WRITING SECTION

THE WAY HOW TO START ENGLISH

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Kawish English Writing Book 2

Lesson 1 What is Alphabet?

?
Definition:
➢ A set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used for writing a language is called
alphabet.
• e.g.

Lesson 2 What is word?

➢ A single unit of a language which means something can be spoken or written. Or word is the
combination of those alphabetical letters which represents a particular meaning or sense is
known as word.
• e.g. Love, Hate, See, pity.
• e.g. I love you so much.
• e.g. I need you very much.

Lesson 3 What is Sentence?

Definition of Sentence
➢ A sentence is a group of words which has a subject and a verb and has a
complete meaning or idea.
➢ A sentence begins with a capital letter & ends with an ending mark of
punctuation.
• e.g. Efat recites holy Quran daily.
• e.g. They are students at T.A.C.
➢ Answer the following questions:

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1. Do the words make sense?
2. Do the words indicate a complete thought?
3. Does the group of words begin with a capital letter?
4. Does the group of words end with a period, question mark, or exclamation point?

(If So, then it is a SENTENCE)

Lesson 4 Parts of a Sentence:

➢ A Sentence has two parts

1. Subject
2. Predicate

1. Subject
➢ Definition:
✓ Subject is the doer of an action.
✓ Subject Is often a noun or pronoun.
✓ Subject Indicates who is speaking, who is spoken to, or who is spoken about.
• e.g. Zaheer is an intellectual professor.
• e.g. She studies math.
• e.g. This is my computer.
2. Predicate
➢ Definition:
✓ Is a verb that talks about the subject. (action or “to be” form).
✓ It Tells what the subject is doing or what the subject is.
• e.g. Ahmad Shah is addressing the nation.
• e.g. She is beautiful girl.
• e.g. I love her so much.

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Kawish English Writing Book 2

Lesson 5 Kinds of Subject

➢ In English we have two kinds of subject.

1. Simple Subject
2. Compound Subject

1. Simple Subject
✓ Simple subject is made of one main word in a sentence.
• e.g. Candidates can apply for this post until 1st January.
• e.g. We offer a discount to our employees.

2. Compound Subject
✓ Compound subject is made of two or more main words in a sentence.
Note: In this case, we usually use the word “and”.
• e.g. Ali and Habib are new comers in our organization.
• e.g. Afsoon and Marwa studies at the university.

Lesson 6 Kinds of Predicate

➢ in English we also have two kinds of predicate.

1. Simple Predicate
2. Compound Predicate

1. Simple Predicate
✓ Simple predicate is made of a single verb or verb phrase.
• e.g. Zuhal speaks softly.
• e.g. I take inventory once a week. (a detail of things/places)
• e.g. Our job hours are inconvenient.

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Kawish English Writing Book 2
• e.g. We have advertised our sale in the local newspaper.

2. Compound Predicate
✓ Compound predicate is made of two or more verbs.
Note: In this case, we usually use the word “and”.
• e.g. I researched our orders and designed our latest sales brochure.
• e.g. He goes to school and works at home.

Lesson 7 Sentence Order

➢ Normal Order
✓ The subject appears first and the predicate follows.
• e.g. Ahmad responded.
• e.g. Your company has hired several young salespersons.
• e.g. I received the sales totals today.
• e.g. We wish you success.
• e.g. The training video is free.

Lesson 8 What is Object?

➢ Definition:
✓ Object is the receiver of an action that receives the action from the verb.
• e.g. Ali kicked the ball.
obj
• e.g. Seyar washed the car himself.
obj
Note: in English we have two kinds of object.

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1. Direct object 2. Indirect object
1. Direct Object
➢ Definition:
✓ Direct object is an object which receives the action expressed by the verb.
✓ It Can be a noun or pronoun.
✓ It Completes the verb by answering the questions whom?
✓ or what? after the verb.
• e.g. Ahmad has composed a book recently
v obj
• e.g. He met Bilal at the park.
v obj
• e.g. I love you so much.
v obj

Lesson 9 Indirect Object

2. Indirect Object
✓ Definition: Indirect object tells us for whom or to whom the action of the verb
is done.
✓ It Can be a noun or pronoun.
✓ It Answers the questions to whom? or for whom?
✓ It Usually precedes the direct object.
✓ It Usually follows verb forms such as give, offer, wish, ship, make, refuse,
present, or send.
Note: We usually use prepositions “to” and “for” with indirect object.
• e.g. Ahmad gave a new book to me yesterday.
d-obj pre In-obj
• e.g. I bought a book for my students.
d-obj pre In-obj

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Lesson 10 Phrase

➢ Definition:
✓ A phrase is a group of words which doesn’t have a subject and a verb, but it has
a special meaning.
• e.g. in the classroom.
✓ Prepositional phrase: Begins with a preposition such as of, in, at, and for and
ends with a noun or pronoun. It Does not include a verb.
• e.g. in the class in our call center. at school

Lesson 11 Clause

➢ Definition:
✓ A clause is a group of words which has a subject and a verb.
➢ Kinds of Clauses:

1. Independent clause 2. Dependent clause

✓ 1. Independent clause: Is a complete sentence and it can stand alone.

• e.g. Kawish Institute has many knowledgeable lecturers.

• e.g. We send a confirmation e-mail for each online order.

✓ 2. Dependent clause: Is not a complete sentence and it cannot stand alone. It

must be connected with an independent clause to make sense.

• e.g. If you call our customer service department,

• e.g. If you call our customer service department, they can help you.

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➢ or
✓ Clause is a group of related words having Subject and a verb and usually form
complete sentence (independent clause) and sometimes form a part of a
Sentence (dependent clause) is called clause.
➢ Remember:
✓ When a dependent clause introduces an independent clause, place a comma at
the end of the dependent clause.
• e.g. If you apply for this job soon, you will obviously get it.
• e.g. Because we have 24-hour customer service, we have three customer service
shifts.

Lesson 12 Sentence

According to the meaning

Declarative Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory

According to the Structure

Compound
Simple Compound Complex
complex

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Kawish English Writing Book 2

Lesson 13 Four Kinds of Sentences

1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
✓ Are used to make statements. (Positive or negative) They End with a period.
✓ e.g. We offer a 3-day seminar on Communication.

2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
✓ Are used to ask questions. They End with a question mark.
• e.g. Are the new brochures available yet?

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
✓ Are used to Give commands and make requests. They End with a period, if it is
Direct command
• e.g. Place your order within two days to receive a discount.
✓ They End with a question mark, if it is Courteous request
• e.g. Will you please call me by the end of the week?

✓ 4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
✓ Are used to Express emotions or feelings. They End with an exclamation mark!
• e.g. Wow! Hurry up!

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Lesson 14 Types of Sentences

1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3. Complex sentences
4. Compound-complex sentences

1. Simple Sentence
✓ A simple sentence is made of one independent clause in a subject-verb pattern.
• e.g. We placed the order last week.
• e.g. John and I purchased a new car yesterday.
• e.g. The robbers robbed the bank at 12 o’clock last night.

2. Compound Sentence
✓ A compound sentence is made of two independent clauses connected by a
coordinating conjunction. (and, but, or)
• e.g. Many of our customers are self-employed, and they purchase items for
themselves.
• e.g. Limited quantities of this product are available, but we will ship your order
next week.

3. Complex Sentence
✓ A complex sentence consists of an independent clause and a dependent
clause.
• e.g. When a product is listed in our register,
dependent clause
• e.g. we will provide you the product as soon as possible.
independent clause
• e.g. If your order cannot be shipped within 30 days, we will cancel the order.

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• e.g. Because I arrived late for the sale, I could not find the items that I wanted.

4. Compound-Complex Sentence
✓ A compound-complex sentence is made of more than one independent clause
and a dependent clause.
• e.g. If your order has not been shipped within 30 days,
Dep-Clause
• e.g. we will notify you of this delay by e-mail,
Ind-Clause
• e.g. and you will have the option to cancel your order.
Ind-Clause

The end

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