•The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty signed on June 7, 1494, between

Spain and Portugal, mediated by Pope Alexander VI.

•Its primary purpose was to resolve disputes over newly discovered
lands outside of Europe following Christopher Columbus's voyages to
the Americas.
• Division of Newly Discovered Lands: The treaty aimed to divide the
newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
• The dividing line was drawn longitudinally, 370 leagues west of the
Cape Verde Islands (off the coast of West Africa). Everything to the west
of this line was to belong to Spain, while everything to the east
belonged to Portugal
•Purpose: The treaty aimed to prevent conflicts between Spain and
Portugal over their respective claims to newly discovered territories.
•Both nations sought to expand their empires and acquire wealth from
overseas colonies, particularly in the Americas.
• Background: In the early 16th century, European powers were eager to
find a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia), known
for their valuable spices such as cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon.
• Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan proposed reaching the Spice
Islands by sailing westward across the Atlantic and then around the southern
tip of South America, a route later named the Strait of Magellan.
• Departure from Spain: Magellan's expedition, consisting of five ships and
around 270 men, departed from Seville, Spain, on September 20, 1519.
• The fleet included the flagship Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Concepción,
the Victoria, and the Santiago.
• Crossing the Atlantic: After a long and difficult journey across the Atlantic
Ocean, the expedition reached the eastern coast of South America. They
explored the coastline and eventually found the entrance to the Strait of
Magellan, which Magellan had discovered in 1520.
• Exploration of the Pacific: The expedition sailed westward across the vast
expanse of the Pacific Ocean, facing challenges such as lack of fresh water,
scurvy, and adverse weather conditions. They became the first Europeans to
cross the Pacific Ocean, enduring a grueling journey that lasted several
months.
• Arrival in the Philippines: After months at sea, the expedition finally
reached the Philippines on March 16, 1521. They landed on the island
of Homonhon in the Visayas region.
• Magellan and his crew were warmly welcomed by the local
inhabitants, marking the first encounter between Europeans and
Filipinos.
•First Mass: On March 31, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan conducted the
first Catholic Mass in the Philippines on the island of Limasawa. The
Mass was held to commemorate the Christian feast of Easter Sunday.
•It was attended by Magellan, his crew, and the indigenous people of
Limasawa.
MAGELLAN IN CEBU: BLOOD COMPACT AND BAPTISM
•Arrival in Cebu: After leaving Limasawa, Ferdinand Magellan and his
expedition arrived in Cebu on April 7, 1521. Cebu was a significant
island in the Visayas region of the Philippines, inhabited by indigenous
communities ruled by local chieftains.
•The blood compact, or "sanduguan," between Rajah Humabon and
Ferdinand Magellan took place in Cebu in April 1521.
•The blood compact was a traditional ritual in Southeast Asia,
symbolizing friendship, alliance, and mutual respect.
• In the blood compact ceremony, Magellan and Humabon made a
small incision in their arms, allowed their blood to flow, and mixed it
with wine or water, which they then drank as a sign of unity and trust.
• The blood compact was intended to solidify the friendship and
alliance between Magellan's expedition and the indigenous rulers of
Cebu, ensuring mutual support and cooperation during their time in the
Philippines.
• First Baptism: One of the most notable events during Magellan's time
in Cebu was the first baptism conducted in the Philippines. On April 14,
1521, Magellan baptized Rajah Humabon, his wife Hara
Humamay, and several hundred Cebuano natives into the Catholic faith.
This marked the formal introduction of Christianity to the islands.

• Date: April 27, 1521

•Location: Mactan Island, Philippines
•Parties Involved:
• Spanish forces led by Ferdinand Magellan
•Indigenous forces of Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan
Events Leading to the Battle:
• Magellan attempted to assert Spanish dominance over Mactan Island and
demanded tribute from its chieftain, LapuLapu.
• Lapu-Lapu, however, refused to submit to Spanish rule and resisted their
demands.
• On the morning of April 27, 1521, Magellan led around 60 armed men,
equipped with muskets, crossbows, and swords, to confront Lapu-Lapu and his
warriors.
• Magellan hoped to intimidate Lapu-Lapu into submission
• The Spanish forces landed on Mactan Island and engaged the indigenous
warriors.
•The battle quickly turned into a chaotic melee.
• Despite their technological advantage, the Spanish were outnumbered and
struggled to maintain formation against the agile and well-coordinated native
fighters.
• Magellan himself was wounded in the skirmish.
Outcome:
• The Battle of Mactan resulted in a decisive victory for the indigenous forces
under Lapu-Lapu.
• Magellan was killed in the battle, marking a significant setback for the
Spanish expedition.
• The defeat at Mactan delayed the Spanish colonization of the Philippines for
several decades.
• The Battle of Mactan resulted in a decisive victory for the indigenous forces
under Lapu-Lapu.
• Magellan was killed in the battle, marking a significant setback for the
Spanish expedition.
• The defeat at Mactan delayed the Spanish colonization of the Philippines for
several decades.