ENTOMOLOGY

ARTHROPODA
• Arthro = Jointed ; Poda = Legs
• Largest group of animals
• Aquatic or Terrestrial or even
parasitic.
• Have exoskeleton: Made of
renewable chitin.
• Terms: Dorsal, Ventral, Pleural,
Anterior, Posterior
ARTHROPODA CHARACTERISTICS
• Open circulatory system, a pair of compound eyes.
• Terrestrial Arthropods excrete through Malpighian tubules while
aquatic ones excrete through green glands or coaxal glands.
• They are unisexual and fertilization is either external or internal.
• Sensory organs like hairs, antennae, simple and compound eyes
and auditory organs present.
• Segments grouped into 2 or 3 regions called as Tagma.
• Grows by Moulting
• Tubular alimentary canal with Mouth and Anus at Anterior and
posterior ends.
Dorsal heart with valve like ostia

Coelomic cavity
ARTHROPODA CHARACTERISTICS
• Dorsal heart with valve like ostia
• Dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord
• No locomotory cilia
• Their body has jointed appendages which help in locomotion.
• Paired and segmented appendages
• The body is segmented and bilaterally symmetrical.
• The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
• The coelomic cavity is filled with blood called as Haemocoel.
 Classes Of Arthropoda
1. Chilopoda (Chilo – Lip, Poda –
Appendage): Centipedes
2. Diplopoda (Diplo – Two, Poda –
Appendage): Millipede
3. Crustacea (Crusta – Shell): Prawn,
Crab, Wood Louse
4. Arachnida (Arachne – Spider):
Scorpion, Spider, Tick, Mite
5. Insecta (Hexapoda: Hexa – 6, poda –
Appendages)
Chilopoda Diplopoda Crustaceans

Arachnids
 ENTOMOLOGY
• Branch of Zoology deals with study of
insects
• Entomon = Insects
• Logos = Study
• AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY:
Study of insects, which are directly related
with crops and stored commodities.
• Father of Entomology: W. Kirby
 INSECT
• Tracheated arthropods having
segmented body into 3 regions –
Head, Thorax and Abdomen
• 3 pairs of legs & 2 pairs of wings
• They have bilateral symmetry
and grow by Moulting
Dominance Of Insects
• Exoskeleton
• Small Size, Quick Speciation
• Hexapod locomotion
• Functional wings
• Compound Eyes
• Tracheal Respiration
• Developmental characteristics
• Chemical Communication
 EXOSKELETON
• Integument: Cuticle + Epidermis
• A protective covering over the body
• Made up of Chitin
• A multi-layered structure:
Epicuticle, Procuticle, Basement
membrane and Epidermis
• Protects insects against desiccation.
 EXOSKELETON
• A surface for muscle attachment
• A sensory interface with the
environment.
• Maintains the shape of body
• Exoskeleton has turned appendages
into good tools for digging, preying,
oviposition etc.
 HEXAPOD LOCOMOTION
• Six legs in insects represent optimum
number.
• Six: Smallest number of legs for stable
equilibrium during all stages of
terrestrial locomotion.
• More no. of legs make locomotion
difficult, whereas, no. of legs less than
six creates problem of balancing
during locomotion.
 COMPOUND EYES
• Pair of compound eyes: Nymphal and
adult stages (sometimes simple eyes too)
• Compound eye: Number of hexagonal
areas representing cornea of
ommatidium all of which are compacted
together.
• Eg: Ants: 50 – 400 corneas in each eye,
Housefly: 4000, Dragonfly: >50,000
DECENTRALIZED NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central Nervous System: Ladder like chain of ganglia
• A dorsal brain linked to ventral nerve cord consisting of
paired segmental ganglia running along the ventral midline of
thorax and abdomen.
• Most overt behavior (e.g. feeding, locomotion, mating, etc.) is
integrated and controlled by segmental ganglia instead of brain.
• Female Silkworm: Even when separated from thorax can be
fertilized by male and stimulated to lay fertile eggs.
Decentralized Nervous System
Dorsal brain
 DIRECT RESPIRATION
• Spiracles: Small openings of the
tracheal system on the
integument of insect.
• Gases are taken to & fro every
minute by the system directly
through air tubes called Trachea
and Tracheoles.
• Tracheal Gills: Aquatic larvae
• Gaseous Plastron: Egg and Pupa
of aquatic insects
 EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Responsible for excretion and osmoregulation
• Performed by Malphigian Tubules
• Malpighian tubules: Long, thin, blindly ending tubes arising from the gut
near the junction of midgut and hindgut, and lie freely in the body cavity.
• Malpighian tubules: Deamination takes place.
• Coleoptera and larval Lepidoptera: Crypto-nephridial arrangement of the
tubules.
• Improve the uptake of water from the rectum and is absent from most
aquatic forms.
 STORAGE EXCRETION

Fat Body (Urate Cells) Body wall Male Accessory glands

Waste product of Pupal metabolism Wings

• NEPHROCYTES: (Pericardial cells),
occur singly or in groups in various parts
of the body.
• They may be very large, as in dipterous
larvae, or small and numerous and
usually contain more than one nucleus.
• This transforms the original waste
material into a form that can be dealt
with by the normal metabolic pathways.
• Play a role in the control of the heartbeat.
 EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Special cells called as CHLORIDE CELLS
are present in hindgut, capable of
absorbing inorganic ions from its dilute
solutions (e.g. Naids of dragonflies and
damselflies)
• MT are absent in spring tails and aphids
• 2 – Scale insects
• 4 – bugs
• 5 – Mosquitoes
• 6 – Moth and Butterflies
• 60 in Cockroach and more than 200 in locusts
 IMPORTANT TERMS
• Pest: Derived from the word: Pestis –
Plague
• Any organism causing irritation to the
other organism
• Pests are organisms belonging to class
insecta causing economic loss in plants
and also interferes with the welfare of
human beings or his belongings
 PREDATORS
• Free living species which consume large
number of prey during its lifetime
• Ladybird beetles (Larvae): Predator of
Aphids, mites, scale insects and small
caterpillars
• Dragonflies: Predator of Mosquitoes
 PARASITOIDS
• Lay their eggs on or in the body of
the insect host, which is used as food
for the developing larvae.
• Wasps and Flies (narrow host range)
• Encarsia Formosa female lays eggs
on white fly nymph
 Insecta

Apterygota Pterygota

Diplura Exopterygota

Collembola Endopterygota

Protura

Thysanura
Agriculture Related Important Order Of Insect
Order Insects
Orthoptera (Straight wings) Locust, Grasshopper, Cricket
Isoptera (Equal Wings) Termite
Thysanoptera (Fringed wings) Thrips
Hemiptera (Half wing) Heteroptera (Water bug, Bed bug, Painted bug, Dusky
cotton bug, Red cotton bug), Homoptera (Aphid, Plant
Hopper, Whitefly, Scales, Jassid, Lac insect, Mealy bug)

Hymenoptera (Membranous Bees, Wasps, Ants, Parasitoids

Wings) (Endo)
Lepidoptera (Scale Wings) Butterflies, Moths (Endopterygota)
Locust Termite Aphid

Wasps Butterflies Damselflies

Agriculture Related Important Order Of Insect
Order Insects
Neuroptera (Nerve wing) (Endo) Antlions, Owlflies
Mecoptera (Long wing) (Endo) Scorpion flies
Siphonoptera (Wingless) (Endo) Fleas
Dermaptera (Skin wing) Earwig
Coleoptera (Sheath wings) (Endo) Beetles, Weevils
Diptera (Two wings) (Endo) Housefly, Flies
Odonata Dragonflies, Damselflies
 Owlflies Scorpion flies Fleas

Syrphid Fly Earwig Beetles

Agriculture Related Important Order Of Insect
Order Insects
Ephemeroptera (Live a day wings) Mayflies, Dayflies

Plecoptera (Pleated wings) Stoneflies, Salmonflies

Embioptera (Lively wings) Web spinners
Dictyoptera (Net wings) Cockroach, Praying mantids
Trichoptera (Hair wings) (Endo) Caddish flies
Strepsiptera (Twisted wing) (Endo) Stylopids
Psocoptera (Genus wing) Book lice, Bark lice
 Mayflies Stoneflies Web spinners

Praying mantids Caddish flies Stylopids

 Based On Nutritional Requirement
• Insects are classified as :
• Carnivorous (Parasite and Predators)
• Omnivorous (Wasps)
• Herbivorous
• Monophagous (Brinjal Fruit Borer, Pink Boll Worm)
• Oligophagous (Cabbage butterfly, Mustard Saw fly)
• Polyphagous (Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Gram Pod Borer,
Locust, Grasshopper)
 Economic Importance Of Insects
• BENEFICIAL INSECTS:
• Industrial importance:
• Honeybees: Honey, Beeswax, Bee Venom,
Royal Jelly, Propolis and Pollination
• Silkworm: Silk
• Lac Insect: Shellac
• Pollinators: Honeybees, Butterflies, Flies,
Beetles, Thrips etc.
 Economic Importance Of Insects
• Entomophagous Insects:
• Predators:
• Coccinellids (Coleoptera): Coccinella
septempunctata, Hippodamia
variegata, Menochilus sexmaculata
etc.
• Syrphids (Diptera) : Episyrphus
balteatus, Metasyrphus corrollae,
Scaeva pyrastri
 Economic Importance Of Insects
• Predators:
• Chrysopids (Neuroptera):
Chrysoperla carnea
• Predatory bugs (Heteroptera):
Anthocoris minki
• Preying Mantis (Dictyoptera) :
Statilia maculate
• Predatory wasps (Hymenoptera):
Vespa sp.
 Economic Importance Of Insects
• Parasitiods:
• Egg Parasitoids: Trichogramma
sp.
• Larval Parasitoids: Cotesia sp.,
Bracon sp.
• Pupal Parasitoid: Brachymeria
nephontidis
• Adult Parasitoid: Blaesoziphae
kellyi
 HARMFUL EFFECTS
• Only a few sp (0.01%) are harmful and
attain status of pest.
• Different pesticides used :
• Insecticides : 60%
• Fungicides : 19%
• Herbicides : 16%
• Bio pesticides : 2%
• Others : 3%