processes.
There are different types of manifolds, including production manifolds, injection manifolds, and
test manifolds, each serving specific functions in oil and gas operations. Overall, manifolds play
a critical role in ensuring the efficient and safe handling of fluids throughout the production and
processing stages.

Sludge catcher
Sludge catcher is a separator which is used for the separation of solids, sludge or sediments. In
Dhodak field there was four bottles or pipes of sludge catcher having diameter 36 inches and
length 75m.
Sludge catcher is a separator used to separate sludge, solid particles, or sediment from liquids in
industrial processes. It functions by allowing the fluid to enter, slowing down the flow to
facilitate the settling of particles in the separation chamber. The cleaned liquid then exits
through the outlet section, while the captured sludge remains at the bottom. There are
different types of sludge catchers, including gravity-based and centrifugal designs, catering to
diverse applications across industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, and water
treatment. Regular maintenance, involving cleaning and inspection, is crucial to ensure optimal
performance and protect downstream equipment from damage. The primary goal of a sludge
catcher is to maintain the efficiency of industrial processes by preventing the entry of unwanted
contaminants.
Fluid Entry:
The fluid stream enters the sludge catcher through the designated inlet. The inlet design may
incorporate features to control the flow and promote an even distribution of the incoming fluid.
Flow Control and Sedimentation:
Upon entry, the flow may be slowed down within the sludge catcher. This is crucial for
facilitating the sedimentation of solid particles or sludge. Slowing down the flow allows gravity
to influence the settling of heavier particles to the bottom of the separation chamber.
Separation Chamber:

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The sludge catcher contains a separation chamber where the primary separation process
occurs. Features such as baffles or screens aid in trapping and separating the sludge from the
fluid.
Cleaned Fluid Exit:
The cleaned liquid, now largely free of captured sludge, exits through the outlet section. The
outlet design ensures that the cleaned fluid can proceed to downstream processes without
carrying a significant amount of solid contaminants.

Purification of Gas
Triethylene glycol (TEG) is commonly used in the natural gas industry for the purification of gas
streams, particularly for the removal of water vapor. The process involves TEG absorbing water
from the gas stream.
Gas Absorption:
TEG has a high affinity for water. As the wet natural gas stream comes into contact with TEG,
water molecules are absorbed by the glycol.
Contacting Tower:
The absorption process typically takes place in a contacting tower or absorber column, where
the TEG is circulated. The gas flows counter current to the TEG, allowing efficient absorption of
water vapor.
Dehydration:
The absorbed water is then removed from the TEG in a regeneration process. The water-
saturated TEG is sent to a regeneration unit where heat is applied to remove the water, leaving
the TEG ready for reuse.
Regeneration Process:
In the regeneration unit, the water-saturated TEG is heated, causing the water to vaporize. The
water vapor is then separated from the TEG, leaving it dehydrated and ready for another
absorption cycle.
Recovery and Recirculation:
The dehydrated TEG is cooled and returned to the contacting tower to repeat the absorption
process. This closed-loop system allows TEG to be continuously reused, making the process
economically viable.
Gas Quality Improvement:

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By removing water vapor, TEG purification enhances the quality of the natural gas, preventing
issues such as hydrate formation and corrosion in pipelines and equipment.

Chapter No.3
Major equipments
Christmas tree
A “Christmas tree” refers to the assembly of valves, spools, and fittings installed on top of an oil
or gas well to control the flow of hydrocarbons during production. It is also known as a
“wellhead” or “production tree.” Here’s an explanation of its parts and working:

Parts of a Christmas Tree

Master Valve:
Positioned at the base, it is the primary valve that controls the flow of hydrocarbons from the
well.
Choke Valve:
Installed downstream from the master valve, it regulates the flow rate of hydrocarbons by
adjusting the size of the choke opening.
Tubing Head:
Connects the Christmas tree to the tubing string, providing a pathway for hydrocarbons to flow
from the wellbore to the surface.
Tree Cap:
A protective cover that houses and shields the tree’s components.
Wing Valve:
Also known as the production wing valve, it is positioned on either side of the Christmas tree
and allows for additional control of fluid flow.
Swab Valve:
A valve that prevents swabbing, which is the unintentional entry of well fluids into the tubing
during well intervention operations.
Tree Outlet Connections:

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Ports for connecting additional equipment, such as flow lines or pipelines.

Working of a Christmas Tree:

Well Control:
The master valve at the base of the Christmas tree controls the overall flow of hydrocarbons
from the wellbore.
Flow Regulation:
The choke valve, located downstream, allows operators to regulate the flow rate by adjusting
the choke opening.
Pressure Monitoring:
Wing valves and other components enable pressure monitoring and control at various points in
the wellhead assembly.
Well Intervention:

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The Christmas tree facilitates well intervention activities, such as maintenance, testing, or
stimulation, by providing access to the wellbore.
Safety Measures:
The design includes safety features to prevent accidental releases of hydrocarbons and to
manage pressure during operations.
Fluid Connection:
The tubing head connects the Christmas tree to the tubing string, providing a conduit for
hydrocarbons to flow from the reservoir to the surface.

Sludge catcher
A sludge catcher is a crucial component in industrial fluid systems designed to separate solid
particles, sediment, or sludge from liquids. It plays a vital role in maintaining the efficiency of
processes and protecting downstream equipment by preventing the entry of unwanted
contaminants.
Types of sludge catcher
Gravity Sludge Catcher:
Relies on the force of gravity for the settling of solid particles.
Typically has a vertical design, allowing contaminants to naturally settle to the bottom.
Centrifugal Sludge Catcher:
Utilizes centrifugal force generated by the spinning motion of the fluid.
The rotating action separates sludge from the liquid, enhancing the efficiency of the separation
process.
Inclined Plate Sludge Catcher:
Employs inclined plates or coalescing media to enhance the settling of particles.
Offers a compact design with increased surface area for improved separation.
Vertex Sludge Catcher:
Creates a swirling or vortex motion in the fluid, aiding in the separation of sludge.
Particularly effective in applications where fine particles need to be captured.
Horizontal Sludge Catcher:
Features a horizontal design for specific applications where vertical space is limited.

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Allows for effective sludge settling while accommodating spatial constraints.
Combination Sludge Catcher:
Integrates multiple separation mechanisms for enhanced efficiency.
Combines features from gravity, centrifugal, or other types to address specific process
requirements.

Absorption tower
A TEG (Triethylene Glycol) absorber unit is a key component in natural gas processing plants,
particularly in the context of dehydration. It is designed to remove water vapor from natural gas
using triethylene glycol as an absorbent. Here are key points about a TEG absorber unit:
Purpose:
The primary function is to dehydrate natural gas by removing water vapor, preventing issues
such as hydrate formation and corrosion in pipelines and equipment.
Components:
Absorber Tower: Houses the TEG and facilitates the absorption of water vapor from the natural
gas.

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TEG Circulation System:
Involves pumps and heat exchangers to circulate the TEG through the absorber tower and
regeneration system.
Working Principle:
Wet natural gas enters the absorber tower at the bottom.
TEG, a hygroscopic liquid, is sprayed or cascaded over the gas stream, absorbing water vapor.
Absorption Process:
Water vapor is absorbed by the TEG, leading to the formation of a rich TEG solution.
Gas Outlet:
Dehydrated natural gas, with significantly reduced water content, exits the top of the absorber
tower.
TEG Regeneration:
The TEG solution, now rich in water, is sent to a regeneration unit.
Regeneration typically involves heating the TEG to vaporize and separate the absorbed water,
leaving the TEG ready for reuse.
Heat Exchangers:
Heat exchangers in the TEG absorber unit help optimize temperature conditions for absorption
and regeneration processes.
TEG Circulation Control:
Pumps control the circulation of TEG through the absorber tower and regeneration unit,
maintaining efficient dehydration.
Pressure Control:
The TEG absorber unit is designed to operate under specific pressure conditions, ensuring
effective gas-liquid contact.

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Shell and tube heat exchanger
A shell and tube heat exchanger is a widely used type of heat exchanger in various industries for
exchanging heat between two fluids. Here are key points about shell and tube heat exchangers:
Basic Design:
Consists of a shell (cylindrical vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside.
Two fluid streams, one inside the tubes and the other outside the tubes (in the shell), exchange
heat.
Tube Bundle:
Tubes are typically arranged in a bundle within the shell.
Tube materials can vary based on the application, with common materials being stainless steel,
copper, or other alloys.
Shell Side and Tube Side:
Fluid flowing inside the tubes is referred to as the “tube side.”
Fluid flowing outside the tubes but within the shell is referred to as the “shell side.”
Fluid Flow:

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Fluid flows through the tubes in the tube side and over the outer surface of the tubes in the
shell side.
Tube side and shell side can have parallel or counter flow configurations.
Heat Transfer Mechanism:
Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls.
Conductive heat transfer occurs through the tube material.
Baffles:
Internal baffles or dividers inside the shell promote turbulent flow and enhance heat transfer
efficiency.
Tube Bundle Support:
Tube sheets at both ends of the shell support the tube bundle.
Tubes may be secured to the tube sheets through various methods, such as welding or tube
expansion.
Applications:
Commonly used in industrial processes such as chemical processing, power generation,
refrigeration, and oil refining.
Suitable for applications requiring efficient heat transfer and where one fluid should not mix
with the other.
Cleaning and Maintenance:
Shell and tube heat exchangers are generally easier to clean and maintain compared to other
types.
Tube bundles can be removed for inspection, cleaning, or replacement.
Variations:
There are various designs and variations, including U-tube heat exchangers, floating head heat
exchangers, and fixed tube sheet heat exchangers, each with specific advantages for different
applications. A shell and tube heat exchanger provides an efficient means of transferring heat
between two fluids while keeping them physically separated. Its versatility, ease of
maintenance, and suitability for various applications contribute to its widespread use in
industrial processes.

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valves
Valves are devices used to regulate, control, or direct the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, or
slurries) in a system. There are various types of valves, each designed for specific applications.
Here are some common types of valves:
Ball Valve:
Uses a rotating ball with a bore to control flow. It offers quick open and close capabilities.
Commonly used in applications where tight shut-off is required.

Gate Valve:

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Features a sliding gate or wedge mechanism to control flow. It is typically either fully open or
fully closed.
Suited for applications where a straight-line flow and low-pressure drop are important.

Butterfly Valve:
Uses a disc mounted on a rotating shaft to control flow. The disc can be turned to any angle to
control the flow rate.
Provides a compact design and is often used for large-diameter pipelines.

Globe Valve:
Utilizes a movable disk (or plug) to control flow. The disk is parallel to the seat when fully open.
Suitable for applications requiring fine flow control and throttling.

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Check Valve:
Permits flow in one direction only, preventing backflow.
Common types include swing check valves, lift check valves, and ball check valves.

Pressure Relief Valve:

Automatically releases excess pressure from a system to prevent damage.
Essential for maintaining system safety in pressurized applications.

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Diaphragm Valve:
Uses a flexible diaphragm to control flow. The diaphragm isolates the fluid from the valve
components.
Suitable for applications where contamination or corrosion is a concern.

Plug Valve:
Uses a cylindrical or tapered plug with ports to control flow.
Often employed in applications requiring frequent open and close cycles.

Needle Valve:
Has a slender, tapered point at the end of the valve stem that fits into a conical seat.
Used for precise flow control in applications where fine adjustments are necessary.

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Control Valve:
Modulates flow based on signals from a controller. Can vary the position of the closure element
to control flow rate.
Common in process control systems.

Ball Check Valve:

A type of check valve that uses a ball to control flow. The ball moves away from the seat when
there is forward flow and closes the seat under reverse flow.

Foot Valve:

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Installed at the bottom of a pump suction line to retain liquid in the system and prevent pump
cavitation.

Pumps
A pump is a mechanical device used to move fluids (liquids or gases) from one place to another
by creating a flow. Pumps are widely used in various industries and applications. Here are some
common types of pumps:
Centrifugal Pump:
Uses an impeller to create a centrifugal force that imparts energy to the fluid, causing it to move
radially outward.
Suitable for low- to medium-viscosity fluids and high flow rates.

Reciprocating Pump:
Utilizes a piston or plunger to displace fluid in a reciprocating motion.
Common types include piston pumps and diaphragm pumps.
Suitable for high-pressure applications.

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Gear Pump:
Consists of rotating gears that create a suction force to draw in and transfer fluid.
Suitable for applications with a consistent flow and moderate pressure.

Diaphragm Pump:
Employs a flexible diaphragm to move fluid by flexing back and forth.
Suitable for applications where contamination or leakage is a concern.

Metering pump:
A metering pump is a type of positive displacement pump designed to deliver precise and
controlled amounts of fluids in a highly accurate and consistent manner. These pumps are
widely used in various industries where accurate dosing or metering of liquids is critical.

26
Positive displacement pump:
Positive Displacement pumps are a category of pumps that displace a fixed volume of fluid with
each cycle or revolution, ensuring a consistent and measurable flow.

Chart Recorders:
A chart recorder is a device used for continuous monitoring and recording of various physical
parameters over time. It is commonly used in industrial, scientific, and environmental settings to
track changes and trends in variables such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, humidity, and
other process parameters.
Working
Paper Chart and Drum:
Mechanical chart recorders use a circular paper chart mounted on a rotating drum.
Pen or Stylus:

27
A pen or stylus is connected to a sensor measuring the parameter of interest (e.g., temperature,
pressure). The pen is positioned in contact with the rotating chart.
Sensor Response:
As the parameter being measured changes, the sensor responds accordingly.
Pen Movement:
The movement of the sensor causes the pen to move up or down, creating a trace on the
rotating paper chart.
Chart Rotation:
The paper chart rotates at a consistent speed driven by a clockwork mechanism or an electric
motor.
Continuous Recording:
As time progresses, the pen continuously records the changing parameter on the paper chart in
a circular pattern.

Chapter No.4
Safety
Risk in the oil and gas industry can manifest in various forms, and safety measures are crucial to
mitigate potential hazards. Here are key points:
Possibilities of Risk
Exploration and Drilling Risks:

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High-pressure reservoirs and complex geological conditions pose drilling challenges, increasing
the risk of accidents.
Operational Hazards:
Daily activities like refining, transportation, and storage involve handling flammable materials,
leading to the risk of fires and explosions.
Environmental Impact:
Oil spills, gas leaks, and other incidents can result in significant environmental damage, affecting
ecosystems and wildlife.
Market Volatility:
The industry is susceptible to economic shifts, geopolitical events, and oil price fluctuations,
impacting financial stability.
Regulatory Compliance:
Adherence to strict safety and environmental regulations is essential; non-compliance can result
in legal and financial consequences.
Safety Measures:
Training and Education:
Comprehensive training programs for personnel to enhance awareness and competency in
handling equipment and emergency situations.
Technology and Automation:
Implementing advanced technologies and automation to reduce human exposure in high-risk
activities and enhance operational efficiency.

Emergency Response Plans:

Develop and regularly update detailed emergency response plans to efficiently manage and
mitigate the impact of accidents or unforeseen events.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Mandate the use of appropriate PPE to minimize the risk of injuries and exposure to hazardous
substances.
Environmental Monitoring:

29
Continuous monitoring of air and water quality to detect and address any potential
environmental impact promptly.
Regular Inspections and Maintenance:
Conduct routine inspections and maintenance of equipment to identify and address potential
issues before they escalate.
Community Engagement:
Foster positive relationships with local communities by transparently communicating safety
measures, emergency procedures, and environmental initiatives.
Risk Assessments:
Regularly assess and reassess potential risks associated with operations, ensuring that
preventive measures are in place.
By addressing these aspects, the oil and gas industry aims to balance its operational demands
while prioritizing safety and environmental responsibility.

30